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Economy of Germany vs Morocco compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Germany has a GDP of $5.05T compared to $182B for Morocco, ranking 3/197 and 58/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $3.18T in government debt (62.9% of GDP), compared to $122B (67.1% of GDP) in Morocco.

Germany vs Morocco GDP by year

Germany
Morocco
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Morocco
2025 $5,050,922,925,047 $182,374,250,612
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $160,610,994,055
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $146,036,093,667
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $131,245,312,804
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $142,022,058,447
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $121,353,645,057
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $128,920,266,409
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $127,341,147,582
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $118,540,573,368
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $111,572,947,005
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $110,413,823,842
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $119,130,841,412
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $115,739,287,305
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $106,937,392,311
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $110,080,631,332
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $100,865,329,473
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $101,154,952,241
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $101,822,906,949
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $86,947,913,287
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $75,883,823,301
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $68,852,658,069
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $66,114,145,451
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $58,029,363,354
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $47,077,192,188
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $43,831,480,208
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $43,017,455,402
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $46,266,428,648
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $46,497,608,725
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $39,147,844,526
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $43,161,571,528
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $39,030,285,468
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $35,604,137,423
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $31,655,473,664
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $33,711,069,431
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $32,285,573,574
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $30,179,954,775
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $26,314,313,191
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $25,705,296,184
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $21,765,195,948
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $19,462,085,540
1985 $735,218,723,093 $14,991,283,216
1984 $727,767,760,979 $14,824,667,954
1983 $773,507,930,295 $16,251,408,128
1982 $779,421,633,755 $17,692,276,734
1981 $803,404,797,058 $17,788,185,479
1980 $953,772,499,462 $21,728,516,153
1979 $884,574,218,333 $15,911,994,817
1978 $743,182,891,918 $13,236,946,234
1977 $602,698,323,086 $11,049,783,872
1976 $521,658,712,133 $9,584,297,284
1975 $492,434,094,920 $8,984,853,005
1974 $446,934,971,657 $7,675,466,449
1973 $399,833,571,167 $6,242,145,880
1972 $300,899,944,795 $5,074,117,545
1971 $250,900,942,397 $4,356,669,034
1970 $216,629,229,947 $3,956,336,244
1969 $177,733,486,326 $3,651,622,669
1968 $156,527,292,653 $3,271,422,333
1967 $145,100,667,773 $3,046,345,314
1966 $143,304,275,684 $2,876,401,297
1965 $134,774,688,191 $2,948,331,090
1964 $123,330,404,665 $2,798,345,299
1963 $112,232,503,744 $2,657,252,578
1962 $105,895,435,234 $2,379,611,125
1961 $96,558,204,043 $2,025,693,540
1960 $84,619,845,881 $2,037,154,742

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/morocco | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Morocco by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Morocco
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Morocco
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $60,496 - $4,746 -
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $4,218 $10,415
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $3,872 $9,895
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $3,516 $9,310
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $3,843 $8,623
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $3,317 $7,705
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $3,560 $8,046
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $3,553 $7,801
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $3,344 $8,115
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $3,186 $7,853
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $3,190 $7,799
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $3,483 $7,237
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $3,425 $7,542
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $3,206 $7,308
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $3,345 $7,274
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $3,107 $6,849
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $3,158 $6,629
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $3,222 $6,437
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $2,788 $6,058
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $2,466 $5,781
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $2,268 $5,275
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $2,207 $5,025
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $1,962 $4,741
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $1,612 $4,436
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $1,521 $4,269
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $1,513 $3,930
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $1,651 $3,801
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $1,683 $3,740
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $1,439 $3,502
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $1,610 $3,551
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $1,478 $3,152
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $1,369 $3,315
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $1,236 $2,979
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $1,337 $2,979
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $1,302 $3,025
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $1,238 $2,777
1989 $17,829 - $1,099 -
1988 $17,997 - $1,094 -
1987 $16,739 - $944 -
1986 $13,511 - $861 -
1985 $9,464 - $678 -
1984 $9,347 - $687 -
1983 $9,900 - $772 -
1982 $9,950 - $862 -
1981 $10,246 - $890 -
1980 $12,183 - $1,117 -
1979 $11,322 - $839 -
1978 $9,517 - $716 -
1977 $7,711 - $613 -
1976 $6,659 - $545 -
1975 $6,259 - $524 -
1974 $5,660 - $459 -
1973 $5,065 - $382 -
1972 $3,824 - $319 -
1971 $3,204 - $280.6 -
1970 $2,771 - $261.5 -
1969 $2,281 - $247.8 -
1968 $2,025 - $228 -
1967 $1,886 - $218.1 -
1966 $1,871 - $211.5 -
1965 $1,774 - $222.7 -
1964 $1,637 - $216.9 -
1963 $1,502 - $211.3 -
1962 $1,431 - $194.2 -
1961 $1,316 - $169.8 -
1960 $1,162 - $175.2 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/morocco | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $60,496, ranking 18/197, compared to $4,746 in Morocco, ranking 126/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Morocco ranks 132nd at $10,415.

