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Economy of Gabon vs Germany compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Gabon has a GDP of $21.4B compared to $5.05T for Germany, ranking 132/197 and 3/197 by economy size, respectively.

Gabon has $16.9B in government debt (78.9% of GDP), compared to $3.18T (62.9% of GDP) in Germany.

Gabon vs Germany GDP by year

Gabon
Germany
1x
Year GDP, current $
Gabon Germany
2025 $21,427,119,323 $5,050,922,925,047
2024 $20,895,684,426 $4,685,592,577,805
2023 $19,388,372,071 $4,562,207,532,490
2022 $20,440,655,695 $4,201,021,706,479
2021 $19,444,935,097 $4,355,251,953,411
2020 $15,342,236,164 $3,941,398,957,074
2019 $16,874,405,465 $3,959,894,794,039
2018 $16,867,326,402 $4,055,433,215,302
2017 $14,929,487,485 $3,765,351,626,106
2016 $14,023,890,265 $3,536,787,895,179
2015 $14,383,107,763 $3,425,099,578,746
2014 $18,203,966,896 $3,964,870,735,761
2013 $17,595,744,798 $3,807,023,797,051
2012 $17,170,464,016 $3,596,483,233,406
2011 $18,210,307,744 $3,823,575,803,794
2010 $14,372,593,020 $3,467,093,769,667
2009 $12,113,699,068 $3,478,545,516,684
2008 $15,571,348,344 $3,808,197,720,125
2007 $12,455,409,587 $3,484,056,680,855
2006 $10,327,598,306 $3,046,308,753,671
2005 $9,582,783,991 $2,893,393,187,362
2004 $7,770,219,008 $2,852,317,768,062
2003 $6,511,903,365 $2,534,715,518,349
2002 $5,335,451,100 $2,102,350,798,306
2001 $5,023,265,413 $1,966,381,496,642
2000 $5,080,483,629 $1,966,980,701,145
1999 $4,662,992,036 $2,213,873,468,587
1998 $4,483,417,310 $2,247,760,364,566
1997 $5,326,817,115 $2,218,790,886,533
1996 $5,694,040,003 $2,506,576,553,158
1995 $4,958,845,648 $2,593,053,091,306
1994 $4,190,819,344 $2,215,282,632,277
1993 $4,378,645,081 $2,078,954,217,438
1992 $5,592,390,827 $2,141,377,582,968
1991 $5,402,919,785 $1,875,792,575,133
1990 $5,952,293,765 $1,778,162,195,860
1989 $4,186,411,464 $1,404,092,925,205
1988 $3,834,503,376 $1,406,367,016,372
1987 $3,281,797,043 $1,302,932,318,825
1986 $3,403,638,189 $1,050,092,624,516
1985 $3,339,914,757 $735,218,723,093
1984 $3,561,451,561 $727,767,760,979
1983 $3,391,275,732 $773,507,930,295
1982 $3,618,007,841 $779,421,633,755
1981 $3,862,269,121 $803,404,797,058
1980 $4,279,637,942 $953,772,499,462
1979 $3,030,251,120 $884,574,218,333
1978 $2,389,479,272 $743,182,891,918
1977 $2,809,349,069 $602,698,323,086
1976 $3,009,409,974 $521,658,712,133
1975 $2,157,592,940 $492,434,094,920
1974 $1,544,216,002 $446,934,971,657
1973 $722,780,701 $399,833,571,167
1972 $430,508,359 $300,899,944,795
1971 $381,687,073 $250,900,942,397
1970 $323,802,476 $216,629,229,947
1969 $318,124,701 $177,733,486,326
1968 $294,468,564 $156,527,292,653
1967 $271,543,680 $145,100,667,773
1966 $245,849,781 $143,304,275,684
1965 $226,474,286 $134,774,688,191
1964 $215,679,855 $123,330,404,665
1963 $154,480,244 $112,232,503,744
1962 $182,796,536 $105,895,435,234
1961 $167,637,907 $96,558,204,043
1960 $141,468,978 $84,619,845,881

