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Economy of DR Congo vs Germany compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The DR Congo has a GDP of $91B compared to $5.05T for Germany, ranking 81/197 and 3/197 by economy size, respectively.

The DR Congo has $18.4B in government debt (20.2% of GDP), compared to $3.18T (62.9% of GDP) in Germany.

DR Congo vs Germany GDP by year

DR Congo
Germany
1x
Year GDP, current $
DR Congo Germany
2025 $91,030,531,317 $5,050,922,925,047
2024 $75,716,176,105 $4,685,592,577,805
2023 $69,843,655,425 $4,562,207,532,490
2022 $70,422,346,142 $4,201,021,706,479
2021 $59,067,289,574 $4,355,251,953,411
2020 $46,691,989,749 $3,941,398,957,074
2019 $46,845,900,350 $3,959,894,794,039
2018 $46,659,954,092 $4,055,433,215,302
2017 $37,537,521,566 $3,765,351,626,106
2016 $38,600,224,214 $3,536,787,895,179
2015 $40,179,574,490 $3,425,099,578,746
2014 $38,352,980,553 $3,964,870,735,761
2013 $34,891,189,160 $3,807,023,797,051
2012 $30,029,369,929 $3,596,483,233,406
2011 $26,392,379,642 $3,823,575,803,794
2010 $24,161,641,931 $3,467,093,769,667
2009 $18,607,259,481 $3,478,545,516,684
2008 $22,723,488,723 $3,808,197,720,125
2007 $18,374,807,773 $3,484,056,680,855
2006 $15,484,044,535 $3,046,308,753,671
2005 $12,609,728,573 $2,893,393,187,362
2004 $10,297,483,481 $2,852,317,768,062
2003 $8,937,567,060 $2,534,715,518,349
2002 $8,728,038,525 $2,102,350,798,306
2001 $7,438,189,100 $1,966,381,496,642
2000 $19,088,046,306 $1,966,980,701,145
1999 $4,711,259,427 $2,213,873,468,587
1998 $6,217,805,821 $2,247,760,364,566
1997 $6,090,838,693 $2,218,790,886,533
1996 $5,771,456,952 $2,506,576,553,158
1995 $5,643,439,376 $2,593,053,091,306
1994 $5,820,382,248 $2,215,282,632,277
1993 $10,706,259,937 $2,078,954,217,438
1992 $8,227,343,907 $2,141,377,582,968
1991 $9,625,436,873 $1,875,792,575,133
1990 $9,349,764,580 $1,778,162,195,860
1989 $9,021,862,775 $1,404,092,925,205
1988 $8,861,299,977 $1,406,367,016,372
1987 $7,661,625,473 $1,302,932,318,825
1986 $8,095,367,168 $1,050,092,624,516
1985 $7,195,042,616 $735,218,723,093
1984 $7,857,729,193 $727,767,760,979
1983 $11,006,712,650 $773,507,930,295
1982 $13,651,667,371 $779,421,633,755
1981 $12,537,821,038 $803,404,797,058
1980 $14,394,927,495 $953,772,499,462
1979 $15,068,422,236 $884,574,218,333
1978 $15,372,608,002 $743,182,891,918
1977 $12,344,424,764 $602,698,323,086
1976 $9,648,583,225 $521,658,712,133
1975 $10,237,343,174 $492,434,094,920
1974 $9,596,960,180 $446,934,971,657
1973 $7,870,239,461 $399,833,571,167
1972 $6,173,712,814 $300,899,944,795
1971 $5,594,770,359 $250,900,942,397
1970 $4,877,684,910 $216,629,229,947
1969 $5,032,434,970 $177,733,486,326
1968 $3,909,780,539 $156,527,292,653
1967 $3,384,063,372 $145,100,667,773
1966 $4,532,660,182 $143,304,275,684
1965 $4,043,901,818 $134,774,688,191
1964 $2,881,545,273 $123,330,404,665
1963 $6,213,185,743 $112,232,503,744
1962 $3,779,841,429 $105,895,435,234
1961 $3,086,746,857 $96,558,204,043
1960 $3,359,404,118 $84,619,845,881

