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Economy of Japan vs Solomon Islands compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Japan has a GDP of $4.03T compared to $1.58B for the Solomon Islands, ranking 4/197 and 182/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.51T in government debt (236.1% of GDP), compared to $350M (22.1% of GDP) in the Solomon Islands.

Japan vs Solomon Islands GDP by year

Japan
Solomon Islands
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Solomon Islands
2024 $4,027,597,523,551 $1,583,964,704
2023 $4,213,167,237,906 $1,506,124,566
2022 $4,262,463,317,797 $1,466,670,930
2021 $5,039,148,168,861 $1,558,312,104
2020 $5,054,068,005,376 $1,536,143,428
2019 $5,117,993,853,017 $1,619,150,564
2018 $5,040,880,939,325 $1,615,473,250
2017 $4,930,837,369,151 $1,469,790,526
2016 $5,003,677,627,544 $1,379,486,291
2015 $4,444,930,651,964 $1,307,908,814
2014 $4,896,994,405,353 $1,335,576,763
2013 $5,212,328,181,166 $1,285,905,958
2012 $6,272,362,996,105 $1,185,217,634
2011 $6,233,147,172,341 $1,063,898,227
2010 $5,759,071,769,013 $898,128,551
2009 $5,289,493,117,994 $805,557,289
2008 $5,106,679,115,127 $776,335,523
2007 $4,579,750,920,355 $695,291,218
2006 $4,601,663,122,650 $617,257,458
2005 $4,831,467,035,390 $552,881,357
2004 $4,893,116,005,657 $468,000,121
2003 $4,519,561,645,254 $417,666,639
2002 $4,182,846,045,874 $346,406,739
2001 $4,374,711,694,091 $409,508,553
2000 $4,968,359,075,957 $419,842,674
1999 $4,635,982,224,064 $488,024,514
1998 $4,098,362,709,531 $457,579,840
1997 $4,492,448,605,639 $526,554,006
1996 $4,923,391,533,852 $510,586,430
1995 $5,545,563,663,890 $469,443,202
1994 $4,998,797,547,741 $402,837,005
1993 $4,536,940,479,038 $300,746,361
1992 $3,980,702,922,118 $269,034,596
1991 $3,648,065,760,649 $227,540,473
1990 $3,185,904,656,664 $214,877,667
1989 $3,109,455,047,824 $172,882,411
1988 $3,125,724,434,401 $176,494,394
1987 $2,580,748,422,781 $155,128,542
1986 $2,120,083,812,110 $147,620,048
1985 $1,427,019,759,717 $165,524,943
1984 $1,345,824,500,837 $181,570,474
1983 $1,270,859,919,743 $181,220,399
1982 $1,158,731,426,906 $192,902,019
1981 $1,245,221,410,764 $193,750,541
1980 $1,129,377,244,854 $182,852,107
1979 $1,077,910,077,676 $151,276,496
1978 $1,035,611,588,217 $111,027,427
1977 $737,069,290,928 $93,145,283
1976 $598,883,902,156 $83,100,834
1975 $532,861,438,885 $74,620,320
1974 $490,035,789,970 $84,539,332
1973 $441,460,582,536 $55,272,109
1972 $324,933,841,269 $40,606,712
1971 $245,364,056,622 $50,056,883
1970 $217,223,652,719 -
1969 $184,298,841,305 $28,606,411
1968 $156,897,496,759 $28,084,253
1967 $132,475,614,227 $25,203,524
1966 $113,046,784,179 -
1965 $97,338,107,606 -
1964 $87,490,590,818 -
1963 $74,379,284,603 -
1962 $64,987,857,542 -
1961 $57,266,758,180 -
1960 $47,419,238,274 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Solomon Islands by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Solomon Islands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Solomon Islands
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $32,487 $52,039 $1,934 $2,675
2023 $33,836 $50,662 $1,883 $2,597
2022 $34,066 $47,192 $1,878 $2,496
2021 $40,095 $44,355 $2,043 $2,450
2020 $40,029 $42,426 $2,063 $2,405
2019 $40,416 $42,678 $2,224 $2,512
2018 $39,751 $42,142 $2,278 $2,494
2017 $38,834 $41,444 $2,144 $2,454
2016 $39,375 $40,597 $2,083 $2,421
2015 $34,961 $40,899 $2,045 $2,354
2014 $38,475 $39,555 $2,165 $2,377
2013 $40,899 $39,402 $2,161 $2,394
2012 $49,145 $37,606 $2,066 $2,320
2011 $48,760 $36,214 $1,924 $2,306
2010 $44,968 $35,336 $1,685 $2,182
2009 $41,309 $33,543 $1,555 $2,021
2008 $39,876 $35,274 $1,526 $1,989
2007 $35,779 $35,015 $1,390 $1,869
2006 $35,992 $33,632 $1,256 $1,786
2005 $37,813 $32,170 $1,144 $1,693
2004 $38,299 $30,832 $986 $1,556
2003 $35,387 $29,392 $896 $1,433
2002 $32,821 $28,624 $757 $1,344
2001 $34,406 $27,943 $912 $1,387
2000 $39,169 $27,288 $953 $1,503
1999 $36,610 $25,736 $1,134 $1,754
1998 $32,424 $25,508 $1,092 $1,785
1997 $35,638 $25,619 $1,292 $1,793
1996 $39,150 $24,999 $1,289 $1,830
1995 $44,198 $23,858 $1,220 $1,820
1994 $39,934 $22,823 $1,078 $1,668
1993 $36,345 $22,168 $829 $1,556
1992 $31,993 $21,825 $764 $1,505
1991 $29,428 $21,227 $666 $1,346
1990 $25,801 $19,912 $648 $1,266
1989 $25,266 - $538 -
1988 $25,500 - $567 -
1987 $21,142 - $515 -
1986 $17,452 - $506 -
1985 $11,809 - $586 -
1984 $11,207 - $665 -
1983 $10,652 - $686 -
1982 $9,780 - $756 -
1981 $10,583 - $786 -
1980 $9,669 - $768 -
1979 $9,301 - $658 -
1978 $9,012 - $500 -
1977 $6,473 - $434 -
1976 $5,310 - $401 -
1975 $4,776 - $372 -
1974 $4,448 - $433 -
1973 $4,061 - $291.3 -
1972 $3,031 - $219.5 -
1971 $2,321 - $277.1 -
1970 $2,101 - - -
1969 $1,803 - $165.9 -
1968 $1,553 - $166.9 -
1967 $1,326 - $153.5 -
1966 $1,144 - - -
1965 $994 - - -
1964 $903 - - -
1963 $776 - - -
1962 $685 - - -
1961 $609 - - -
1960 $509 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $32,487, ranking 38/197, compared to $1,934 in the Solomon Islands, ranking 157/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while the Solomon Islands ranks 183rd at $2,675.