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

GDP per capita in Gabon vs Germany by year

Gabon
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Germany
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Gabon Germany
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $8,263 - $60,496 -
2024 $8,230 $21,510 $56,104 $73,552
2023 $7,803 $20,756 $54,777 $71,684
2022 $8,409 $19,993 $50,507 $69,049
2021 $8,181 $18,524 $52,349 $62,531
2020 $6,606 $14,477 $47,395 $58,686
2019 $7,441 $15,950 $47,656 $59,271
2018 $7,624 $15,432 $48,916 $56,273
2017 $6,922 $14,797 $45,554 $54,110
2016 $6,677 $13,998 $42,949 $51,570
2015 $7,047 $14,306 $41,930 $48,545
2014 $9,201 $14,854 $48,960 $47,939
2013 $9,198 $14,498 $47,207 $45,889
2012 $9,297 $14,620 $44,718 $44,229
2011 $10,219 $14,784 $47,631 $43,398
2010 $8,357 $14,015 $42,397 $39,726
2009 $7,291 $13,384 $42,472 $37,574
2008 $9,689 $13,734 $46,379 $38,444
2007 $8,004 $14,391 $42,351 $36,914
2006 $6,847 $13,637 $36,980 $34,741
2005 $6,548 $14,028 $35,084 $32,314
2004 $5,466 $13,638 $34,567 $31,753
2003 $4,711 $13,564 $30,711 $30,301
2002 $3,966 $13,369 $25,487 $29,514
2001 $3,836 $13,556 $23,878 $28,674
2000 $3,983 $13,326 $23,926 $27,474
1999 $3,751 $13,629 $26,965 $26,518
1998 $3,700 $15,138 $27,396 $25,446
1997 $4,509 $14,837 $27,047 $24,649
1996 $4,943 $14,147 $30,600 $24,169
1995 $4,415 $13,750 $31,747 $23,631
1994 $3,828 $13,164 $27,202 $22,869
1993 $4,106 $12,757 $25,617 $21,900
1992 $5,386 $12,312 $26,560 $21,746
1991 $5,345 $12,760 $23,443 $21,001
1990 $6,051 $11,952 $22,386 $19,468
1989 $4,374 - $17,829 -
1988 $4,119 - $17,997 -
1987 $3,624 - $16,739 -
1986 $3,865 - $13,511 -
1985 $3,898 - $9,464 -
1984 $4,273 - $9,347 -
1983 $4,182 - $9,900 -
1982 $4,584 - $9,950 -
1981 $5,026 - $10,246 -
1980 $5,718 - $12,183 -
1979 $4,155 - $11,322 -
1978 $3,360 - $9,517 -
1977 $4,048 - $7,711 -
1976 $4,441 - $6,659 -
1975 $3,258 - $6,259 -
1974 $2,384 - $5,660 -
1973 $1,140 - $5,065 -
1972 $693 - $3,824 -
1971 $627 - $3,204 -
1970 $543 - $2,771 -
1969 $545 - $2,281 -
1968 $515 - $2,025 -
1967 $482 - $1,886 -
1966 $443 - $1,871 -
1965 $415 - $1,774 -
1964 $400 - $1,637 -
1963 $290.7 - $1,502 -
1962 $348 - $1,431 -
1961 $323 - $1,316 -
1960 $276.1 - $1,162 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

Gabon's GDP per capita is $8,263, ranking 96/197, compared to $60,496 in Germany, ranking 18/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Gabon ranks 90th at $21,510, while Germany ranks 20th at $73,552.

