Maldives has a GDP of $6.98B compared to $13.4B for Namibia, ranking 160/197 and 147/197 by economy size, respectively.
Maldives has $9.34B in government debt (140.8% of GDP), compared to $9.05B (63.9% of GDP) in Namibia.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1970 | $19,328,038 | $187,964,777 | - | - |
| 1971 | $21,566,404 | $197,752,528 | - | - |
| 1972 | $25,177,138 | $202,546,529 | - | - |
| 1973 | $30,862,042 | $205,742,529 | - | - |
| 1974 | $39,120,171 | $217,527,781 | - | - |
| 1975 | $24,540,878 | $200,149,528 | - | - |
| 1976 | $22,399,467 | $201,348,029 | - | - |
| 1977 | $20,853,789 | $224,004,422 | - | - |
| 1978 | $24,369,109 | $256,898,850 | - | - |
| 1979 | $38,523,364 | $284,295,074 | - | - |
| 1980 | $42,463,576 | $337,096,793 | $2,421,990,338 | $3,477,739,161 |
| 1981 | $44,781,457 | $376,755,240 | $2,249,908,578 | $3,511,523,641 |
| 1982 | $47,911,340 | $365,406,574 | $2,118,710,248 | $3,497,544,590 |
| 1983 | $57,829,787 | $424,808,147 | $2,297,400,688 | $3,433,768,600 |
| 1984 | $109,503,546 | $539,317,202 | $1,951,260,038 | $3,425,634,294 |
| 1985 | $127,190,758 | $622,458,577 | $1,608,237,350 | $3,441,535,104 |
| 1986 | $141,882,254 | $680,724,367 | $1,809,048,527 | $3,605,602,363 |
| 1987 | $141,223,029 | $740,826,581 | $2,300,068,217 | $3,733,737,147 |
| 1988 | $168,514,513 | $805,503,273 | $2,495,094,746 | $3,764,097,991 |
| 1989 | $189,514,434 | $880,631,020 | $2,535,135,798 | $3,834,060,338 |
| 1990 | $215,043,970 | $1,029,918,210 | $2,789,921,854 | $3,912,561,187 |
| 1991 | $244,396,762 | $1,044,776,799 | $2,996,869,281 | $4,232,045,773 |
| 1992 | $284,875,809 | $1,114,472,034 | $3,429,521,699 | $4,536,302,039 |
| 1993 | $322,417,837 | $1,176,400,670 | $3,251,188,833 | $4,464,649,372 |
| 1994 | $356,014,932 | $1,267,565,679 | $3,666,503,530 | $4,541,882,426 |
| 1995 | $398,988,955 | $1,432,169,027 | $3,978,514,206 | $4,718,971,067 |
| 1996 | $450,382,328 | $1,544,718,138 | $3,989,163,197 | $4,869,568,738 |
| 1997 | $508,223,602 | $1,674,442,651 | $4,154,989,950 | $5,075,069,423 |
| 1998 | $540,096,398 | $1,799,936,822 | $3,873,109,866 | $5,242,119,678 |
| 1999 | $589,239,754 | $1,911,094,725 | $3,868,551,730 | $5,418,741,286 |
| 2000 | $624,337,145 | $1,984,591,802 | $3,922,232,165 | $5,607,973,667 |
| 2001 | $870,031,677 | $1,906,326,759 | $3,557,341,215 | $5,674,032,720 |
| 2002 | $897,031,250 | $2,044,885,954 | $3,349,169,826 | $5,945,742,924 |
| 2003 | $1,052,121,055 | $2,326,058,788 | $4,926,439,384 | $6,197,830,194 |
| 2004 | $1,226,829,563 | $2,463,875,273 | $6,609,205,995 | $6,958,275,951 |
| 2005 | $1,163,362,438 | $2,188,480,301 | $7,248,374,838 | $7,134,269,026 |
| 2006 | $1,575,200,391 | $2,705,624,151 | $8,001,779,551 | $7,638,888,382 |
| 2007 | $1,868,383,461 | $2,898,626,610 | $8,839,536,476 | $8,049,405,616 |
| 2008 | $2,271,646,188 | $3,158,820,512 | $8,607,431,497 | $8,262,699,735 |
| 2009 | $2,345,294,875 | $2,895,352,808 | $8,938,847,189 | $8,287,154,923 |
| 2010 | $2,588,176,055 | $3,091,816,044 | $11,431,412,421 | $8,787,636,884 |
| 2011 | $2,774,350,240 | $3,365,238,506 | $12,523,359,441 | $9,235,045,192 |
| 2012 | $2,886,163,997 | $3,445,643,750 | $13,042,053,592 | $9,702,493,818 |
