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Economy of Germany vs Saint Lucia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Germany has a GDP of $5.05T compared to $2.66B for Saint Lucia, ranking 3/197 and 173/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $3.18T in government debt (62.9% of GDP), compared to $2.05B (77.1% of GDP) in Saint Lucia.

Germany vs Saint Lucia GDP by year

Germany
Saint Lucia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Saint Lucia
2025 $5,050,922,925,047 $2,656,444,444
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $2,605,148,148
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $2,441,259,259
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $2,319,888,889
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $1,871,111,111
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $1,521,740,741
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $2,090,074,074
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $2,060,955,556
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $1,998,503,704
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $1,868,544,444
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $1,807,640,741
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $1,749,185,185
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $1,660,392,593
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $1,598,207,407
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $1,568,370,370
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $1,482,385,185
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $1,401,507,889
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $1,437,731,111
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $1,336,088,815
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $1,268,319,185
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $1,135,555,556
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $1,066,666,667
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $987,407,407
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $900,000,000
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $892,592,593
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $932,592,593
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $921,851,852
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $877,407,407
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $805,925,926
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $788,888,889
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $762,962,963
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $713,703,704
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $684,814,815
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $674,074,074
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $613,703,704
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $579,629,630
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $486,666,667
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $429,629,630
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $375,555,556
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $340,000,000
1985 $735,218,723,093 $284,444,444
1984 $727,767,760,979 $251,481,481
1983 $773,507,930,295 $197,037,037
1982 $779,421,633,755 $183,333,333
1981 $803,404,797,058 $194,444,444
1980 $953,772,499,462 $170,370,370
1979 $884,574,218,333 -
1978 $743,182,891,918 -
1977 $602,698,323,086 -
1976 $521,658,712,133 -
1975 $492,434,094,920 -
1974 $446,934,971,657 -
1973 $399,833,571,167 -
1972 $300,899,944,795 -
1971 $250,900,942,397 -
1970 $216,629,229,947 -
1969 $177,733,486,326 -
1968 $156,527,292,653 -
1967 $145,100,667,773 -
1966 $143,304,275,684 -
1965 $134,774,688,191 -
1964 $123,330,404,665 -
1963 $112,232,503,744 -
1962 $105,895,435,234 -
1961 $96,558,204,043 -
1960 $84,619,845,881 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Saint Lucia by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Saint Lucia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Saint Lucia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $60,496 - $14,746 -
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $14,494 $27,567
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $13,617 $25,975
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $12,976 $24,599
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $10,481 $19,101
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $8,537 $14,912
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $11,764 $18,710
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $11,643 $17,433
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $11,333 $16,131
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $10,638 $15,307
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $10,335 $14,353
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $10,045 $14,403
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $9,577 $14,010
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $9,260 $13,443
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $9,129 $13,471
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $8,674 $12,718
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $8,251 $12,600
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $8,517 $12,969
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $7,964 $12,199
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $7,611 $11,758
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $6,863 $10,818
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $6,495 $10,610
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $6,059 $9,707
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $5,568 $9,205
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $5,570 $9,106
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $5,880 $9,314
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $5,883 $9,214
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $5,673 $8,965
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $5,282 $8,456
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $5,244 $8,490
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $5,148 $8,222
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $4,892 $8,041
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $4,765 $7,865
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $4,760 $7,753
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $4,399 $7,127
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $4,205 $6,951
1989 $17,829 - $3,565 -
1988 $17,997 - $3,182 -
1987 $16,739 - $2,819 -
1986 $13,511 - $2,591 -
1985 $9,464 - $2,202 -
1984 $9,347 - $1,979 -
1983 $9,900 - $1,576 -
1982 $9,950 - $1,489 -
1981 $10,246 - $1,605 -
1980 $12,183 - $1,428 -
1979 $11,322 - - -
1978 $9,517 - - -
1977 $7,711 - - -
1976 $6,659 - - -
1975 $6,259 - - -
1974 $5,660 - - -
1973 $5,065 - - -
1972 $3,824 - - -
1971 $3,204 - - -
1970 $2,771 - - -
1969 $2,281 - - -
1968 $2,025 - - -
1967 $1,886 - - -
1966 $1,871 - - -
1965 $1,774 - - -
1964 $1,637 - - -
1963 $1,502 - - -
1962 $1,431 - - -
1961 $1,316 - - -
1960 $1,162 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $60,496, ranking 18/197, compared to $14,746 in Saint Lucia, ranking 72/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Saint Lucia ranks 75th at $27,567.