Economic indicators

Japan Solomon Islands
Gross domestic product
$4.03T
2024
$1.58B
2024
GDP rank
4/197
2024
182/197
2024
GDP growth
0.1%
2023-2024
3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$32,487
2024
$1,934
2024
GDP per capita rank
38/197
2024
157/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$2,675
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
183/197
2024
Government debt
$9.51T
2024
$350M
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
236.1%
2024
22.1%
2024
Government debt per person
$76,704
2024
$427
2024
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2024
169/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,653
2026
$1,776
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$6.31T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,732,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2020
29.2%
2012
Income share by poorest 10%
2.4%
2020
2.8%
2012
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.1%
2024
35.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
4.32%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.54%
2024
0.69%
2013
Population
122677250
863951

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Solomon Islands
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Solomon Islands
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.1% 236.1% 35.8% 22.1%
2023 39.2% 240.5% 40.1% 20.3%
2022 41.8% 248.2% 40.8% 15.5%
2021 42.5% 253.7% 37.8% 15.9%
2020 44.5% 258.4% 40.4% 12.8%
2019 37.3% 236.4% 35.6% 7.82%
2018 36.7% 232.4% 34.8% 7.95%
2017 36.7% 231.3% 40.4% 8.77%
2016 37.2% 232.4% 39.6% 7.54%
2015 37.3% 228.3% 41.5% 7.88%
2014 38.4% 233.3% 39.8% 10.1%
2013 38.8% 229.5% 41.8% 11.6%
2012 38.6% 226.1% 29.4% 13.3%
2011 38.6% 219.2% 27% 18.3%
2010 37.7% 205.9% 23.9% 22.9%
2009 38.7% 198.8% 24.8% 18.9%
2008 34.1% 180.9% 27% 28.9%
2007 33.1% 173% 23.7% 33%
2006 33.1% 174.1% 19.9% 42.3%
2005 33.5% 174.6% 17% 44.7%
2004 33.7% 169.5% 14.7% 58.2%
2003 35% 160% 14.9% 61.3%
2002 35.4% 154.1% 16.7% 65.7%
2001 35.2% 145.1% 18.1% 52.8%
2000 36% 135.6% 18.7% 44.3%
1999 35.6% 129.5% 18.7% 42%
1998 38.6% 116% 15.5% 39.5%
1997 33.1% 105% 19.3% 25.9%
1996 33.8% 98.1% 24.2% -
1995 33.4% 92.5% 24.7% -
1994 32.8% 84.4% 30.2% -
1993 32.1% 72.8% 33.2% -
1992 30.3% 66.8% 35.1% -
1991 29.3% 62.4% 39.4% -
1990 29.5% 63.2% 30% -
1989 29.2% 65.7% - -
1988 29.9% 71.9% - -
1987 30.6% 75.8% - -
1986 30.4% 74.1% - -
1985 30.4% 68.3% - -
1984 31.2% 65.6% - -
1983 31.8% 63.5% - -
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government spending was $1.57T, accounting for 39.1% of its GDP, while the Solomon Islands spent $567M, or 35.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 236.1% in Japan and 22.1% in the Solomon Islands, ranking 3/185 and 173/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Solomon Islands
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Solomon Islands
2024 -1.53% -3.08%
2023 -2.26% -3.81%
2022 -4.21% -2.51%
2021 -6.13% -1.86%
2020 -9.08% -2.44%
2019 -3.04% -1.52%
2018 -2.47% 1.49%
2017 -3.1% -2.27%
2016 -3.6% -3.56%
2015 -3.68% 0.81%
2014 -5.62% 2.13%
2013 -7.61% 3.57%
2012 -8.2% 4.63%
2011 -8.99% 6.22%
2010 -9.08% 6.02%
2009 -9.69% 2.35%
2008 -4.11% 1.94%
2007 -2.9% 15.3%
2006 -3.03% 13%
2005 -4.44% 13.4%
2004 -5.31% 17%
2003 -7.43% 10.6%
2002 -7.34% -4.35%
2001 -6.2% -2.4%
2000 -7.28% -2.93%
1999 -6.75% -0.32%
1998 -10% 5.04%
1997 -3.53% 2.14%
1996 -4.87% 3.73%
1995 -4.3% 3.19%
1994 -3.76% 4.33%
1993 -2.39% 2.45%
1992 0.57% 4.13%
1991 1.67% 0.14%
1990 1.96% 0.58%
1989 1.23% -
1988 0.49% -
1987 -0.36% -
1986 -1.36% -
1985 -1.37% -
1984 -2.62% -
1983 -3.95% -
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $61.6B, equivalent to 1.53% of GDP. This compares to the Solomon Islands' deficit of $48.8M, or 3.08% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while the Solomon Islands ran a deficit in 12 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.79% of GDP, compared to surplus of 2.66% of GDP for the Solomon Islands.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Solomon Islands