Economic indicators

Gabon Germany
Gross domestic product
$21.4B
2025
$5.05T
2025
GDP rank
132/197
2025
3/197
2025
GDP growth
2.47%
2024-2025
0.24%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$8,263
2025
$60,496
2025
GDP per capita rank
96/197
2025
18/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$21,510
2024
$73,552
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
90/197
2024
20/197
2024
Government debt
$16.9B
2025
$3.18T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
78.9%
2025
62.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$6,521
2025
$38,071
2025
Government debt per person rank
74/185
2025
21/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,617
2026
$40,352
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$2.9T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,648,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
212
2026
Income share by richest 10%
27.7%
2017
26.2%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2017
2.3%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.6%
2025
50.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.77%
2024-2025
2.17%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
17.4%
2024
3.8%
2025
Population
2676097
82830814

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Gabon
Spending

Debt
Germany
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Gabon Germany
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.6% 78.9% 50.5% 62.9%
2024 24.8% 70.9% 49.4% 62.2%
2023 21.5% 70.6% 48.1% 62.3%
2022 19.7% 65.6% 48.6% 64.4%
2021 17.3% 72.9% 50.7% 67.9%
2020 19.8% 83% 51.1% 68%
2019 17.4% 59.8% 45.5% 58.7%
2018 17.1% 62.3% 44.7% 60.8%
2017 18.1% 62.9% 44.5% 64%
2016 21.8% 64.5% 44.7% 68.3%
2015 22.3% 44.7% 44.5% 71.2%
2014 23.8% 34.1% 44.5% 74.5%
2013 34.7% 31.1% 45.2% 77.5%
2012 23.9% 21.4% 45.1% 79.8%
2011 22.1% 21.4% 45.3% 78.5%
2010 23.1% 21.3% 48.1% 81%
2009 22.6% 26% 48.3% 72.4%
2008 18.9% 20.1% 44.4% 65.2%
2007 19.4% 39.2% 43.5% 63.7%
2006 21.1% 34.9% 45.3% 66.4%
2005 20.8% 41.7% 46.9% 67.1%
2004 20.9% 60.3% 47% 65%
2003 21.2% 70.2% 48.5% 63.3%
2002 25.7% 81.1% 48.2% 59.8%
2001 27.8% 81% 47.7% 58.1%
2000 20.3% 72.5% 48.1% 59.2%
1999 25.5% 73.1% 48.5% 60.3%
1998 45.5% 87.6% 48.3% 59.4%
1997 29.7% 57% 48.8% 58.8%
1996 22.2% 64.5% 49.6% 57.7%
1995 25.1% 73.4% 55.2% 54.9%
1994 23.9% 71.3% 48.3% 47.5%
1993 26.9% 90.1% 48.3% 45.1%
1992 26.5% 87.9% 47.4% 41.4%
1991 25.1% 89.3% 46.5% 39%
1990 22.6% 90% 44.7% 40.7%
1989 - - 44.3% 39.2%
1988 - - 45.6% 40.5%
1987 - - 46% 40.1%
1986 - - 45.7% 39.1%
1985 - - 46.6% 39.2%
1984 - - 47.2% 38.7%
1983 - - 47.9% 38%
1982 - - 49.1% 36.4%
1981 - - 49% 33.6%
1980 - - 48.2% 30.1%
1979 - - 47.4% 28.2%
1978 - - 47.7% 27.4%
1977 - - 49% 26%
1976 - - 49.4% 25.1%
1975 - - 50.3% 23.7%
1974 - - 46% 18.5%
1973 - - 42.4% 17.3%
1972 - - 41.8% 18%
1971 - - 40.9% 17.7%
1970 - - 39.5% 17.7%
1969 - - 29.7% 20.3%
1968 - - 28.5% 22.5%
1967 - - 28.8% 22.5%
1966 - - 28.3% 19.8%
1965 - - 28.4% 18.7%
1964 - - 29% 18.2%
1963 - - 29.1% 18.1%
1962 - - 29.2% 17.6%
1961 - - 28.8% 18.7%
1960 - - 22.9% 18.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

