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Economy of Algeria vs Germany compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Algeria has a GDP of $269B compared to $4.69T for Germany, ranking 51/197 and 3/197 by economy size, respectively.

Algeria has $129B in government debt (48.1% of GDP), compared to $2.97T (63.5% of GDP) in Germany.

Algeria vs Germany GDP by year

Algeria
Germany
1x
Year GDP, current $
Algeria Germany
2024 $269,322,281,665 $4,685,592,577,805
2023 $247,923,887,215 $4,562,207,532,490
2022 $225,581,644,703 $4,201,021,706,479
2021 $186,231,205,262 $4,355,251,953,411
2020 $164,873,415,325 $3,941,398,957,074
2019 $193,459,662,091 $3,959,894,794,039
2018 $194,554,483,656 $4,055,433,215,302
2017 $189,880,896,903 $3,765,351,626,106
2016 $180,763,839,522 $3,536,787,895,179
2015 $187,493,855,609 $3,425,099,578,746
2014 $238,942,664,193 $3,964,870,735,761
2013 $229,701,430,292 $3,807,023,797,051
2012 $227,143,746,076 $3,596,483,233,406
2011 $218,331,946,925 $3,823,575,803,794
2010 $177,785,053,940 $3,467,093,769,667
2009 $150,317,292,079 $3,478,545,516,684
2008 $180,383,848,331 $3,808,197,720,125
2007 $142,482,739,810 $3,484,056,680,855
2006 $123,084,258,693 $3,046,308,753,671
2005 $107,046,618,670 $2,893,393,187,362
2004 $91,913,680,985 $2,852,317,768,062
2003 $73,482,264,191 $2,534,715,518,349
2002 $61,516,103,406 $2,102,350,798,306
2001 $59,413,400,924 $1,966,381,496,642
2000 $54,790,398,570 $1,966,980,701,145
1999 $48,640,671,735 $2,213,873,468,587
1998 $48,187,781,984 $2,247,760,364,566
1997 $48,177,612,042 $2,218,790,886,533
1996 $46,941,554,225 $2,506,576,553,158
1995 $41,764,291,672 $2,593,053,091,306
1994 $42,543,176,829 $2,215,282,632,277
1993 $49,945,584,453 $2,078,954,217,438
1992 $48,003,133,347 $2,141,377,582,968
1991 $45,715,676,428 $1,875,792,575,133
1990 $62,048,507,531 $1,778,162,195,860
1989 $55,634,721,573 $1,404,092,925,205
1988 $59,089,396,860 $1,406,367,016,372
1987 $66,745,818,375 $1,302,932,318,825
1986 $63,692,007,897 $1,050,092,624,516
1985 $57,937,868,670 $735,218,723,093
1984 $53,698,548,293 $727,767,760,979
1983 $48,801,369,800 $773,507,930,295
1982 $45,207,167,470 $779,421,633,755
1981 $44,348,590,461 $803,404,797,058
1980 $42,345,829,079 $953,772,499,462
1979 $33,243,706,860 $884,574,218,333
1978 $26,364,491,313 $743,182,891,918
1977 $20,972,113,685 $602,698,323,086
1976 $17,728,240,932 $521,658,712,133
1975 $15,557,902,754 $492,434,094,920
1974 $13,209,871,626 $446,934,971,657
1973 $8,707,858,912 $399,833,571,167
1972 $6,766,743,957 $300,899,944,795
1971 $5,077,183,094 $250,900,942,397
1970 $4,863,526,897 $216,629,229,947
1969 $4,257,253,264 $177,733,486,326
1968 $3,852,147,027 $156,527,292,653
1967 $3,370,870,376 $145,100,667,773
1966 $3,039,859,187 $143,304,275,684
1965 $3,136,284,307 $134,774,688,191
1964 $2,909,316,435 $123,330,404,665
1963 $2,702,982,018 $112,232,503,744
1962 $2,001,444,544 $105,895,435,234
1961 $2,434,747,056 $96,558,204,043
1960 $2,723,615,451 $84,619,845,881