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

GDP per capita in DR Congo vs Germany by year

DR Congo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
DR Congo Germany
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $807 - $60,496 -
2024 $693 $1,821 $56,104 $73,552
2023 $660 $1,731 $54,777 $71,684
2022 $688 $1,590 $50,507 $69,049
2021 $596 $1,402 $52,349 $62,531
2020 $486 $1,089 $47,395 $58,686
2019 $504 $1,056 $47,656 $59,271
2018 $518 $1,049 $48,916 $56,273
2017 $431 $991 $45,554 $54,110
2016 $460 $950 $42,949 $51,570
2015 $496 $910 $41,930 $48,545
2014 $489 $859 $48,960 $47,939
2013 $460 $761 $47,207 $45,889
2012 $410 $648 $44,718 $44,229
2011 $373 $644 $47,631 $43,398
2010 $352 $606 $42,397 $39,726
2009 $280.2 $573 $42,472 $37,574
2008 $353 $584 $46,379 $38,444
2007 $294.1 $550 $42,351 $36,914
2006 $255.4 $508 $36,980 $34,741
2005 $214.5 $484 $35,084 $32,314
2004 $180.7 $456 $34,567 $31,753
2003 $161.5 $428 $30,711 $30,301
2002 $162.4 $410 $25,487 $29,514
2001 $142.7 $404 $23,878 $28,674
2000 $378 $417 $23,926 $27,474
1999 $96.3 $452 $26,965 $26,518
1998 $131.5 $481 $27,396 $25,446
1997 $132.3 $497 $27,047 $24,649
1996 $127.4 $526 $30,600 $24,169
1995 $127 $532 $31,747 $23,631
1994 $136.5 $540 $27,202 $22,869
1993 $263.3 $576 $25,617 $21,900
1992 $209.7 $674 $26,560 $21,746
1991 $253.8 $762 $23,443 $21,001
1990 $254.9 $832 $22,386 $19,468
1989 $254.2 - $17,829 -
1988 $257.7 - $17,997 -
1987 $230.1 - $16,739 -
1986 $250.9 - $13,511 -
1985 $230.1 - $9,464 -
1984 $259.8 - $9,347 -
1983 $376 - $9,900 -
1982 $482 - $9,950 -
1981 $456 - $10,246 -
1980 $539 - $12,183 -
1979 $582 - $11,322 -
1978 $615 - $9,517 -
1977 $509 - $7,711 -
1976 $408 - $6,659 -
1975 $445 - $6,259 -
1974 $428 - $5,660 -
1973 $361 - $5,065 -
1972 $290.5 - $3,824 -
1971 $270.3 - $3,204 -
1970 $242.2 - $2,771 -
1969 $257.1 - $2,281 -
1968 $205.6 - $2,025 -
1967 $183.3 - $1,886 -
1966 $252.8 - $1,871 -
1965 $232 - $1,774 -
1964 $169.9 - $1,637 -
1963 $376 - $1,502 -
1962 $235.1 - $1,431 -
1961 $197.1 - $1,316 -
1960 $220.1 - $1,162 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

The DR Congo's GDP per capita is $807, ranking 187/197, compared to $60,496 in Germany, ranking 18/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the DR Congo ranks 190th at $1,821, while Germany ranks 20th at $73,552.

Economic indicators

DR Congo Germany
Gross domestic product
$91B
2025
$5.05T
2025
GDP rank
81/197
2025
3/197
2025
GDP growth
5.76%
2024-2025
0.24%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$807
2025
$60,496
2025
GDP per capita rank
187/197
2025
18/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$1,821
2024
$73,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
190/197
2024
20/197
2024
Government debt
$18.4B
2025
$3.18T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
20.2%
2025
62.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$163
2025
$38,071
2025
Government debt per person rank
183/185
2025
21/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,203
2026
$40,352
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.9T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,648,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
212
2026
Income share by richest 10%
35.7%
2020
26.2%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2020
2.3%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
50.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.89%
2015-2016
2.17%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
13.5%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
1.47%
2020
3.8%
2025
Population
118386491
82830814

