Vanuatu has a GDP of $1.35B compared to $28.9B for Zambia, ranking 185/197 and 116/197 by economy size, respectively.
Vanuatu has $554M in government debt (40.9% of GDP), compared to $24.8B (86% of GDP) in Zambia.
Vanuatu vs Zambia GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
| 2025 | $1,353,658,841 | $28,879,806,220 |
| 2024 | $1,297,956,615 | $25,303,185,342 |
| 2023 | $1,188,137,265 | $27,577,956,471 |
| 2022 | $1,151,863,790 | $29,163,782,140 |
| 2021 | $1,093,826,089 | $22,096,416,932 |
| 2020 | $1,017,403,363 | $18,137,764,931 |
| 2019 | $1,061,547,513 | $23,308,667,781 |
| 2018 | $1,034,402,941 | $26,311,507,274 |
| 2017 | $998,536,155 | $25,873,601,261 |
| 2016 | $908,725,513 | $20,958,412,538 |
| 2015 | $855,360,240 | $21,251,216,799 |
| 2014 | $879,185,478 | $27,141,023,558 |
| 2013 | $863,347,172 | $28,037,239,463 |
| 2012 | $747,839,698 | $25,503,060,420 |
| 2011 | $770,153,588 | $23,459,515,276 |
| 2010 | $670,712,980 | $20,265,559,484 |
| 2009 | $592,622,319 | $15,328,342,304 |
| 2008 | $590,748,429 | $17,910,858,638 |
| 2007 | $516,392,923 | $14,056,957,976 |
| 2006 | $439,358,587 | $12,756,858,899 |
| 2005 | $394,962,433 | $8,331,870,169 |
| 2004 | $364,996,869 | $6,221,110,219 |
| 2003 | $314,471,413 | $4,901,869,764 |
| 2002 | $262,596,536 | $4,193,850,445 |
| 2001 | $257,926,882 | $4,094,441,301 |
| 2000 | $272,014,628 | $3,600,632,111 |
| 1999 | $268,006,973 | $3,404,284,891 |
| 1998 | $262,293,411 | $3,537,741,942 |
| 1997 | $272,771,209 | $4,303,288,480 |
| 1996 | $261,370,044 | $3,597,220,962 |
| 1995 | $249,333,250 | $3,806,983,413 |
| 1994 | $233,701,301 | $3,656,806,166 |
| 1993 | $200,491,853 | $3,273,505,344 |
| 1992 | $209,088,825 | $3,182,810,841 |
| 1991 | $201,334,169 | $3,376,806,697 |
| 1990 | $168,879,207 | $3,288,381,797 |
| 1989 | $154,013,202 | $3,994,673,161 |
| 1988 | $158,351,368 | $3,728,878,149 |
| 1987 | $139,464,174 | $2,265,250,972 |
| 1986 | $126,498,935 | $1,664,413,508 |
| 1985 | $131,856,421 | $2,252,454,500 |
| 1984 | $144,482,515 | $2,719,518,933 |
| 1983 | $117,389,554 | $3,321,048,451 |
| 1982 | $114,501,913 | $3,871,117,093 |
| 1981 | $113,781,796 | $4,008,126,497 |
| 1980 | $121,185,498 | $3,884,530,854 |
| 1979 | $119,258,835 | $3,353,445,378 |
| 1978 | - | $2,811,032,473 |
| 1977 | - | $2,515,296,940 |
| 1976 | - | $2,742,859,263 |
| 1975 | - | $2,442,672,141 |
| 1974 | - | $2,910,981,262 |
| 1973 | - | $2,434,255,237 |
| 1972 | - | $1,872,416,680 |
| 1971 | - | $1,653,259,341 |
| 1970 | - | $1,788,779,285 |
| 1969 | - | $1,926,399,230 |
| 1968 | - | $1,573,739,371 |
| 1967 | - | $1,340,639,464 |
| 1966 | - | $1,238,999,505 |
| 1965 | - | $1,061,199,576 |
| 1964 | - | $822,639,671 |
| 1963 | - | $704,339,719 |
| 1962 | - | $679,279,729 |
| 1961 | - | $682,359,727 |
| 1960 | - | $698,739,721 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Vanuatu vs Zambia by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $4,039 | - | $1,318 | - |
| 2024 | $3,960 | $3,606 | $1,187 | $4,215 |
| 2023 | $3,708 | $3,568 | $1,331 | $4,077 |
| 2022 | $3,680 | $3,453 | $1,447 | $3,841 |