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

GDP per capita in Algeria vs Germany by year

Algeria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Algeria Germany
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $5,753 $17,621 $56,104 $73,552
2023 $5,370 $16,824 $54,777 $71,684
2022 $4,960 $15,836 $50,507 $69,049
2021 $4,161 $14,497 $52,349 $62,531
2020 $3,744 $12,677 $47,395 $58,686
2019 $4,468 $13,893 $47,656 $59,271
2018 $4,577 $13,727 $48,916 $56,273
2017 $4,555 $13,494 $45,554 $54,110
2016 $4,425 $13,438 $42,949 $51,570
2015 $4,685 $13,807 $41,930 $48,545
2014 $6,095 $14,694 $48,960 $47,939
2013 $5,980 $14,371 $47,207 $45,889
2012 $6,034 $14,441 $44,718 $44,229
2011 $5,916 $14,640 $47,631 $43,398
2010 $4,913 $14,201 $42,397 $39,726
2009 $4,235 $13,651 $42,472 $37,574
2008 $5,181 $13,666 $46,379 $38,444
2007 $4,167 $13,321 $42,351 $36,914
2006 $3,661 $12,791 $36,980 $34,741
2005 $3,233 $12,246 $35,084 $32,314
2004 $2,817 $11,432 $34,567 $31,753
2003 $2,284 $10,803 $30,711 $30,301
2002 $1,937 $10,080 $25,487 $29,514
2001 $1,896 $9,544 $23,878 $28,674
2000 $1,773 $9,187 $23,926 $27,474
1999 $1,596 $8,776 $26,965 $26,518
1998 $1,603 $8,503 $27,396 $25,446
1997 $1,629 $8,129 $27,047 $24,649
1996 $1,617 $8,053 $30,600 $24,169
1995 $1,467 $7,747 $31,747 $23,631
1994 $1,526 $7,463 $27,202 $22,869
1993 $1,831 $7,538 $25,617 $21,900
1992 $1,803 $7,705 $26,560 $21,746
1991 $1,759 $7,582 $23,443 $21,001
1990 $2,445 $7,602 $22,386 $19,468
1989 $2,247 - $17,829 -
1988 $2,451 - $17,997 -
1987 $2,847 - $16,739 -
1986 $2,800 - $13,511 -
1985 $2,633 - $9,464 -
1984 $2,524 - $9,347 -
1983 $2,374 - $9,900 -
1982 $2,275 - $9,950 -
1981 $2,307 - $10,246 -
1980 $2,276 - $12,183 -
1979 $1,843 - $11,322 -
1978 $1,506 - $9,517 -
1977 $1,232 - $7,711 -
1976 $1,080 - $6,659 -
1975 $992 - $6,259 -
1974 $873 - $5,660 -
1973 $590 - $5,065 -
1972 $469 - $3,824 -
1971 $360 - $3,204 -
1970 $353 - $2,771 -
1969 $316 - $2,281 -
1968 $292.4 - $2,025 -
1967 $261.8 - $1,886 -
1966 $241.4 - $1,871 -
1965 $253.6 - $1,774 -
1964 $238.9 - $1,637 -
1963 $225.6 - $1,502 -
1962 $169.6 - $1,431 -
1961 $209.4 - $1,316 -
1960 $238.4 - $1,162 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

Algeria's GDP per capita is $5,753, ranking 114/197, compared to $56,104 in Germany, ranking 19/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Algeria ranks 105th at $17,621, while Germany ranks 20th at $73,552.