Spending and national debt comparison by year

DR Congo
Spending

Debt
Germany
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
DR Congo Germany
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 17.2% 20.2% 50.5% 62.9%
2024 16.5% 15.8% 49.4% 62.2%
2023 15.9% 15.7% 48.1% 62.3%
2022 17.1% 14.7% 48.6% 64.4%
2021 13.5% 14% 50.7% 67.9%
2020 13.4% 11.6% 51.1% 68%
2019 15.2% 9.72% 45.5% 58.7%
2018 12.2% 9.19% 44.7% 60.8%
2017 11.2% 8.42% 44.5% 64%
2016 14.3% 10.6% 44.7% 68.3%
2015 15.9% 10.2% 44.5% 71.2%
2014 13.5% 8.74% 44.5% 74.5%
2013 11.7% 8.26% 45.2% 77.5%
2012 13.2% 7.58% 45.1% 79.8%
2011 13.5% 7.81% 45.3% 78.5%
2010 15.2% 31.8% 48.1% 81%
2009 12.3% 91.6% 48.3% 72.4%
2008 9.94% 80.3% 44.4% 65.2%
2007 7.98% 85.1% 43.5% 63.7%
2006 7.35% 107.5% 45.3% 66.4%
2005 7.5% 112% 46.9% 67.1%
2004 7.18% 164.1% 47% 65%
2003 8.87% 114.5% 48.5% 63.3%
2002 4.17% 136% 48.2% 59.8%
2001 4.16% 185.4% 47.7% 58.1%
2000 2.49% 135% 48.1% 59.2%
1999 2.15% - 48.5% 60.3%
1998 2.78% - 48.3% 59.4%
1997 2.51% - 48.8% 58.8%
1996 2.17% - 49.6% 57.7%
1995 - - 55.2% 54.9%
1994 - - 48.3% 47.5%
1993 - - 48.3% 45.1%
1992 - - 47.4% 41.4%
1991 - - 46.5% 39%
1990 - - 44.7% 40.7%
1989 - - 44.3% 39.2%
1988 - - 45.6% 40.5%
1987 - - 46% 40.1%
1986 - - 45.7% 39.1%
1985 - - 46.6% 39.2%
1984 - - 47.2% 38.7%
1983 - - 47.9% 38%
1982 - - 49.1% 36.4%
1981 - - 49% 33.6%
1980 - - 48.2% 30.1%
1979 - - 47.4% 28.2%
1978 - - 47.7% 27.4%
1977 - - 49% 26%
1976 - - 49.4% 25.1%
1975 - - 50.3% 23.7%
1974 - - 46% 18.5%
1973 - - 42.4% 17.3%
1972 - - 41.8% 18%
1971 - - 40.9% 17.7%
1970 - - 39.5% 17.7%
1969 - - 29.7% 20.3%
1968 - - 28.5% 22.5%
1967 - - 28.8% 22.5%
1966 - - 28.3% 19.8%
1965 - - 28.4% 18.7%
1964 - - 29% 18.2%
1963 - - 29.1% 18.1%
1962 - - 29.2% 17.6%
1961 - - 28.8% 18.7%
1960 - - 22.9% 18.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

In 2025, the DR Congo's government spending was $15.6B, accounting for 17.2% of its GDP, while Germany spent $2.55T, or 50.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 20.2% in the DR Congo and 62.9% in Germany, ranking 173/185 and 70/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
DR Congo

Germany
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
DR Congo Germany
2025 -2.75% -2.67%
2024 -1.66% -2.66%
2023 -1.59% -2.49%
2022 -0.87% -1.91%
2021 -1.58% -3.17%
2020 -3.49% -4.38%
2019 -3.41% 1.33%
2018 -1.35% 1.88%
2017 -0.01% 1.34%
2016 -0.91% 1.13%
2015 -1.2% 0.91%
2014 3.87% 0.73%
2013 3.5% 0.12%
2012 1.93% -0.05%
2011 -0.71% -0.84%
2010 -0.8% -4.42%
2009 1.04% -3.18%
2008 -0.28% -0.26%
2007 1.21% 0.15%
2006 2.09% -1.76%
2005 1.38% -3.37%
2004 -0.17% -3.42%
2003 -3.92% -3.83%
2002 0.89% -4.09%
2001 -1.13% -3.12%
2000 -1.85% -1.71%
1999 -1.35% -1.87%
1998 -1.55% -2.65%
1997 -1.06% -3.03%
1996 -0.56% -3.64%
1995 - -9.44%
1994 - -2.54%
1993 - -3.11%
1992 - -2.63%
1991 - -3.21%
1990 - -1.94%
1989 - 0.08%
1988 - -2.02%
1987 - -1.85%
1986 - -1.18%
1985 - -1.18%
1984 - -2.04%
1983 - -2.95%
1982 - -3.56%
1981 - -4.03%
1980 - -3.02%
1979 - -2.71%
1978 - -2.62%
1977 - -2.56%
1976 - -3.5%
1975 - -5.78%
1974 - -1.69%
1973 - 1.14%
1972 - -0.37%
1971 - 0.16%
1970 - 0.53%
1969 - -0.43%
1968 - 1.39%
1967 - 2.73%
1966 - 1.76%
1965 - 2.26%
1964 - 1.49%
1963 - 1.43%
1962 - 0.49%
1961 - -0.12%
1960 - -0.34%
1959 - 0.77%
1958 - 1.77%
1957 - 1.99%
1956 - 0.59%
1955 - -1.41%
1954 - -0.37%
1953 - -0.13%
1952 - 0%
1951 - 1.15%
1950 - 1.81%
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 - -0.64%
1933 - -0.43%
1932 - -1.11%
1931 - -1.03%
1930 - -1.52%
1929 - -0.9%
1928 - -1.47%
1927 - -0.44%
1926 - -1.3%
1925 - 0.34%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.007%
1912 - -0.26%
1911 - 0.06%
1910 - -0.21%
1909 - 0.11%
1908 - -0.11%
1907 - -0.14%
1906 - 0.76%
1905 - 1.21%
1904 - 0.41%
1903 - 0.88%
1902 - 0.08%
1901 - 0.91%
1900 - 0.27%
1899 - 0.6%
1898 - 0.47%
1897 - 0.39%
1896 - 0.63%
1895 - 0.47%
1894 - 0.44%
1893 - 0.42%
1892 - -0.24%
1891 - 1.18%
1890 - 0.12%
1889 - 1.16%
1888 - 0.62%
1887 - 0.88%
1886 - 0.23%
1885 - 0.21%
1884 - 0.23%
1883 - 0.55%
1882 - 0.41%
1881 - 0.12%
1880 - -0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