| 2021 | $3,576 | $3,136 | $1,127 | $3,503 |
| 2020 | $3,404 | $3,118 | $952 | $3,157 |
| 2019 | $3,636 | $3,315 | $1,259 | $3,361 |
| 2018 | $3,626 | $3,233 | $1,464 | $3,442 |
| 2017 | $3,585 | $3,146 | $1,483 | $3,392 |
| 2016 | $3,340 | $3,030 | $1,239 | $3,313 |
| 2015 | $3,214 | $2,966 | $1,296 | $3,337 |
| 2014 | $3,378 | $2,890 | $1,707 | $3,441 |
| 2013 | $3,393 | $2,832 | $1,821 | $3,477 |
| 2012 | $3,005 | $2,834 | $1,710 | $3,324 |
| 2011 | $3,163 | $2,816 | $1,625 | $3,228 |
| 2010 | $2,815 | $2,733 | $1,451 | $3,098 |
| 2009 | $2,546 | $2,730 | $1,136 | $2,872 |
| 2008 | $2,604 | $2,701 | $1,376 | $2,708 |
| 2007 | $2,334 | $2,573 | $1,119 | $2,555 |
| 2006 | $2,035 | $2,496 | $1,052 | $2,378 |
| 2005 | $1,874 | $2,287 | $711 | $2,213 |
| 2004 | $1,774 | $2,157 | $549 | $2,068 |
| 2003 | $1,567 | $2,070 | $446 | $1,942 |
| 2002 | $1,341 | $1,995 | $394 | $1,837 |
| 2001 | $1,350 | $2,125 | $397 | $1,785 |
| 2000 | $1,460 | $2,206 | $359 | $1,709 |
| 1999 | $1,472 | $2,084 | $350 | $1,654 |
| 1998 | $1,471 | $2,091 | $373 | $1,601 |
| 1997 | $1,562 | $2,087 | $466 | $1,631 |
| 1996 | $1,529 | $1,998 | $400 | $1,585 |
| 1995 | $1,492 | $1,961 | $433 | $1,501 |
| 1994 | $1,431 | $1,946 | $426 | $1,464 |
| 1993 | $1,257 | $1,789 | $391 | $1,607 |
| 1992 | $1,344 | $1,777 | $389 | $1,505 |
| 1991 | $1,326 | $1,737 | $423 | $1,534 |
| 1990 | $1,141 | $1,670 | $422 | $1,522 |
| 1989 | $1,067 | - | $526 | - |
| 1988 | $1,125 | - | $504 | - |
| 1987 | $1,017 | - | $315 | - |
| 1986 | $946 | - | $238.2 | - |
| 1985 | $1,012 | - | $332 | - |
| 1984 | $1,137 | - | $413 | - |
| 1983 | $947 | - | $520 | - |
| 1982 | $946 | - | $627 | - |
| 1981 | $962 | - | $670 | - |
| 1980 | $1,048 | - | $669 | - |
| 1979 | $1,055 | - | $595 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $514 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $474 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $533 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $490 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $601 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $518 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $410 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $372 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $414 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $459 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $387 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $341 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $325 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $287.4 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $230 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $203.2 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $202.3 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $209.7 | - |
| 1960 | - | - | $221.6 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY
Vanuatu's GDP per capita is $4,039, ranking 133/197, compared to $1,318 in Zambia, ranking 170/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Vanuatu ranks 170th at $3,606, while Zambia ranks 166th at $4,215.