| 2013 | $3,295,009,238 | $3,685,976,102 | $12,043,307,277 | $10,247,261,643 |
| 2014 | $3,697,353,039 | $3,975,719,123 | $12,435,430,970 | $10,871,578,022 |
| 2015 | $4,129,505,319 | $4,129,505,319 | $11,335,161,084 | $11,335,161,084 |
| 2016 | $4,409,942,624 | $4,392,772,971 | $10,722,018,732 | $11,338,991,739 |
| 2017 | $4,816,426,257 | $4,703,536,564 | $12,895,153,371 | $11,222,512,163 |
| 2018 | $5,404,344,163 | $5,106,580,523 | $13,682,019,076 | $11,341,464,002 |
| 2019 | $5,726,094,799 | $5,460,112,147 | $12,541,928,303 | $11,246,291,862 |
| 2020 | $3,712,604,583 | $3,663,253,192 | $10,583,748,542 | $10,335,184,546 |
| 2021 | $5,252,457,370 | $5,037,261,437 | $12,402,486,184 | $10,707,646,944 |
| 2022 | $6,177,118,114 | $5,733,717,714 | $12,569,449,123 | $11,285,723,331 |
| 2023 | $6,590,894,302 | $6,004,715,686 | $12,408,271,448 | $11,787,126,129 |
| 2024 | $6,975,146,349 | $6,312,995,521 | $13,372,354,269 | $12,224,610,616 |
Economic indicators
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$6.98B
2024 |
$13.4B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
160/197
2024 |
147/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
5.83%
2023-2024 |
7.77%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$13,216
2024 |
$4,413
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
77/197
2024 |
126/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$26,543
2024 |
$11,687
2024 |
| Government debt |
$9.34B
2024 |
$9.05B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
140.8%
2025 |
63.9%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$17,702
2024 |
$2,988
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
33/185
2024 |
100/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$10,769
2025 |
$7,325
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$2.48B
2024 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
23.3%
2019 |
47.2%
2015 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.8%
2019 |
1%
2015 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
47.3%
2025 |
39.3%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
3.9%
2024-2025 |
3.7%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
6.75%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
4.56%
2019 |
19.9%
2018 |
| Population |
531152
|
3141364
|
GDP per capita in Maldives vs Namibia
Maldives' GDP per capita is $13,216, ranking 77/197, compared to $4,413 in Namibia, ranking 126/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Maldives ranks 79th at $26,543, while Namibia ranks 126th at $11,687.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1970 | $156.9 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $169.8 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $192.2 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $228.7 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $281.5 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $171.4 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $151.8 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $137.3 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $156.1 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $240.2 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $257.6 | - | $2,468 | - |
