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Economy of Germany vs Taiwan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Germany has a GDP of $4.69T compared to $802B for Taiwan, ranking 3/197 and 22/197 by economy size, respectively.

Germany has $2.97T in government debt (63.5% of GDP), compared to $211B (26.3% of GDP) in Taiwan.

Germany vs Taiwan GDP by year

Germany
Taiwan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Germany Taiwan
2024 $4,685,592,577,805 $801,529,000,000
2023 $4,562,207,532,490 $757,328,000,000
2022 $4,201,021,706,479 $765,529,000,000
2021 $4,355,251,953,411 $777,062,000,000
2020 $3,941,398,957,074 $676,935,000,000
2019 $3,959,894,794,039 $613,453,000,000
2018 $4,055,433,215,302 $610,744,000,000
2017 $3,765,351,626,106 $591,734,000,000
2016 $3,536,787,895,179 $543,002,000,000
2015 $3,425,099,578,746 $534,474,000,000
2014 $3,964,870,735,761 $535,332,000,000
2013 $3,807,023,797,051 $512,957,000,000
2012 $3,596,483,233,406 $495,536,000,000
2011 $3,823,575,803,794 $483,957,000,000
2010 $3,467,093,769,667 $444,245,000,000
2009 $3,478,545,516,684 $390,788,000,000
2008 $3,808,197,720,125 $415,824,000,000
2007 $3,484,056,680,855 $406,940,000,000
2006 $3,046,308,753,671 $386,492,000,000
2005 $2,893,393,187,362 $374,042,000,000
2004 $2,852,317,768,062 $346,881,000,000
2003 $2,534,715,518,349 $317,374,000,000
2002 $2,102,350,798,306 $307,429,000,000
2001 $1,966,381,496,642 $299,303,000,000
2000 $1,966,980,701,145 $330,725,000,000
1999 $2,213,873,468,587 $303,827,000,000
1998 $2,247,760,364,566 $279,926,000,000
1997 $2,218,790,886,533 $303,315,000,000
1996 $2,506,576,553,158 $292,473,000,000
1995 $2,593,053,091,306 $279,013,000,000
1994 $2,215,282,632,277 $256,213,000,000
1993 $2,078,954,217,438 $234,943,000,000
1992 $2,141,377,582,968 $222,947,000,000
1991 $1,875,792,575,133 $187,100,000,000
1990 $1,778,162,195,860 $166,392,000,000
1989 $1,404,092,925,205 $152,687,000,000
1988 $1,406,367,016,372 $126,378,000,000
1987 $1,302,932,318,825 $104,956,000,000
1986 $1,050,092,624,516 $78,347,000,000
1985 $735,218,723,093 $63,599,000,000
1984 $727,767,760,979 $61,036,000,000
1983 $773,507,930,295 $54,155,000,000
1982 $779,421,633,755 $49,540,000,000
1981 $803,404,797,058 $49,047,000,000
1980 $953,772,499,462 $42,292,000,000
1979 $884,574,218,333 $33,875,000,000
1978 $743,182,891,918 $27,373,000,000
1977 $602,698,323,086 $22,252,000,000
1976 $521,658,712,133 $18,988,000,000
1975 $492,434,094,920 $15,836,000,000
1974 $446,934,971,657 $14,739,000,000
1973 $399,833,571,167 $10,940,000,000
1972 $300,899,944,795 $8,063,000,000
1971 $250,900,942,397 $6,727,000,000
1970 $216,629,229,947 $5,785,000,000
1969 $177,733,486,326 $5,017,000,000
1968 $156,527,292,653 $4,325,000,000
1967 $145,100,667,773 $3,709,000,000
1966 $143,304,275,684 $3,207,000,000
1965 $134,774,688,191 $2,869,000,000
1964 $123,330,404,665 $2,592,000,000
1963 $112,232,503,744 $2,218,000,000
1962 $105,895,435,234 $1,960,000,000
1961 $96,558,204,043 $1,778,000,000
1960 $84,619,845,881 $1,743,000,000
1959 - $1,444,000,000
1958 - $1,836,000,000
1957 - $1,636,000,000
1956 - $1,399,000,000
1955 - $1,940,000,000
1954 - $1,628,000,000
1953 - $1,481,000,000
1952 - $1,677,000,000
1951 - $1,197,000,000

Data sources: National Statistics, Taiwan (1951–2024, retrieved 2026-02-09); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Germany vs Taiwan by year

Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Taiwan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Germany Taiwan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $56,104 $73,552 $34,238 -
2023 $54,777 $71,684 $32,444 -
2022 $50,507 $69,049 $32,827 -
2021 $52,349 $62,531 $33,111 -
2020 $47,395 $58,686 $28,705 -
2019 $47,656 $59,271 $25,998 -
2018 $48,916 $56,273 $25,901 -
2017 $45,554 $54,110 $25,121 $50,500
2016 $42,949 $51,570 $23,091 -
2015 $41,930 $48,545 $22,780 $46,800
2014 $48,960 $47,939 $22,874 -
2013 $47,207 $45,889 $21,973 $39,600
2012 $44,718 $44,229 $21,295 $39,400
2011 $47,631 $43,398 $20,866 $38,200
2010 $42,397 $39,726 $19,197 $35,700
2009 $42,472 $37,574 $16,933 $32,000
2008 $46,379 $38,444 $18,081 $31,100
2007 $42,351 $36,914 $17,757 $30,100
2006 $36,980 $34,741 $16,934 $29,500
2005 $35,084 $32,314 $16,456 $27,500
2004 $34,567 $31,753 $15,317 $25,300
2003 $30,711 $30,301 $14,066 $23,400
2002 $25,487 $29,514 $13,686 $18,000
2001 $23,878 $28,674 $13,397 $17,200
2000 $23,926 $27,474 $14,908 $17,400
1999 $26,965 $26,518 $13,804 $16,100
1998 $27,396 $25,446 $12,820 -
1997 $27,047 $24,649 $14,020 -
1996 $30,600 $24,169 $13,641 -
1995 $31,747 $23,631 $13,119 -
1994 $27,202 $22,869 $12,150 -
1993 $25,617 $21,900 $11,242 -
1992 $26,560 $21,746 $10,768 -
1991 $23,443 $21,001 $9,125 -
1990 $22,386 $19,468 $8,205 -
1989 $17,829 - $7,613 -
1988 $17,997 - $6,370 -
1987 $16,739 - $5,350 -
1986 $13,511 - $4,036 -
1985 $9,464 - $3,314 -
1984 $9,347 - $3,224 -
1983 $9,900 - $2,903 -
1982 $9,950 - $2,699 -
1981 $10,246 - $2,720 -
1980 $12,183 - $2,389 -
1979 $11,322 - $1,950 -
1978 $9,517 - $1,606 -
1977 $7,711 - $1,330 -
1976 $6,659 - $1,158 -
1975 $6,259 - $985 -
1974 $5,660 - $934 -
1973 $5,065 - $706 -
1972 $3,824 - $530 -
1971 $3,204 - $451 -
1970 $2,771 - $397 -
1969 $2,281 - $357 -
1968 $2,025 - $319 -
1967 $1,886 - $280.8 -
1966 $1,871 - $249.1 -
1965 $1,774 - $229.3 -
1964 $1,637 - $213.6 -
1963 $1,502 - $188.6 -
1962 $1,431 - $172 -
1961 $1,316 - $161.2 -
1960 $1,162 - $163.4 -
1959 - - $140.4 -
1958 - - $185.1 -
1957 - - $170.5 -
1956 - - $150.6 -
1955 - - $216.3 -
1954 - - $188.3 -
1953 - - $177.7 -
1952 - - $208.4 -
1951 - - $154.3 -

Data sources: National Statistics, Taiwan (1951–2024, retrieved 2026-02-09); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (1999–2017, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

Germany's GDP per capita is $56,104, ranking 19/197, compared to $34,238 in Taiwan, ranking 35/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Germany ranks 20th at $73,552, while Taiwan ranks 44th at $50,500.

Economic indicators

Germany Taiwan
Gross domestic product
$4.69T
2024
$802B
2024
GDP rank
3/197
2024
22/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.5%
2023-2024
2.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$56,104
2024
$34,238
2024
GDP per capita rank
19/197
2024
35/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,552
2024
$50,500
2017
GDP per capita PPP rank
20/197
2024
44/197
2017
Government debt
$2.97T
2024
$211B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
63.5%
2024
26.3%
2024
Government debt per person
$35,606
2024
$9,020
2024
Government debt per person rank
21/185
2024
59/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$41,775
2026
$18,163
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.04T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,675,000
2025
759,000
2025
Number of billionaires
171
2025
54
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2020
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2020
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.4%
2024
15.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.26%
2023-2024
2.2%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
2%
2024
Unemployment rate
3.37%
2024
3.35%
2025
Population
82575542
23229461