In 2025, Gabon's government spending was $6.14B, accounting for 28.6% of its GDP, while Germany spent $2.55T, or 50.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 78.9% in Gabon and 62.9% in Germany, ranking 44/185 and 70/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Gabon

Germany
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Gabon Germany
2025 -8.47% -2.67%
2024 -3.3% -2.66%
2023 1.79% -2.49%
2022 -0.89% -1.91%
2021 -1.93% -3.17%
2020 -2.19% -4.38%
2019 2.13% 1.33%
2018 -0.21% 1.88%
2017 -1.7% 1.34%
2016 -4.71% 1.13%
2015 -1.12% 0.91%
2014 5.98% 0.73%
2013 -3.07% 0.12%
2012 6.2% -0.05%
2011 1.41% -0.84%
2010 2.7% -4.42%
2009 6.77% -3.18%
2008 11% -0.26%
2007 8.06% 0.15%
2006 8.67% -1.76%
2005 7.98% -3.37%
2004 6.99% -3.42%
2003 7.75% -3.83%
2002 3.72% -4.09%
2001 4.07% -3.12%
2000 11.1% -1.71%
1999 1.11% -1.87%
1998 -13.1% -2.65%
1997 1.41% -3.03%
1996 2.12% -3.64%
1995 2.64% -9.44%
1994 -1.53% -2.54%
1993 -5.35% -3.11%
1992 -4.9% -2.63%
1991 -2.03% -3.21%
1990 -3.83% -1.94%
1989 - 0.08%
1988 - -2.02%
1987 - -1.85%
1986 - -1.18%
1985 - -1.18%
1984 - -2.04%
1983 - -2.95%
1982 - -3.56%
1981 - -4.03%
1980 - -3.02%
1979 - -2.71%
1978 - -2.62%
1977 - -2.56%
1976 - -3.5%
1975 - -5.78%
1974 - -1.69%
1973 - 1.14%
1972 - -0.37%
1971 - 0.16%
1970 - 0.53%
1969 - -0.43%
1968 - 1.39%
1967 - 2.73%
1966 - 1.76%
1965 - 2.26%
1964 - 1.49%
1963 - 1.43%
1962 - 0.49%
1961 - -0.12%
1960 - -0.34%
1959 - 0.77%
1958 - 1.77%
1957 - 1.99%
1956 - 0.59%
1955 - -1.41%
1954 - -0.37%
1953 - -0.13%
1952 - 0%
1951 - 1.15%
1950 - 1.81%
1949 - -
1948 - -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -
1936 - -
1935 - -
1934 - -0.64%
1933 - -0.43%
1932 - -1.11%
1931 - -1.03%
1930 - -1.52%
1929 - -0.9%
1928 - -1.47%
1927 - -0.44%
1926 - -1.3%
1925 - 0.34%
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - 0.007%
1912 - -0.26%
1911 - 0.06%
1910 - -0.21%
1909 - 0.11%
1908 - -0.11%
1907 - -0.14%
1906 - 0.76%
1905 - 1.21%
1904 - 0.41%
1903 - 0.88%
1902 - 0.08%
1901 - 0.91%
1900 - 0.27%
1899 - 0.6%
1898 - 0.47%
1897 - 0.39%
1896 - 0.63%
1895 - 0.47%
1894 - 0.44%
1893 - 0.42%
1892 - -0.24%
1891 - 1.18%
1890 - 0.12%
1889 - 1.16%
1888 - 0.62%
1887 - 0.88%
1886 - 0.23%
1885 - 0.21%
1884 - 0.23%
1883 - 0.55%
1882 - 0.41%
1881 - 0.12%
1880 - -0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

In 2025, Gabon's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.82B, equivalent to 8.47% of GDP. This compares to Germany's deficit of $135B, or 2.67% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Gabon recorded a fiscal deficit in 16 of those years, while Germany ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Gabon posted an annual surplus equal to 1.26% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.05% of GDP for Germany.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Gabon