Economic indicators
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$1.35B
2025 |
$28.9B
2025 |
| GDP rank |
185/197
2025 |
116/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
3.05%
2024-2025 |
3.76%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$4,039
2025 |
$1,318
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
133/197
2025 |
170/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$3,606
2024 |
$4,215
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
170/197
2024 |
166/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$554M
2025 |
$24.8B
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
40.9%
2025 |
86%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$1,654
2025 |
$1,133
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
125/185
2025 |
140/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$2,801
2026 |
$1,538
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$14.9B
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
24.7%
2019 |
39.1%
2022 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3%
2019 |
1.5%
2022 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
35.5%
2025 |
29.7%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.66%
2024-2025 |
13.9%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
13.3%
2026 |
| Unemployment rate |
1.41%
2025 |
5.67%
2024 |
| Population |
346488
|
22844606
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 35.5% | 40.9% | 29.7% | 86% |
| 2024 | 33.1% | 39.1% | 26.5% | 125.2% |
| 2023 | 38.9% | 39.2% | 27.4% | 129.1% |
| 2022 | 38.5% | 39.2% | 28.2% | 99.5% |
| 2021 | 38.6% | 42.2% | 30.5% | 111% |
| 2020 | 38.8% | 42.9% | 34% | 140% |
| 2019 | 35.1% | 39.8% | 29.8% | 103.3% |
| 2018 | 29.4% | 40% | 27.7% | 81.2% |
| 2017 | 32.7% | 46.4% | 25% | 66.6% |
| 2016 | 31.2% | 37.6% | 23.9% | 61.2% |
| 2015 | 38.1% | 32.2% | 27.6% | 61.9% |
| 2014 | 20.5% | 17.8% | 24.3% | 33.9% |
| 2013 | 20.1% | 16.4% | 24% | 25.9% |
| 2012 | 22.1% | 17.4% | 21.9% | 24.9% |
| 2011 | 22.7% | 19.3% | 19.5% | 20.8% |
| 2010 | 25.6% | 18.3% | 18.1% | 18.9% |
| 2009 | 24.9% | 19.1% | 17.8% | 20.5% |
| 2008 | 25.1% | 19.2% | 19.5% | 19.2% |
| 2007 | 20.3% | 17.6% | 19.9% | 21.9% |
| 2006 | 18.2% | 20% | 19.7% | 25% |
| 2005 | 16.5% | 23.8% | 22.5% | 75.7% |
| 2004 | 16.7% | 27.5% | 23.3% | 129.9% |
| 2003 | 17% | 34.6% | 27.3% | 159.5% |
| 2002 | 20.2% | 35.1% | 27.6% | 180.2% |
| 2001 | 20.2% | 33.5% | 28% | 210.2% |
| 2000 | 23% | 32.6% | 21.4% | 261% |
| 1999 | 21.6% | 27.7% | - | - |
| 1998 | 25.2% | 25.4% | - | - |
| 1997 | 20.1% | 20.7% | - | - |
| 1996 | 22.1% | 20.8% | - | - |
| 1995 | 25.3% | 21.8% | - | - |
| 1994 | 22% | 19.5% | - | - |
| 1993 | 23.7% | 18.3% | - | - |
| 1992 | 28.8% | 19% | - | - |
| 1991 | 30% | 14.4% | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY
In 2025, Vanuatu's government spending was $480M, accounting for 35.5% of its GDP, while Zambia spent $8.58B, or 29.7% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 40.9% in Vanuatu and 86% in Zambia, ranking 131/185 and 35/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
| 2025 | -3.88% | -3.83% |
| 2024 | -2.46% | -3.46% |
| 2023 | -0.78% | -5.48% |
| 2022 | -5.96% | -7.82% |
| 2021 | 2.07% | -8.13% |
| 2020 | -1.74% | -13.8% |
| 2019 | 2.48% | -9.41% |
| 2018 | 5.53% | -8.31% |
| 2017 | -1.06% | -7.5% |
| 2016 | -0.64% | -5.69% |
| 2015 | -8.13% | -8.88% |
| 2014 | 1.26% | -5.43% |
| 2013 | -0.22% | -6.4% |
| 2012 | -1.54% | -3.16% |
| 2011 | -1.98% | -1.78% |
| 2010 | -2.38% | -2.43% |
| 2009 | -0.76% | -2.06% |
| 2008 | -0.04% | -0.67% |
| 2007 | 0.25% | -1.04% |
| 2006 | 0.44% | 16.9% |
| 2005 | 1.68% | -2.37% |
| 2004 | 0.72% | -2.51% |
| 2003 | -1.22% | -5.31% |
| 2002 | -3.29% | -4.5% |
| 2001 | -3.01% | -5.89% |
| 2000 | -5.67% | 1.16% |
| 1999 | -0.5% | - |
| 1998 | -6.01% | - |
| 1997 | -0.46% | - |
| 1996 | -1.61% | - |
| 1995 | -2.34% | - |
| 1994 | -1.35% | - |
| 1993 | -3.32% | - |
| 1992 | -2.1% | - |
| 1991 | -2.54% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY
In 2025, Vanuatu's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $52.6M, equivalent to 3.88% of GDP. This compares to Zambia's deficit of $1.11B, or 3.83% of GDP.