In 2025, the DR Congo's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.51B, equivalent to 2.75% of GDP. This compares to Germany's deficit of $135B, or 2.67% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, the DR Congo recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Germany ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, the DR Congo posted an annual deficit equal to 0.54% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.7% of GDP for Germany.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
DR Congo

Germany
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
DR Congo Germany
2025 - 2.17%
2024 - 2.26%
2023 - 5.95%
2022 - 6.87%
2021 - 3.07%
2020 - 0.14%
2019 - 1.45%
2018 - 1.73%
2017 - 1.51%
2016 2.89% 0.49%
2015 0.74% 0.51%
2014 1.24% 0.91%
2013 0.81% 1.5%
2012 9.72% 2.01%
2011 15.3% 2.08%
2010 7.1% 1.1%
2009 2.8% 0.31%
2008 17.3% 2.63%
2007 16.9% 2.3%
2006 13.1% 1.58%
2005 21.3% 1.55%
2004 3.99% 1.67%
2003 12.9% 1.03%
2002 31.5% 1.42%
2001 360% 1.98%
2000 514% 1.44%
1999 284.9% 0.59%
1998 29.1% 0.91%
1997 198.5% 1.94%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

Over the past 20 years, the DR Congo has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 77.2%, compared with 1.4% in Germany. In 2016, inflation was 2.89% in the DR Congo and 2.17% in Germany.

Top exports between countries

DR Congo
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $7.56M
Textiles & consumer goods $257K
Machinery & equipment $233K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $187K
Metals $148K
Precious metals & jewellery $32K
Chemicals & pharma $21K
Wood & paper products $20K
Animal & marine products $2K
Raw materials & minerals $2K
Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $72.1M
Chemicals & pharma $22.9M
Miscellaneous $21.9M
Animal & marine products $19.7M
Raw agricultural goods $13M
Wood & paper products $7.24M
Metals $7.22M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6.06M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.81M
Raw materials & minerals $1.71M

Balance of trade

DR Congo Germany
Current account balance
-$3.94B
2025
$228B
2025
Current account balance ranking
157/190
2025
2/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.33%
2025
+4.51%
2025
Goods imports
$33B
2025
$1.32T
2025
Goods exports
$35.9B
2025
$1.53T
2025
Service imports
$5.02B
2025
$602B
2025
Service exports
$548M
2025
$518B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.9%
2025
38.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.4%
2025
40.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

DR Congo Germany
Economic freedom 47 71.7
Economic freedom ranking 176/197 30/197
Property rights 15.4 95.5
Government integrity 12.8 84.5
Judicial effectiveness 11.7 94.6
Tax burden 73.8 60.5
Government spending 91.2 28.8
Fiscal health 95.9 83.1
Business freedom 32.3 79.8
Labor freedom 54.2 52.2
Monetary freedom 58.6 72.5
Trade freedom 68.2 79.4
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 20 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

DR Congo
Germany
1x
Year Economic freedom index
DR Congo Germany
2026 47 71.7
2025 47.3 71.6
2024 47.6 72.1
2023 47.9 73.7
2022 47.6 76.1
2021 49 72.5
2020 49.5 73.5
2019 50.3 73.5
2018 52.1 74.2
2017 56.4 73.8
2016 46.4 74.4
2015 45 73.8
2014 40.6 73.4
2013 39.6 72.8
2012 41.1 71
2011 40.7 71.8
2010 41.4 71.1
2009 42.8 70.5
2008 - 70.6
2007 - 70.8
2006 - 70.8
2005 - 68.1
2004 - 69.5
2003 - 69.7
2002 - 70.4
2001 - 69.5
2000 34.8 65.7
1999 34 65.6
1998 40.6 64.3
1997 39.5 67.5
1996 39.5 69.1
1995 41.4 69.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the DR Congo is 47, ranking 176/197, compared to 71.7 for Germany, ranking 30/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

DR Congo Germany
Services, % of GDP
48%
2025
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
39.7%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.93%
2025
0.87%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$81.3B
2025
$5.03T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$1,850
2025
$78,140
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.1B
2023
$572B
2025
Total reserves ranking
102/177
2023
7/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.87B
2025
$12.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$2.92B
2024
$62.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$198M
2024
$87B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
0.64%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
56.2%
2020
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.7%
2025
21.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/germany | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.