| 1981 | $264.1 | - | $2,267 | - |
| 1982 | $274.8 | - | $2,097 | - |
| 1983 | $323 | - | $2,214 | - |
| 1984 | $594 | - | $1,830 | - |
| 1985 | $669 | - | $1,466 | - |
| 1986 | $720 | - | $1,599 | - |
| 1987 | $692 | - | $1,969 | - |
| 1988 | $799 | - | $2,063 | - |
| 1989 | $870 | - | $1,967 | - |
| 1990 | $957 | $4,528 | $2,037 | $3,875 |
| 1991 | $1,054 | $4,604 | $2,117 | $4,192 |
| 1992 | $1,194 | $4,881 | $2,347 | $4,452 |
| 1993 | $1,317 | $5,138 | $2,155 | $4,345 |
| 1994 | $1,419 | $5,520 | $2,356 | $4,376 |
| 1995 | $1,555 | $6,223 | $2,483 | $4,509 |
| 1996 | $1,717 | $6,687 | $2,423 | $4,612 |
| 1997 | $1,898 | $7,226 | $2,460 | $4,764 |
| 1998 | $1,980 | $7,710 | $2,235 | $4,852 |
| 1999 | $2,124 | $8,162 | $2,178 | $4,961 |
| 2000 | $2,214 | $8,526 | $2,157 | $5,129 |
| 2001 | $3,034 | $8,236 | $1,916 | $5,196 |
| 2002 | $3,076 | $8,823 | $1,772 | $5,433 |
| 2003 | $3,549 | $10,065 | $2,569 | $5,693 |
| 2004 | $4,070 | $10,770 | $3,403 | $6,480 |
| 2005 | $3,797 | $9,704 | $3,686 | $6,767 |
| 2006 | $5,019 | $12,075 | $4,017 | $7,374 |
| 2007 | $5,758 | $12,852 | $4,379 | $7,875 |
| 2008 | $6,757 | $13,779 | $4,205 | $8,125 |
| 2009 | $6,734 | $12,266 | $4,303 | $8,079 |
| 2010 | $7,174 | $12,797 | $5,418 | $8,538 |
| 2011 | $7,425 | $13,726 | $5,835 | $9,002 |
| 2012 | $7,461 | $13,989 | $5,943 | $9,364 |
| 2013 | $8,236 | $15,264 | $5,347 | $9,699 |
| 2014 | $8,939 | $16,723 | $5,378 | $10,365 |
| 2015 | $9,645 | $17,875 | $4,774 | $10,466 |
| 2016 | $9,948 | $18,770 | $4,396 | $10,200 |
| 2017 | $10,510 | $19,768 | $5,144 | $9,888 |
| 2018 | $11,423 | $21,899 | $5,309 | $9,854 |
| 2019 | $11,740 | $23,077 | $4,732 | $9,609 |
| 2020 | $7,394 | $13,425 | $3,879 | $9,354 |
| 2021 | $10,176 | $19,053 | $4,413 | $9,709 |
| 2022 | $11,786 | $22,881 | $4,350 | $10,663 |
| 2023 | $12,530 | $24,735 | $4,188 | $11,251 |
| 2024 | $13,216 | $26,543 | $4,413 | $11,687 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Maldives' government spending was $3.23B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while Namibia's spent $5.34B, or 39.3% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 140.8% in Maldives and 63.9% in Namibia, ranking 9/185 and 70/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 33.3% | 42.4% | 30.2% | 12.9% |
| 1991 | 37.7% | 46.7% | 33% | 11.8% |
| 1992 | 36.1% | 49% | 32.8% | 14.1% |
| 1993 | 34.7% | 55.7% | 32.4% | 17.2% |
| 1994 | 30.7% | 54.6% | 28.7% | 16.4% |
| 1995 | 31.3% | 52.2% | 29.6% | 18% |
| 1996 | 27.3% | 46.9% | 30.4% | 18.7% |
| 1997 | 25.2% | 38.1% | 30.9% | 17.7% |
| 1998 | 25.9% | 39.3% | 31.3% | 19.6% |
| 1999 | 28% | 38.9% | 31.8% | 21.8% |
| 2000 | 29% | 39% | 30.1% | 20.9% |
| 2001 | 29.6% | 41.8% | 30.7% | 24.4% |
| 2002 | 29.6% | 44.3% | 29.8% | 22.2% |
| 2003 | 26.4% | 37.6% | 31.1% | 27.1% |
| 2004 | 24.1% | 34.7% | 28.4% | 29.2% |
| 2005 | 38.8% | 43.2% | 27.7% | 26.9% |
| 2006 | 35% | 36.8% | 27.4% | 26.1% |
| 2007 | 34.8% | 35.8% | 26.1% | 19.4% |
| 2008 | 35.6% | 39% | 28.4% | 19.1% |
| 2009 | 37% | 48.4% | 32% | 15.9% |
| 2010 | 33.2% | 52.7% | 33.5% | 16.3% |
| 2011 | 31.3% | 51.9% | 38.5% | 27.4% |