Economic indicators

Germany Morocco
Gross domestic product
$5.05T
2025
$182B
2025
GDP rank
3/197
2025
58/197
2025
GDP growth
0.24%
2024-2025
4.6%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$60,496
2025
$4,746
2025
GDP per capita rank
18/197
2025
126/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$10,415
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
132/197
2024
Government debt
$3.18T
2025
$122B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
62.9%
2025
67.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$38,071
2025
$3,183
2025
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2025
102/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,352
2026
$4,045
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.9T
2025
$114B
2025
Number of millionaires
2,648,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
212
2026
3
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26.2%
2022
31.9%
2013
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2022
2.7%
2013
Government expenditure, % of GDP
50.5%
2025
31.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.17%
2024-2025
0.7%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.8%
2025
11.8%
2022
Population
82830814
38938817

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Morocco
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Morocco
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 50.5% 62.9% 31.3% 67.1%
2024 49.4% 62.2% 30.9% 67.7%
2023 48.1% 62.3% 30.2% 68.7%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 31.8% 71.4%
2021 50.7% 67.9% 30.1% 69.4%
2020 51.1% 68% 34.1% 72.2%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 27% 60.3%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 27.8% 60.5%
2017 44.5% 64% 27.9% 60.3%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 28.6% 60.1%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 28.5% 58.4%
2014 44.5% 74.5% 30.7% 58.6%
2013 45.2% 77.5% 30.4% 57.1%
2012 45.1% 79.8% 32.5% 52.3%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 31.2% 48.6%
2010 48.1% 81% 28.7% 45.3%
2009 48.3% 72.4% 28.1% 42.6%
2008 44.4% 65.2% 28.3% 42%
2007 43.5% 63.7% 26.4% 47.1%
2006 45.3% 66.4% 26% 50.6%
2005 46.9% 67.1% 28.6% 54.8%
2004 47% 65% 24.5% 54.4%
2003 48.5% 63.3% 24.1% 56.9%
2002 48.2% 59.8% 25.8% 59.4%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 23.7% 60.4%
2000 48.1% 59.2% 22.8% 64.9%
1999 48.5% 60.3% 18.4% 63.4%
1998 48.3% 59.4% 18.7% 64.5%
1997 48.8% 58.8% 18.6% 68%
1996 49.6% 57.7% 17.6% 65.3%
1995 55.2% 54.9% 21.3% 72.2%
1994 48.3% 47.5% 21.7% 69.3%
1993 48.3% 45.1% 23.1% 74.7%
1992 47.4% 41.4% 22.3% 67%
1991 46.5% 39% 20.8% 59.1%
1990 44.7% 40.7% 22.6% 70.5%
1989 44.3% 39.2% - -
1988 45.6% 40.5% - -
1987 46% 40.1% - -
1986 45.7% 39.1% - -
1985 46.6% 39.2% - -
1984 47.2% 38.7% - -
1983 47.9% 38% - -
1982 49.1% 36.4% - -
1981 49% 33.6% - -
1980 48.2% 30.1% - -
1979 47.4% 28.2% - -
1978 47.7% 27.4% - -
1977 49% 26% - -
1976 49.4% 25.1% - -
1975 50.3% 23.7% - -
1974 46% 18.5% - -
1973 42.4% 17.3% - -
1972 41.8% 18% - -
1971 40.9% 17.7% - -
1970 39.5% 17.7% - -
1969 29.7% 20.3% - -
1968 28.5% 22.5% - -
1967 28.8% 22.5% - -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/morocco | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government spending was $2.55T, accounting for 50.5% of its GDP, while Morocco spent $57B, or 31.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 62.9% in Germany and 67.1% in Morocco, ranking 70/185 and 64/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Morocco
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Morocco
2025 -2.67% -3.54%
2024 -2.66% -3.92%
2023 -2.49% -4.41%
2022 -1.91% -5.37%
2021 -3.17% -5.92%
2020 -4.38% -7.15%
2019 1.33% -3.8%
2018 1.88% -3.52%
2017 1.34% -3.3%
2016 1.13% -4.49%
2015 0.91% -4.59%
2014 0.73% -4.78%
2013 0.12% -4.7%
2012 -0.05% -6.63%
2011 -0.84% -6.08%
2010 -4.42% -3.93%
2009 -3.18% -1.63%
2008 -0.26% 0.63%
2007 0.15% -0.12%
2006 -1.76% -1.8%
2005 -3.37% -5.46%
2004 -3.42% -3.31%
2003 -3.83% -3.74%
2002 -4.09% -4.37%
2001 -3.12% -3.79%
2000 -1.71% -1.97%
1999 -1.87% 3.21%
1998 -2.65% 1.47%
1997 -3.03% 1.5%
1996 -3.64% 0.87%
1995 -9.44% -2.54%
1994 -2.54% -2.51%
1993 -3.11% -2%
1992 -2.63% -1.84%
1991 -3.21% -0.9%
1990 -1.94% -1.32%
1989 0.08% -
1988 -2.02% -
1987 -1.85% -
1986 -1.18% -
1985 -1.18% -
1984 -2.04% -
1983 -2.95% -
1982 -3.56% -
1981 -4.03% -
1980 -3.02% -
1979 -2.71% -
1978 -2.62% -
1977 -2.56% -
1976 -3.5% -
1975 -5.78% -
1974 -1.69% -
1973 1.14% -
1972 -0.37% -
1971 0.16% -
1970 0.53% -
1969 -0.43% -
1968 1.39% -
1967 2.73% -
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/morocco | CC BY