Germany
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Gabon Germany
2025 1.77% 2.17%
2024 1.17% 2.26%
2023 3.63% 5.95%
2022 4.23% 6.87%
2021 1.09% 3.07%
2020 1.35% 0.14%
2019 2.46% 1.45%
2018 4.75% 1.73%
2017 2.65% 1.51%
2016 2.11% 0.49%
2015 -0.34% 0.51%
2014 4.69% 0.91%
2013 0.51% 1.5%
2012 2.65% 2.01%
2011 1.26% 2.08%
2010 1.46% 1.1%
2009 1.89% 0.31%
2008 5.26% 2.63%
2007 5.03% 2.3%
2006 -1.41% 1.58%
2005 3.71% 1.55%
2004 0.41% 1.67%
2003 2.24% 1.03%
2002 0.04% 1.42%
2001 2.14% 1.98%
2000 0.5% 1.44%
1999 -1.94% 0.59%
1998 1.45% 0.91%
1997 3.97% 1.94%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Gabon has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.03%, compared with 1.83% in Germany. In 2025, inflation was 1.77% in Gabon and 2.17% in Germany.

Top exports between countries

Gabon
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $136M
Machinery & equipment $1.17M
Wood & paper products $243K
Textiles & consumer goods $10K
Metals $9K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Raw agricultural goods $2K
Germany
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $34.4M
Metals $4.86M
Chemicals & pharma $3.89M
Raw materials & minerals $3.61M
Animal & marine products $2.86M
Miscellaneous $2.2M
Raw agricultural goods $1.4M
Wood & paper products $1.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.21M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1M

Balance of trade

Gabon Germany
Current account balance
$141M
2015
$228B
2025
Current account balance ranking
61/190
2015
2/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.98%
2015
+4.51%
2025
Goods imports
$3.17B
2015
$1.32T
2025
Goods exports
$5.11B
2015
$1.53T
2025
Service imports
$1.88B
2015
$602B
2025
Service exports
$277M
2015
$518B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
29.4%
2025
38.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.5%
2025
40.4%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Gabon Germany
Economic freedom 56.6 71.7
Economic freedom ranking 120/197 30/197
Property rights 30 95.5
Government integrity 22.6 84.5
Judicial effectiveness 19.9 94.6
Tax burden 76.5 60.5
Government spending 85.5 28.8
Fiscal health 87.9 83.1
Business freedom 63.6 79.8
Labor freedom 55.4 52.2
Monetary freedom 80.9 72.5
Trade freedom 57.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Gabon
Germany
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Gabon Germany
2026 56.6 71.7
2025 56.3 71.6
2024 56.9 72.1
2023 56.1 73.7
2022 55.8 76.1
2021 58.1 72.5
2020 56.7 73.5
2019 56.3 73.5
2018 58 74.2
2017 58.6 73.8
2016 59 74.4
2015 58.3 73.8
2014 57.8 73.4
2013 57.8 72.8
2012 56.4 71
2011 56.7 71.8
2010 55.4 71.1
2009 55 70.5
2008 54.2 70.6
2007 54.8 70.8
2006 56.1 70.8
2005 54.8 68.1
2004 57.1 69.5
2003 58.7 69.7
2002 58 70.4
2001 55 69.5
2000 58.2 65.7
1999 60.5 65.6
1998 59.2 64.3
1997 58.8 67.5
1996 55.7 69.1
1995 57.5 69.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Gabon is 56.6, ranking 120/197, compared to 71.7 for Germany, ranking 30/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Gabon Germany
Services, % of GDP
42.3%
2025
64.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
47.2%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.75%
2025
0.87%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$21B
2025
$5.03T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,660
2025
$78,140
2025
Total reserves including gold
$639M
2024
$572B
2025
Total reserves ranking
150/177
2024
7/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$25.3M
2015
$12.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.14B
2024
$62.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$33.8M
2019
$87B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.62%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
33.4%
2017
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.8%
2025
21.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/gabon/germany | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.