Economic indicators

Germany Saint Lucia
Gross domestic product
$5.05T
2025
$2.66B
2025
GDP rank
3/197
2025
173/197
2025
GDP growth
0.24%
2024-2025
-0.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$60,496
2025
$14,746
2025
GDP per capita rank
18/197
2025
72/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$27,567
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
75/197
2024
Government debt
$3.18T
2025
$2.05B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
62.9%
2025
77.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,071
2025
$11,365
2025
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2025
53/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,352
2026
$12,464
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.9T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,648,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
212
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.2%
2022
34.1%
2015
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2022
2.1%
2015
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.5%
2025
25.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.17%
2024-2025
2.03%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
3.8%
2025
7.66%
2025
Population
82830814
180676

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Saint Lucia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Saint Lucia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 50.5% 62.9% 25.2% 77.1%
2024 49.4% 62.2% 24.4% 76.7%
2023 48.1% 62.3% 25.3% 75.2%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 23.8% 73.9%
2021 50.7% 67.9% 26.7% 81.9%
2020 51.1% 68% 33.1% 94.4%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 24.6% 62.1%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 23.2% 60.3%
2017 44.5% 64% 23% 59.9%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 22.6% 60.2%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 22.1% 60.6%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 22.6% 61.9%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 24.3% 61.2%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 27.1% 60.2%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 26.9% 54.9%
2010 48.1% 81% 25.6% 52.2%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 24.2% 50.2%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 22.3% 46.9%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 22.2% 48.2%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 24.4% 48%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 25.3% 50.4%
2004 47% 65% 22.5% 48.8%
2003 48.5% 63.3% 22.5% 44.7%
2002 48.2% 59.8% 23% 47.7%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 22% 38%
2000 48.1% 59.2% 20.9% 32.8%
1999 48.5% 60.3% 20.9% 28.8%
1998 48.3% 59.4% 18.6% 29.1%
1997 48.8% 58.8% 19% 26.6%
1996 49.6% 57.7% 18.8% 23.9%
1995 55.2% 54.9% 19% 22.7%
1994 48.3% 47.5% 18.7% 23.4%
1993 48.3% 45.1% 21.6% 22.7%
1992 47.4% 41.4% 18.3% 22.1%
1991 46.5% 39% 18% 19.3%
1990 44.7% 40.7% 16.5% 16.7%
1989 44.3% 39.2% 19% 18.1%
1988 45.6% 40.5% 18.2% 18.6%
1987 46% 40.1% 19.9% 19.6%
1986 45.7% 39.1% 21.1% 17.2%
1985 46.6% 39.2% 20.4% 17.1%
1984 47.2% 38.7% - -
1983 47.9% 38% - -
1982 49.1% 36.4% - -
1981 49% 33.6% - -
1980 48.2% 30.1% - -
1979 47.4% 28.2% - -
1978 47.7% 27.4% - -
1977 49% 26% - -
1976 49.4% 25.1% - -
1975 50.3% 23.7% - -
1974 46% 18.5% - -
1973 42.4% 17.3% - -
1972 41.8% 18% - -
1971 40.9% 17.7% - -
1970 39.5% 17.7% - -
1969 29.7% 20.3% - -
1968 28.5% 22.5% - -
1967 28.8% 22.5% - -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government spending was $2.55T, accounting for 50.5% of its GDP, while Saint Lucia spent $671M, or 25.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 62.9% in Germany and 77.1% in Saint Lucia, ranking 70/185 and 48/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Saint Lucia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Saint Lucia
2025 -2.67% -2.88%
2024 -2.66% -1.81%
2023 -2.49% -3.18%
2022 -1.91% -2.48%
2021 -3.17% -5.35%
2020 -4.38% -11.5%
2019 1.33% -2.95%
2018 1.88% -1.22%
2017 1.34% -2.09%
2016 1.13% -1.53%
2015 0.91% -1.18%
2014 0.73% -2.29%
2013 0.12% -3.98%
2012 -0.05% -6.93%
2011 -0.84% -5.35%
2010 -4.42% -4.11%
2009 -3.18% -2.63%
2008 -0.26% -0.72%
2007 0.15% -1.59%
2006 -1.76% -5.01%
2005 -3.37% -6%
2004 -3.42% -2.58%
2003 -3.83% -3.17%
2002 -4.09% -3.03%
2001 -3.12% -3.07%
2000 -1.71% -1.17%
1999 -1.87% 1.61%
1998 -2.65% 2.22%
1997 -3.03% -1.1%
1996 -3.64% -0.57%
1995 -9.44% -0.13%
1994 -2.54% -0.02%
1993 -3.11% -0.25%
1992 -2.63% -0.66%
1991 -3.21% -0.42%
1990 -1.94% 0.29%
1989 0.08% 0.89%
1988 -2.02% 2.02%
1987 -1.85% 0.56%
1986 -1.18% -1.61%
1985 -1.18% -1.5%
1984 -2.04% -
1983 -2.95% -
1982 -3.56% -
1981 -4.03% -
1980 -3.02% -
1979 -2.71% -
1978 -2.62% -
1977 -2.56% -
1976 -3.5% -
1975 -5.78% -
1974 -1.69% -
1973 1.14% -
1972 -0.37% -
1971 0.16% -
1970 0.53% -
1969 -0.43% -
1968 1.39% -
1967 2.73% -
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to Saint Lucia's deficit of $76.5M, or 2.88% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Saint Lucia ran a deficit in 35 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 1.95% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.11% of GDP for Saint Lucia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Saint Lucia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Saint Lucia
2025 2.17% 2.03%
2024 2.26% -0.67%
2023 5.95% 3.82%
2022 6.87% 9.65%
2021 3.07% 2.41%
2020 0.14% -1.76%
2019 1.45% 0.54%
2018 1.73% 1.94%
2017 1.51% 0.1%
2016 0.49% -3.08%
2015 0.51% -0.98%
2014 0.91% 3.52%
2013 1.5% 1.47%
2012 2.01% 4.18%
2011 2.08% 2.77%
2010 1.1% 3.25%
2009 0.31% -0.16%
2008 2.63% 5.55%
2007 2.3% 2.82%
2006 1.58% 2.4%
2005 1.55% 3.9%
2004 1.67% 1.46%
2003 1.03% 1.03%
2002 1.42% -0.26%
2001 1.98% 5.31%
2000 1.44% 3.71%
1999 0.59% 3.5%
1998 0.91% 3.2%
1997 1.94% -0.006%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 2.13% in Saint Lucia. In 2025, inflation was 2.17% in Germany and 2.03% in Saint Lucia.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $4.72M
Animal & marine products $540K
Raw materials & minerals $288K
Chemicals & pharma $208K
Textiles & consumer goods $177K
Miscellaneous $117K
Raw agricultural goods $82K
Metals $66K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $33K
Wood & paper products $19K
Saint Lucia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $44K
Metals $6K
Miscellaneous $6K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K