Economic indicators

Algeria Germany
Gross domestic product
$269B
2024
$4.69T
2024
GDP rank
51/197
2024
3/197
2024
GDP growth
3.7%
2023-2024
-0.5%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$5,753
2024
$56,104
2024
GDP per capita rank
114/197
2024
19/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$17,621
2024
$73,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
105/197
2024
20/197
2024
Government debt
$129B
2024
$2.97T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
48.1%
2024
63.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,765
2024
$35,606
2024
Government debt per person rank
106/185
2024
21/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,787
2026
$41,775
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$371M
2018
$2.04T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
2,675,000
2025
Number of billionaires
1
2025
171
2025
Income share by richest 10%
22.9%
2011
25%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2011
2.9%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.8%
2024
49.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.05%
2023-2024
2.26%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3%
2020
n/a
Unemployment rate
12%
2017
3.37%
2024
Population
48222325
82575542

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Algeria
Spending

Debt
Germany
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Algeria Germany
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 36.8% 48.1% 49.4% 63.5%
2023 37.4% 47.7% 48.1% 62.4%
2022 32.7% 48.1% 48.6% 64.4%
2021 32.5% 55.1% 50.7% 68%
2020 37.5% 46% 51.1% 68%
2019 37.1% 40.9% 45.5% 58.7%
2018 36.2% 34.5% 44.7% 60.8%
2017 36.2% 24% 44.5% 64%
2016 37.2% 18.1% 44.7% 68.3%
2015 40.9% 7.73% 44.5% 71.2%
2014 36.9% 6.85% 44.5% 74.5%
2013 33.5% 6.48% 45.2% 77.5%
2012 40% 8.58% 45.1% 79.8%
2011 37.7% 8.48% 45.3% 78.5%
2010 35.1% 9.51% 48.1% 81%
2009 40.1% 8.92% 48.3% 72.4%
2008 37.3% 7.64% 44.4% 65.2%
2007 33.1% 12.8% 43.5% 63.7%
2006 27.8% 22.5% 45.3% 66.4%
2005 27.8% 25.4% 46.9% 67.1%
2004 27.1% 32.7% 47% 65%
2003 27% 38.2% 48.5% 63.3%
2002 32.5% 47.3% 48.2% 59.8%
2001 29.1% 50% 47.7% 58.1%
2000 26.4% 53.4% 48.1% 59.2%
1999 29.4% 69.7% 48.5% 60.3%
1998 28.7% 79.9% 48.3% 59.4%
1997 28.5% 79.6% 48.8% 58.8%
1996 26.9% 90.7% 49.6% 57.7%
1995 28.9% 95.9% 55.2% 54.9%
1994 30.9% 106.3% 48.3% 47.5%
1993 32.6% 76.8% 48.3% 45.1%
1992 28.2% 69.3% 47.4% 41.4%
1991 27.6% 86.1% 46.5% 39%
1990 23.3% 63.6% 44.7% 40.7%
1989 - - 44.3% 39.2%
1988 - - 45.6% 40.5%
1987 - - 46% 40.1%
1986 - - 45.7% 39.1%
1985 - - 46.6% 39.2%
1984 - - 47.2% 38.7%
1983 - - 47.9% 38%
1982 - - 49.1% 36.4%
1981 - - 49% 33.6%
1980 - - 48.2% 30.1%
1979 - - 47.4% 28.2%
1978 - - 47.7% 27.4%
1977 - - 49% 26%
1976 - - 49.4% 25.1%
1975 - - 50.3% 23.7%
1974 - - 46% 18.5%
1973 - - 42.4% 17.3%
1972 - - 41.8% 18%
1971 - - 40.9% 17.7%
1970 - - 39.5% 17.7%
1969 - - 29.7% 20.3%
1968 - - 28.5% 22.5%
1967 - - 28.8% 22.5%
1966 - - 28.3% 19.8%
1965 - - 28.4% 18.7%
1964 - - 29% 18.2%
1963 - - 29.1% 18.1%
1962 - - 29.2% 17.6%
1961 - - 28.8% 18.7%
1960 - - 22.9% 18.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