| 2012 | 29.8% | 57.1% | 35% | 24.6% |
| 2013 | 27% | 55.9% | 38.3% | 26.1% |
| 2014 | 29.1% | 55.1% | 41.8% | 27.6% |
| 2015 | 33.8% | 54.8% | 43.7% | 42.1% |
| 2016 | 37.3% | 61.9% | 41.8% | 45.8% |
| 2017 | 30.4% | 63.8% | 38.1% | 43.8% |
| 2018 | 31.9% | 70.7% | 36.3% | 48.7% |
| 2019 | 32.9% | 77.2% | 37.4% | 57.6% |
| 2020 | 50.4% | 155.7% | 41.5% | 64.3% |
| 2021 | 40.6% | 123.4% | 39.3% | 69.6% |
| 2022 | 42% | 111.6% | 36.6% | 69.4% |
| 2023 | 46.9% | 123% | 37% | 67.2% |
| 2024 | 46.3% | 134% | 39.9% | 67.7% |
| 2025 | 47.3% | 140.8% | 39.3% | 63.9% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Maldives' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$974M, equivalent to -14% of GDP. This compares to Namibia's deficit of -$480M, or -3.59% of GDP.
Over the past 35 years, Maldives recorded a fiscal deficit in 35 of those years, while Namibia ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Maldives posted an annual deficit equal to -7.76% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.06% of GDP for Namibia.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|
| 1990 | -12.8% | 1.08% |
| 1991 | -10.2% | -1.59% |
| 1992 | -12.6% | -2.55% |
| 1993 | -13.9% | -2.73% |
| 1994 | -4.82% | -0.57% |
| 1995 | -5.66% | -1.74% |
| 1996 | -2.01% | -3.7% |
| 1997 | -1.46% | -2.38% |
| 1998 | -2.25% | -2.76% |
| 1999 | -3.03% | -1.88% |
| 2000 | -3.89% | -0.79% |
| 2001 | -3.97% | -2.01% |
| 2002 | -3.97% | -1.38% |
| 2003 | -3.45% | -4.47% |
| 2004 | -2.26% | -2.67% |
| 2005 | -7.81% | -0.31% |
| 2006 | -4.52% | 3.41% |
| 2007 | -3.16% | 6.01% |
| 2008 | -9.92% | 3.48% |
| 2009 | -17.9% | -0.4% |
| 2010 | -13.6% | -4.98% |
| 2011 | -8.13% | -7.09% |
| 2012 | -6.91% | -3.1% |
| 2013 | -3.49% | -4.69% |
| 2014 | -2.42% | -6.44% |
| 2015 | -6.52% | -8.3% |
| 2016 | -9.93% | -9.3% |
| 2017 | -3.02% | -4.99% |
| 2018 | -5.17% | -5.09% |
| 2019 | -6.54% | -5.49% |
| 2020 | -23.7% | -8.07% |
| 2021 | -14.2% | -8.68% |
| 2022 | -11.2% | -6.33% |
| 2023 | -13.2% | -3.14% |
| 2024 | -14% | -3.59% |
| 2025 | -15.2% | -5.24% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 30 years, Maldives has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.32%, compared with 6.29% in Namibia. In 2025, inflation was 3.9% in Maldives and 3.7% in Namibia.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
| 1996 | 6.2% | 8.7% | |
| 1997 | 7.6% | 9.7% | |
| 1998 | -1.4% | 6.6% | |
| 1999 | 3% | 9.4% | |
| 2000 | -1.2% | 10.2% | |
| 2001 | 0.7% | 10.2% | |
| 2002 | 0.9% | 12.7% | |
| 2003 | -2.8% | 7.2% | |
| 2004 | 6.3% | 4.1% | |
| 2005 | 2.5% | 2.3% | |
| 2006 | 3.5% | 5% | |
| 2007 | 6.8% | 6.5% | |
| 2008 | 12% | 9.1% | |
| 2009 | 4.5% | 9.5% | |
| 2010 | 6.1% | 4.9% | |
| 2011 | 11.3% | 5% | |
| 2012 | 10.9% | 6.7% | |
| 2013 | 4% | 5.6% | |
| 2014 | 2.4% | 5.3% | |
| 2015 | 1.4% | 3.4% | |
| 2016 | 0.8% | 6.7% | |
| 2017 | 2.3% | 6.1% | |
| 2018 | 1.4% | 4.3% | |
| 2019 | 1.3% | 3.7% | |
| 2020 | -1.6% | 2.2% | |
| 2021 | 0.2% | 3.6% | |
| 2022 | 2.6% | 6.1% | |
| 2023 | 2.6% | 5.9% | |
| 2024 | 1.4% | 4.2% | |
| 2025 | 3.9% | 3.7% | |
Top exports between countries
Balance of trade