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Germany
Spending

Debt
Taiwan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Germany Taiwan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 49.4% 63.5% 15.8% 26.3%
2023 48.1% 62.4% 17.1% 29%
2022 48.6% 64.4% 16% 29.5%
2021 50.7% 68% 15.4% 30.1%
2020 51.1% 68% 16.2% 32%
2019 45.5% 58.7% 15.3% 32.6%
2018 44.7% 60.8% 15.4% 33.8%
2017 44.5% 64% 15.4% 34.5%
2016 44.7% 68.3% 15.6% 35.4%
2015 44.5% 71.2% 15.5% 35.9%
2014 44.5% 74.5% - 37.5%
2013 45.2% 77.5% - 38.9%
2012 45.1% 79.8% - 39.2%
2011 45.3% 78.5% 18.3% 38.3%
2010 48.1% 81% - 36.9%
2009 48.3% 72.4% - 36.7%
2008 44.4% 65.2% - 33.4%
2007 43.5% 63.7% - 32.2%
2006 45.3% 66.4% - 33.3%
2005 46.9% 67.1% - 34.1%
2004 47% 65% - 33.4%
2003 48.5% 63.3% - 32.1%
2002 48.2% 59.8% - 29.8%
2001 47.7% 58.1% 22.5% 30.1%
2000 48.1% 59.2% - 26.2%
1999 48.5% 60.3% - 23.7%
1998 48.3% 59.4% - 23.7%
1997 48.8% 58.8% - 25%
1996 49.6% 57.7% - -
1995 55.2% 54.9% - -
1994 48.3% 47.5% - -
1993 48.3% 45.1% - -
1992 47.4% 41.4% - -
1991 46.5% 39% 25.4% -
1990 44.7% 40.7% - -
1989 44.3% 39.2% - -
1988 45.6% 40.5% - -
1987 46% 40.1% - -
1986 45.7% 39.1% - -
1985 46.6% 39.2% - -
1984 47.2% 38.7% - -
1983 47.9% 38% - -
1982 49.1% 36.4% - -
1981 49% 33.6% 23.6% -
1980 48.2% 30.1% - -
1979 47.4% 28.2% - -
1978 47.7% 27.4% - -
1977 49% 26% - -
1976 49.4% 25.1% 21.4% -
1975 50.3% 23.7% - -
1974 46% 18.5% - -
1973 42.4% 17.3% - -
1972 41.8% 18% - -
1971 40.9% 17.7% - -
1970 39.5% 17.7% - -
1969 29.7% 20.3% - -
1968 28.5% 22.5% - -
1967 28.8% 22.5% - -
1966 28.3% 19.8% - -
1965 28.4% 18.7% - -
1964 29% 18.2% - -
1963 29.1% 18.1% - -
1962 29.2% 17.6% - -
1961 28.8% 18.7% - -
1960 22.9% 18.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); National Statistics, Taiwan (1976–2024, retrieved 2026-02-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government spending was $2.32T, accounting for 49.4% of its GDP, while Taiwan spent $127B, or 15.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 63.5% in Germany and 26.3% in Taiwan, ranking 72/185 and 160/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Germany

Taiwan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Germany Taiwan
2024 -2.66% 0.43%
2023 -2.49% -0.61%
2022 -1.91% 0.17%
2021 -3.17% -0.18%
2020 -4.38% -1.03%
2019 1.33% 0.11%
2018 1.88% 0.02%
2017 1.34% -0.14%
2016 1.13% -0.31%
2015 0.91% 0.1%
2014 0.73% -
2013 0.12% -
2012 -0.05% -
2011 -0.84% -2.15%
2010 -4.42% -
2009 -3.18% -
2008 -0.26% -
2007 0.15% -
2006 -1.76% -
2005 -3.37% -
2004 -3.42% -
2003 -3.83% -
2002 -4.09% -
2001 -3.12% -3.71%
2000 -1.71% -
1999 -1.87% -
1998 -2.65% -
1997 -3.03% -
1996 -3.64% -
1995 -9.44% -
1994 -2.54% -
1993 -3.11% -
1992 -2.63% -
1991 -3.21% -4.5%
1990 -1.94% -
1989 0.08% -
1988 -2.02% -
1987 -1.85% -
1986 -1.18% -
1985 -1.18% -
1984 -2.04% -
1983 -2.95% -
1982 -3.56% -
1981 -4.03% -0.78%
1980 -3.02% -
1979 -2.71% -
1978 -2.62% -
1977 -2.56% -
1976 -3.5% 1.39%
1975 -5.78% -
1974 -1.69% -
1973 1.14% -
1972 -0.37% -
1971 0.16% -
1970 0.53% -
1969 -0.43% -
1968 1.39% -
1967 2.73% -
1966 1.76% -
1965 2.26% -
1964 1.49% -
1963 1.43% -
1962 0.49% -
1961 -0.12% -
1960 -0.34% -
1959 0.77% -
1958 1.77% -
1957 1.99% -
1956 0.59% -
1955 -1.41% -
1954 -0.37% -
1953 -0.13% -
1952 0% -
1951 1.15% -
1950 1.81% -
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 -0.64% -
1933 -0.43% -
1932 -1.11% -
1931 -1.03% -
1930 -1.52% -
1929 -0.9% -
1928 -1.47% -
1927 -0.44% -
1926 -1.3% -
1925 0.34% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.007% -
1912 -0.26% -
1911 0.06% -
1910 -0.21% -
1909 0.11% -
1908 -0.11% -
1907 -0.14% -
1906 0.76% -
1905 1.21% -
1904 0.41% -
1903 0.88% -
1902 0.08% -
1901 0.91% -
1900 0.27% -
1899 0.6% -
1898 0.47% -
1897 0.39% -
1896 0.63% -
1895 0.47% -
1894 0.44% -
1893 0.42% -
1892 -0.24% -
1891 1.18% -
1890 0.12% -
1889 1.16% -
1888 0.62% -
1887 0.88% -
1886 0.23% -
1885 0.21% -
1884 0.23% -
1883 0.55% -
1882 0.41% -
1881 0.12% -
1880 -0.13% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); National Statistics, Taiwan (1976–2024, retrieved 2026-02-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