In 2024, Algeria's government spending was $99.1B, accounting for 36.8% of its GDP, while Germany spent $2.32T, or 49.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 48.1% in Algeria and 63.5% in Germany, ranking 113/185 and 72/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Algeria

Germany
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Algeria Germany
2024 -13.8% -2.66%
2023 -5.52% -2.49%
2022 -2.96% -1.91%
2021 -6.32% -3.17%
2020 -10.5% -4.38%
2019 -8.51% 1.33%
2018 -6.15% 1.88%
2017 -7.55% 1.34%
2016 -11.8% 1.13%
2015 -13.9% 0.91%
2014 -7.14% 0.73%
2013 -0.79% 0.12%
2012 -4.04% -0.05%
2011 -1.06% -0.84%
2010 -1.35% -4.42%
2009 -6.53% -3.18%
2008 7.79% -0.26%
2007 4.63% 0.15%
2006 12.9% -1.76%
2005 11.4% -3.37%
2004 6.36% -3.42%
2003 7.22% -3.83%
2002 0.21% -4.09%
2001 3.15% -3.12%
2000 8.91% -1.71%
1999 -1.83% -1.87%
1998 -3.52% -2.65%
1997 2.19% -3.03%
1996 2.7% -3.64%
1995 -1.3% -9.44%
1994 -4.05% -2.54%
1993 -7.79% -3.11%
1992 -1.05% -2.63%
1991 1.53% -3.21%
1990 3.35% -1.94%
1989 - 0.08%
1988 - -2.02%
1987 - -1.85%
1986 - -1.18%
1985 - -1.18%
1984 - -2.04%
1983 - -2.95%
1982 - -3.56%
1981 - -4.03%
1980 - -3.02%
1979 - -2.71%
1978 - -2.62%
1977 - -2.56%
1976 - -3.5%
1975 - -5.78%
1974 - -1.69%
1973 - 1.14%
1972 - -0.37%
1971 - 0.16%
1970 - 0.53%
1969 - -0.43%
1968 - 1.39%
1967 - 2.73%
1966 - 1.76%
1965 - 2.26%
1964 - 1.49%
1963 - 1.43%
1962 - 0.49%
1961 - -0.12%
1960 - -0.34%
1959 - 0.77%
1958 - 1.77%
1957 - 1.99%
1956 - 0.59%
1955 - -1.41%
1954 - -0.37%
1953 - -0.13%
1952 - 0%
1951 - 1.15%
1950 - 1.81%
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 - -0.64%
1933 - -0.43%
1932 - -1.11%
1931 - -1.03%
1930 - -1.52%
1929 - -0.9%
1928 - -1.47%
1927 - -0.44%
1926 - -1.3%
1925 - 0.34%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.007%
1912 - -0.26%
1911 - 0.06%
1910 - -0.21%
1909 - 0.11%
1908 - -0.11%
1907 - -0.14%
1906 - 0.76%
1905 - 1.21%
1904 - 0.41%
1903 - 0.88%
1902 - 0.08%
1901 - 0.91%
1900 - 0.27%
1899 - 0.6%
1898 - 0.47%
1897 - 0.39%
1896 - 0.63%
1895 - 0.47%
1894 - 0.44%
1893 - 0.42%
1892 - -0.24%
1891 - 1.18%
1890 - 0.12%
1889 - 1.16%
1888 - 0.62%
1887 - 0.88%
1886 - 0.23%
1885 - 0.21%
1884 - 0.23%
1883 - 0.55%
1882 - 0.41%
1881 - 0.12%
1880 - -0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

In 2024, Algeria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $37.1B, equivalent to 13.8% of GDP. This compares to Germany's deficit of $125B, or 2.66% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Algeria recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Germany ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Algeria posted an annual deficit equal to 1.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.03% of GDP for Germany.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Algeria