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$1.26B
2024 |
-$1.92B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
128/189
2024 |
140/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-18%
2024 |
-14.4%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$3.46B
2024 |
$6.77B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$383M
2024 |
$4.67B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$1.89B
2024 |
$2.47B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$5.03B
2024 |
$1.29B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
75.7%
2023 |
68%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
74.4%
2023 |
41.6%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 48.3 | 58.7 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 171/197 | 104/197 |
| Property rights | 51.6 | 65 |
| Government integrity | 40.5 | 51.2 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 41 | 67.3 |
| Tax burden | 91.5 | 69.4 |
| Government spending | 44.4 | 57.9 |
| Fiscal health | 0 | 34.2 |
| Business freedom | 48.8 | 61.9 |
| Labor freedom | 58.2 | 62.9 |
| Monetary freedom | 75.2 | 74.9 |
| Trade freedom | 63.2 | 70 |
| Investment freedom | 35 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 40 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Maldives is 48.3, ranking 171/197, compared to 58.7 for Namibia, ranking 104/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|
| 1997 | - | 61.6 |
| 1998 | - | 66.1 |
| 1999 | - | 66.1 |
| 2000 | - | 66.7 |
| 2001 | - | 64.8 |
| 2002 | - | 65.1 |
| 2003 | - | 67.3 |
| 2004 | - | 62.4 |
| 2005 | - | 61.4 |
| 2006 | - | 60.7 |
| 2007 | - | 63.5 |
| 2008 | - | 61.4 |
| 2009 | 51.3 | 62.4 |
| 2010 | 49 | 62.2 |
| 2011 | 48.3 | 62.7 |
| 2012 | 49.2 | 61.9 |
| 2013 | 49 | 60.3 |
| 2014 | 51 | 59.4 |
| 2015 | 53.4 | 59.6 |
| 2016 | 53.9 | 61.9 |
| 2017 | 50.3 | 62.5 |
| 2018 | 51.1 | 58.5 |
| 2019 | 53.2 | 58.7 |
| 2020 | 56.5 | 60.9 |
| 2021 | 55.2 | 62.6 |
| 2022 | 47.3 | 59.2 |
| 2023 | 46.6 | 57.7 |
| 2024 | 47.8 | 57.5 |
| 2025 | 48.3 | 58.7 |
More economic indicators
|
Maldives
|
Namibia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
73.8%
2024 |
54.5%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
9.02%
2024 |
28.9%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
3.05%
2024 |
7.29%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$6.15B
2024 |
$12.8B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$23,630
2024 |
$11,300
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$674M
2024 |
$3.36B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
150/177
2024 |
115/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$806M
2024 |
-$1.92B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$806M
2024 |
$1.96B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
1989 |
$46.1M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
8.55%
2023 |
n/a |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
15%
2020 |
17.4%
2015 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
33%
2023 |
25.6%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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comparisons:
Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.