In 2025, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $135B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to Morocco's deficit of $6.46B, or 3.54% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Morocco ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 2.05% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.94% of GDP for Morocco.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Morocco
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Morocco
2025 2.17% 0.7%
2024 2.26% 0.99%
2023 5.95% 6.09%
2022 6.87% 6.66%
2021 3.07% 1.4%
2020 0.14% 0.71%
2019 1.45% 0.3%
2018 1.73% 1.8%
2017 1.51% 0.75%
2016 0.49% 1.64%
2015 0.51% 1.56%
2014 0.91% 0.44%
2013 1.5% 1.88%
2012 2.01% 1.29%
2011 2.08% 0.91%
2010 1.1% 0.99%
2009 0.31% 0.97%
2008 2.63% 3.71%
2007 2.3% 2.04%
2006 1.58% 3.28%
2005 1.55% 0.98%
2004 1.67% 1.49%
2003 1.03% 1.17%
2002 1.42% 2.8%
2001 1.98% 0.62%
2000 1.44% 1.89%
1999 0.59% 0.68%
1998 0.91% 2.75%
1997 1.94% 1.04%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/morocco | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.83%, compared with 1.78% in Morocco. In 2025, inflation was 2.17% in Germany and 0.7% in Morocco.

Top exports between countries

Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.6B
Chemicals & pharma $676M
Textiles & consumer goods $337M
Metals $204M
Transport & tourism services $174M
Raw agricultural goods $151M
Raw materials & minerals $105M
Wood & paper products $104M
Miscellaneous $92.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $86M
Morocco
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.78B
Textiles & consumer goods $369M
Raw agricultural goods $314M
Raw materials & minerals $122M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $46.3M
Chemicals & pharma $34M
Animal & marine products $6.87M
Metals $6.2M
Wood & paper products $1.92M
Precious metals & jewellery $325K

Balance of trade

Germany Morocco
Current account balance
$228B
2025
-$4.56B
2025
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2025
163/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.51%
2025
-2.5%
2025
Goods imports
$1.32T
2025
$77.2B
2025
Goods exports
$1.53T
2025
$43.7B
2025
Service imports
$602B
2025
$16.7B
2025
Service exports
$518B
2025
$33.6B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
38.1%
2025
51.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.4%
2025
42%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Morocco
Economic freedom 71.7 61.8
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 91/197
Property rights 95.5 55.2
Government integrity 84.5 35.6
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 32.5
Tax burden 60.5 65.5
Government spending 28.8 67.5
Fiscal health 83.1 57.5
Business freedom 79.8 72.1
Labor freedom 52.2 46.2
Monetary freedom 72.5 79.6
Trade freedom 79.4 69.8
Investment freedom 60 80
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Morocco
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Morocco
2026 71.7 61.8
2025 71.6 60.3
2024 72.1 56.8
2023 73.7 58.4
2022 76.1 59.2
2021 72.5 63.3
2020 73.5 63.3
2019 73.5 62.9
2018 74.2 61.9
2017 73.8 61.5
2016 74.4 61.3
2015 73.8 60.1
2014 73.4 58.3
2013 72.8 59.6
2012 71 60.2
2011 71.8 59.6
2010 71.1 59.2
2009 70.5 57.7
2008 70.6 55.6
2007 70.8 56.4
2006 70.8 51.5
2005 68.1 52.2
2004 69.5 56.7
2003 69.7 57.8
2002 70.4 59
2001 69.5 63.9
2000 65.7 63.2
1999 65.6 63.8
1998 64.3 61.1
1997 67.5 64.7
1996 69.1 64.3
1995 69.8 62.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/morocco | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 61.8 for Morocco, ranking 91/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Morocco
Services, % of GDP
64.5%
2025
52.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.87%
2025
10.5%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$5.03T
2025
$170B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$78,140
2025
$10,960
2025
Total reserves including gold
$572B
2025
$48.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
7/177
2025
50/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2025
-$2.51B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$62.6B
2024
$1.75B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$87B
2024
$679M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
5.63%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
3.9%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.9%
2025
31.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.