Germany
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Algeria Germany
2024 4.05% 2.26%
2023 9.32% 5.95%
2022 9.27% 6.87%
2021 7.23% 3.07%
2020 2.42% 0.14%
2019 1.95% 1.45%
2018 4.27% 1.73%
2017 5.59% 1.51%
2016 6.4% 0.49%
2015 4.78% 0.51%
2014 2.92% 0.91%
2013 3.25% 1.5%
2012 8.89% 2.01%
2011 4.52% 2.08%
2010 3.91% 1.1%
2009 5.74% 0.31%
2008 4.86% 2.63%
2007 3.68% 2.3%
2006 2.31% 1.58%
2005 1.38% 1.55%
2004 3.96% 1.67%
2003 4.27% 1.03%
2002 1.42% 1.42%
2001 4.23% 1.98%
2000 0.34% 1.44%
1999 2.65% 0.59%
1998 4.95% 0.91%
1997 5.73% 1.94%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Algeria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.44%, compared with 1.82% in Germany. In 2024, inflation was 4.05% in Algeria and 2.26% in Germany.

Top exports between countries

Algeria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $3.72M
Raw materials & minerals $3.64M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.47M
Raw agricultural goods $1.76M
Chemicals & pharma $1.08M
Textiles & consumer goods $297K
Miscellaneous $55K
Metals $16K
Wood & paper products $12K
Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.29B
Chemicals & pharma $441M
Metals $120M
Wood & paper products $103M
Miscellaneous $97.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $92.5M
Raw agricultural goods $57.7M
Raw materials & minerals $30M
Textiles & consumer goods $23.7M
Animal & marine products $13M

Balance of trade

Algeria Germany
Current account balance
-$2.75B
2024
$270B
2024
Current account balance ranking
154/190
2024
2/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.02%
2024
+5.77%
2024
Goods imports
$45.3B
2024
$1.21T
2024
Goods exports
$48.8B
2024
$1.47T
2024
Service imports
$9.13B
2024
$548B
2024
Service exports
$4.22B
2024
$470B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.3%
2024
37.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
19.9%
2024
41.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Algeria Germany
Economic freedom 45.8 71.7
Economic freedom ranking 179/197 30/197
Property rights 27.7 95.5
Government integrity 29.4 84.5
Judicial effectiveness 30 94.6
Tax burden 80.3 60.5
Government spending 61.9 28.8
Fiscal health 15.4 83.1
Business freedom 59.3 79.8
Labor freedom 52.2 52.2
Monetary freedom 74.7 72.5
Trade freedom 58.8 79.4
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 30 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Algeria
Germany
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Algeria Germany
2026 45.8 71.7
2025 47.5 71.6
2024 43.9 72.1
2023 43.2 73.7
2022 45.8 76.1
2021 49.7 72.5
2020 46.9 73.5
2019 46.2 73.5
2018 44.7 74.2
2017 46.5 73.8
2016 50.1 74.4
2015 48.9 73.8
2014 50.8 73.4
2013 49.6 72.8
2012 51 71
2011 52.4 71.8
2010 56.9 71.1
2009 56.6 70.5
2008 56.2 70.6
2007 55.4 70.8
2006 55.7 70.8
2005 53.2 68.1
2004 58.1 69.5
2003 57.7 69.7
2002 61 70.4
2001 57.3 69.5
2000 56.8 65.7
1999 57.2 65.6
1998 55.8 64.3
1997 54.9 67.5
1996 54.5 69.1
1995 55.7 69.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Algeria is 45.8, ranking 179/197, compared to 71.7 for Germany, ranking 30/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Algeria Germany
Services, % of GDP
46.8%
2024
64%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
36.2%
2024
25.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14%
2024
0.91%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$252B
2024
$4.6T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$17,290
2024
$76,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$83B
2024
$378B
2024
Total reserves ranking
31/177
2024
10/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.23B
2024
$32.6B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.23B
2024
$47.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$265K
2024
$80.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
0.17%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
5.5%
2011
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
41.1%
2024
21.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/germany | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2017–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.