Balance of trade

Germany Saint Lucia
Current account balance
$228B
2025
-$166M
2025
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2025
89/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.51%
2025
-6.26%
2025
Goods imports
$1.32T
2025
$834M
2025
Goods exports
$1.53T
2025
$144M
2025
Service imports
$602B
2025
$672M
2025
Service exports
$518B
2025
$1.4B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
38.1%
2025
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.4%
2025
19%
2026

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Saint Lucia
Economic freedom 71.7 67.5
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 57/197
Property rights 95.5 64.3
Government integrity 84.5 59.7
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 77.3
Tax burden 60.5 77.7
Government spending 28.8 82.6
Fiscal health 83.1 80
Business freedom 79.8 71.9
Labor freedom 52.2 65.2
Monetary freedom 72.5 81
Trade freedom 79.4 60
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Saint Lucia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Saint Lucia
2026 71.7 67.5
2025 71.6 67
2024 72.1 62.2
2023 73.7 60.7
2022 76.1 64.3
2021 72.5 67.5
2020 73.5 68.2
2019 73.5 68.7
2018 74.2 67.6
2017 73.8 65
2016 74.4 70
2015 73.8 70.2
2014 73.4 70.7
2013 72.8 70.4
2012 71 71.3
2011 71.8 70.8
2010 71.1 70.5
2009 70.5 68.8
2008 70.6 -
2007 70.8 -
2006 70.8 -
2005 68.1 -
2004 69.5 -
2003 69.7 -
2002 70.4 -
2001 69.5 -
2000 65.7 -
1999 65.6 -
1998 64.3 -
1997 67.5 -
1996 69.1 -
1995 69.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 67.5 for Saint Lucia, ranking 57/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Saint Lucia
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
73.8%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
10.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.87%
2025
1.66%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$5.03T
2025
$2.42B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$78,140
2025
$26,180
2025
Total reserves including gold
$572B
2025
$447M
2025
Total reserves ranking
7/177
2025
160/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2025
-$175M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$62.6B
2024
$187M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$87B
2024
-$350K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.35%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
25%
2016
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.9%
2025
n/a

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/saint-lucia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.