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Solomon Islands
2024 2.74% 4.32%
2023 3.27% 5.89%
2022 2.5% 5.52%
2021 -0.23% -0.12%
2020 -0.02% 2.96%
2019 0.47% 1.63%
2018 0.99% 3.46%
2017 0.48% 0.49%
2016 -0.13% 0.51%
2015 0.8% -0.57%
2014 2.76% 5.17%
2013 0.34% 5.39%
2012 -0.04% 5.91%
2011 -0.27% 7.34%
2010 -0.73% 1.05%
2009 -1.35% 7.09%
2008 1.38% 17.3%
2007 0.06% 7.67%
2006 0.25% 11.2%
2005 -0.28% 7.33%
2004 -0.009% 6.99%
2003 -0.26% 8.27%
2002 -0.92% 10.9%
2001 -0.74% 6.93%
2000 -0.68% 7.89%
1999 -0.34% 8.02%
1998 0.66% 12.4%
1997 1.75% 8.08%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.44%, compared with 6.04% in the Solomon Islands. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Japan and 4.32% in the Solomon Islands.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $14.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.2M
Metals $483K
Chemicals & pharma $281K
Miscellaneous $257K
Raw materials & minerals $111K
Animal & marine products $75K
Wood & paper products $40K
Solomon Islands
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $859K
Animal & marine products $173K
Textiles & consumer goods $31K
Metals $9K
Chemicals & pharma $5K

Balance of trade

Japan Solomon Islands
Current account balance
$194B
2024
-$66.2M
2024
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2024
87/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.82%
2024
-4.18%
2024
Goods imports
$719B
2024
$609M
2024
Goods exports
$694B
2024
$510M
2024
Service imports
$246B
2024
$248M
2024
Service exports
$228B
2024
$133M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
70.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
40.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Solomon Islands
Economic freedom 70.3 53.7
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 137/197
Property rights 94.2 55.8
Government integrity 81.1 42.7
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 59.1
Tax burden 63 71.3
Government spending 52 54.6
Fiscal health 41.7 83.3
Business freedom 77.8 52.3
Labor freedom 65.9 60.4
Monetary freedom 74.3 76.5
Trade freedom 76.2 43.6
Investment freedom 60 15
Financial freedom 60 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Solomon Islands
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Solomon Islands
2026 70.3 53.7
2025 70.2 56.3
2024 67.5 55
2023 69.3 56.9
2022 69.9 56.5
2021 74.1 56.5
2020 73.3 52.9
2019 72.1 54.6
2018 72.3 57.5
2017 69.6 55
2016 73.1 47
2015 73.3 47
2014 72.4 46.2
2013 71.8 45
2012 71.6 46.2
2011 72.8 45.9
2010 72.9 42.9
2009 72.8 46
2008 73 -
2007 72.7 -
2006 73.3 -
2005 67.3 -
2004 64.3 -
2003 67.6 -
2002 66.7 -
2001 70.9 -
2000 70.7 -
1999 69.1 -
1998 70.2 -
1997 70.3 -
1996 72.6 -
1995 75 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 53.7 for the Solomon Islands, ranking 137/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Solomon Islands
Services, % of GDP
69.8%
2023
46.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.6%
2023
23.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.94%
2023
29.7%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.46T
2024
$1.57B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$55,490
2024
$2,680
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.23T
2024
$688M
2023
Total reserves ranking
2/177
2024
149/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
$191B
2024
$19.9M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$16.2B
2024
$33M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$203B
2024
$52.9M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.64%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
12.7%
2012
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.2%
2024
19.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/solomon-islands | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.