Over the past 26 years, Vanuatu recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while Zambia ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Vanuatu posted an annual deficit equal to 1.17% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.14% of GDP for Zambia.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
| 2025 | 0.66% | 13.9% |
| 2024 | 1.14% | 15% |
| 2023 | 11.2% | 10.9% |
| 2022 | 6.68% | 11% |
| 2021 | 2.34% | 22% |
| 2020 | 5.33% | 15.7% |
| 2019 | 2.76% | 9.2% |
| 2018 | 2.33% | 7.5% |
| 2017 | 3.08% | 6.6% |
| 2016 | 0.84% | 17.9% |
| 2015 | 2.48% | 10.1% |
| 2014 | 0.8% | 7.8% |
| 2013 | 1.46% | 7% |
| 2012 | 1.35% | 6.6% |
| 2011 | 0.87% | 8.7% |
| 2010 | 2.76% | 8.5% |
| 2009 | 4.3% | 13.4% |
| 2008 | 4.84% | 12.4% |
| 2007 | 3.94% | 10.7% |
| 2006 | 2.04% | 9% |
| 2005 | 1.2% | 18.3% |
| 2004 | 1.42% | 18% |
| 2003 | 3.02% | 21.4% |
| 2002 | 1.96% | 22.2% |
| 2001 | 3.58% | 21.4% |
| 2000 | 2.54% | 24.1% |
| 1999 | 2% | 23.9% |
| 1998 | 3.28% | 22.7% |
| 1997 | 2.83% | 21.4% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, Vanuatu has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.86%, compared with 14.4% in Zambia. In 2025, inflation was 0.66% in Vanuatu and 13.9% in Zambia.
Balance of trade
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$127M
2022 |
-$1.12B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
83/190
2022 |
121/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-11.1%
2022 |
-4.41%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$350M
2022 |
$10.1B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$73.6M
2022 |
$11.4B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$230M
2022 |
$1.99B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$78.5M
2022 |
$1.38B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
48%
2024 |
27.6%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
25.3%
2024 |
35%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 61.1 | 51.9 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 92/197 | 152/197 |
| Property rights | 62.1 | 43.9 |
| Government integrity | 48.3 | 39.3 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 67.9 | 45 |
| Tax burden | 96.9 | 74.3 |
| Government spending | 48.1 | 78.1 |
| Fiscal health | 78.8 | 30.9 |
| Business freedom | 50.3 | 53.4 |
| Labor freedom | 41 | 48.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.1 | 66.6 |
| Trade freedom | 62 | 62.8 |
| Investment freedom | 65 | 40 |
| Financial freedom | 40 | 40 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
| 2026 | 61.1 | 51.9 |
| 2025 | 61.8 | 50.9 |
| 2024 | 62.2 | 48.4 |
| 2023 | 62.1 | 47.8 |
| 2022 | 62.9 | 48.7 |
| 2021 | 60.5 | 50.4 |
| 2020 | 60.7 | 53.5 |
| 2019 | 56.4 | 53.6 |
| 2018 | 69.5 | 54.3 |
| 2017 | 67.4 | 55.8 |
| 2016 | 60.8 | 58.8 |
| 2015 | 61.1 | 58.7 |
| 2014 | 59.5 | 60.4 |
| 2013 | 56.6 | 58.7 |
| 2012 | 56.6 | 58.3 |
| 2011 | 56.7 | 59.7 |
| 2010 | 56.4 | 58 |
| 2009 | 58.4 | 56.6 |
| 2008 | - | 56.2 |
| 2007 | - | 56.2 |
| 2006 | - | 56.8 |
| 2005 | - | 55 |
| 2004 | - | 54.9 |
| 2003 | - | 55.3 |
| 2002 | - | 59.6 |
| 2001 | - | 59.5 |
| 2000 | - | 62.8 |
| 1999 | - | 64.2 |
| 1998 | - | 62.7 |
| 1997 | - | 62.1 |
| 1996 | - | 59.6 |
| 1995 | - | 55.1 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Vanuatu is 61.1, ranking 92/197, compared to 51.9 for Zambia, ranking 152/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Vanuatu
|
Zambia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
56.8%
2024 |
57%
2025 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
10.1%
2024 |
35.3%
2025 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
26.6%
2024 |
4.11%
2025 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$1.48B
2025 |
$26.2B
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$4,970
2025 |
$3,990
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$615M
2024 |
$4.09B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
152/177
2024 |
111/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$9.21M
2022 |
-$2.05B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$28.9M
2024 |
$2.36B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$2.79M
2024 |
$311M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.88%
2024 |
17.3%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
15.9%
2020 |
60%
2022 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
26.1%
2024 |
23.8%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/vanuatu/zambia | CC BY
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.