In 2024, Germany's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $125B, equivalent to 2.66% of GDP. This compares to Taiwan's surplus of $3.45B, or 0.43% of GDP.

Over the past 49 years, Germany recorded a fiscal deficit in 40 of those years, while Taiwan ran a deficit in 9 years. On average, Germany posted an annual deficit equal to 2.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.75% of GDP for Taiwan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Germany

Taiwan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Germany Taiwan
2024 2.26% 2.2%
2023 5.95% 2.5%
2022 6.87% 2.9%
2021 3.07% 2%
2020 0.14% -0.2%
2019 1.45% 0.6%
2018 1.73% 1.4%
2017 1.51% 0.6%
2016 0.49% 1.4%
2015 0.51% -0.3%
2014 0.91% 1.2%
2013 1.5% 0.8%
2012 2.01% 1.9%
2011 2.08% 1.4%
2010 1.1% 1%
2009 0.31% -0.9%
2008 2.63% 3.5%
2007 2.3% 1.8%
2006 1.58% 0.6%
2005 1.55% 2.3%
2004 1.67% 1.6%
2003 1.03% -0.3%
2002 1.42% -0.2%
2001 1.98% 0%
2000 1.44% 1.2%
1999 0.59% 0.2%
1998 0.91% 1.7%
1997 1.94% 0.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Germany has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.82%, compared with 1.14% in Taiwan. In 2024, inflation was 2.26% in Germany and 2.2% in Taiwan.

Balance of trade

Germany Taiwan
Current account balance
$270B
2024
$113B
2024
Current account balance ranking
2/190
2024
4/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+5.77%
2024
+14.1%
2024
Goods imports
$1.21T
2024
n/a
Goods exports
$1.47T
2024
n/a
Service imports
$548B
2024
n/a
Service exports
$470B
2024
n/a
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.7%
2024
50.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.4%
2024
63.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Germany Taiwan
Economic freedom 71.7 79.8
Economic freedom ranking 30/197 6/197
Property rights 95.5 83.4
Government integrity 84.5 74.3
Judicial effectiveness 94.6 94.3
Tax burden 60.5 78.9
Government spending 28.8 90
Fiscal health 83.1 92.9
Business freedom 79.8 78.6
Labor freedom 52.2 69
Monetary freedom 72.5 80.3
Trade freedom 79.4 86
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Germany
Taiwan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Germany Taiwan
2026 71.7 79.8
2025 71.6 79.7
2024 72.1 80
2023 73.7 80.7
2022 76.1 80.1
2021 72.5 78.6
2020 73.5 77.1
2019 73.5 77.3
2018 74.2 76.6
2017 73.8 76.5
2016 74.4 74.7
2015 73.8 75.1
2014 73.4 73.9
2013 72.8 72.7
2012 71 71.9
2011 71.8 70.8
2010 71.1 70.4
2009 70.5 69.5
2008 70.6 70.3
2007 70.8 69.4
2006 70.8 69.7
2005 68.1 71.3
2004 69.5 69.6
2003 69.7 71.7
2002 70.4 71.3
2001 69.5 72.8
2000 65.7 72.5
1999 65.6 71.5
1998 64.3 70.4
1997 67.5 70
1996 69.1 74.1
1995 69.8 74.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Germany is 71.7, ranking 30/197, compared to 79.8 for Taiwan, ranking 6/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Germany Taiwan
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
58.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.6%
2024
39.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.91%
2024
1.47%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.6T
2024
$832B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$76,180
2024
n/a
Total reserves including gold
$378B
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
10/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$32.6B
2024
n/a
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$47.6B
2024
n/a
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$80.2B
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
1.5%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
26.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); National Statistics, Taiwan (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-09); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/germany/taiwan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. National Statistics, Taiwan (1951–2025, retrieved 2026-02-09)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1991–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  5. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  6. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (1999–2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  8. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  9. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.