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Economy of Honduras vs Thailand compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Honduras has a GDP of $37.1B compared to $527B for Thailand, ranking 104/197 and 31/197 by economy size, respectively.

Honduras has $17.5B in government debt (47.1% of GDP), compared to $333B (63.2% of GDP) in Thailand.

Honduras vs Thailand GDP by year

Honduras
Thailand
1x
Year GDP, current $
Honduras Thailand
2024 $37,093,565,854 $526,517,658,842
2023 $34,355,805,528 $515,906,283,941
2022 $31,426,041,807 $495,644,697,588
2021 $28,144,331,507 $506,194,668,790
2020 $23,352,232,484 $500,461,898,480
2019 $24,882,225,742 $543,976,691,794
2018 $24,067,750,760 $506,754,208,404
2017 $23,136,247,991 $456,356,813,537
2016 $21,717,604,952 $413,366,349,748
2015 $20,979,791,685 $401,296,238,228
2014 $19,756,533,972 $407,339,040,198
2013 $18,499,729,215 $420,333,654,593
2012 $18,528,554,398 $397,558,325,279
2011 $17,710,275,685 $370,818,739,624
2010 $15,839,344,592 $341,104,766,329
2009 $14,587,496,229 $281,710,630,187
2008 $13,881,731,876 $291,382,982,431
2007 $12,361,257,681 $262,942,621,455
2006 $10,917,477,066 $221,758,296,022
2005 $9,757,012,697 $189,318,408,469
2004 $8,869,299,234 $172,895,685,155
2003 $8,230,391,347 $152,280,615,246
2002 $7,858,255,413 $134,300,904,400
2001 $7,651,162,302 $120,296,476,180
2000 $7,186,638,029 $126,392,224,254
1999 $6,394,090,592 $126,669,211,779
1998 $6,163,707,533 $113,675,596,788
1997 $5,569,178,707 $150,180,456,566
1996 $4,798,834,459 $183,035,237,429
1995 $4,672,346,194 $169,278,916,593
1994 $4,105,686,899 $146,683,778,959
1993 $4,190,773,622 $128,889,262,951
1992 $4,122,846,905 $111,452,746,518
1991 $3,699,381,195 $98,234,714,971
1990 $3,734,460,117 $85,343,190,719
1989 $4,375,896,552 $72,250,748,100
1988 $4,892,660,944 $61,667,253,471
1987 $5,024,800,000 $50,535,446,555
1986 $4,706,100,000 $43,096,773,981
1985 $4,328,300,000 $38,900,711,333
1984 $4,029,900,000 $41,797,647,776
1983 $3,840,550,000 $40,042,798,388
1982 $3,619,500,000 $36,589,772,404
1981 $3,501,800,000 $34,846,039,194
1980 $3,184,400,000 $32,353,514,989
1979 $2,778,900,000 $27,371,650,825
1978 $2,393,650,000 $24,006,566,637
1977 $1,900,700,000 $19,779,312,261
1976 $1,589,300,000 $16,985,208,648
1975 $1,330,050,000 $14,882,770,594
1974 $1,243,000,000 $13,702,998,512
1973 $1,128,299,436 $10,838,587,358
1972 $1,030,645,362 $8,177,873,151
1971 $958,450,000 $7,375,000,024
1970 $904,400,000 $7,086,538,438
1969 $844,400,000 $6,695,336,567
1968 $815,450,000 $6,081,009,428
1967 $750,950,000 $5,638,461,442
1966 $692,150,000 $5,279,230,817
1965 $651,050,000 $4,388,937,649
1964 $591,100,000 $3,889,129,942
1963 $553,500,000 $3,540,403,457
1962 $532,450,000 $3,308,912,797
1961 $503,300,000 $3,034,037,811
1960 $475,650,000 $2,760,750,861

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

GDP per capita in Honduras vs Thailand by year

Honduras
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Thailand
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Honduras Thailand
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $3,426 $7,486 $7,347 $24,712
2023 $3,227 $7,178 $7,195 $23,519
2022 $3,003 $6,805 $6,909 $22,243
2021 $2,735 $6,203 $7,057 $20,243
2020 $2,308 $5,385 $6,986 $19,164
2019 $2,502 $5,785 $7,606 $19,963
2018 $2,465 $5,633 $7,100 $18,876
2017 $2,413 $5,621 $6,413 $17,573
2016 $2,307 $5,186 $5,834 $16,671
2015 $2,271 $4,846 $5,689 $15,791
2014 $2,180 $4,460 $5,801 $15,365
2013 $2,081 $4,137 $6,018 $15,216
2012 $2,126 $4,016 $5,726 $14,617
2011 $2,074 $3,901 $5,374 $13,227
2010 $1,893 $3,758 $4,974 $12,932
2009 $1,781 $3,656 $4,135 $11,964
2008 $1,732 $3,806 $4,309 $12,062
2007 $1,578 $3,664 $3,919 $11,723
2006 $1,426 $3,438 $3,331 $10,912
2005 $1,305 $3,204 $2,868 $10,169
2004 $1,215 $3,001 $2,642 $9,545
2003 $1,156 $2,821 $2,348 $8,824
2002 $1,132 $2,715 $2,090 $8,148
2001 $1,132 $2,645 $1,890 $7,632
2000 $1,093 $2,587 $2,006 $7,289
1999 $999 $2,372 $2,033 $6,901
1998 $989 $2,152 $1,848 $6,590
1997 $917 $1,959 $2,473 $7,148
1996 $813 $1,617 $3,055 $7,322
1995 $814 $1,329 $2,864 $6,901
1994 $736 $1,074 $2,518 $6,341
1993 $773 $838 $2,245 $5,834
1992 $782 $741 $1,972 $5,347
1991 $722 $684 $1,766 $4,914
1990 $750 $540 $1,559 $4,451
1989 $904 - $1,342 -
1988 $1,039 - $1,164 -
1987 $1,098 - $970 -
1986 $1,058 - $842 -
1985 $1,001 - $774 -
1984 $960 - $847 -
1983 $942 - $827 -
1982 $914 - $770 -
1981 $912 - $748 -
1980 $854 - $709 -
1979 $769 - $612 -
1978 $683 - $548 -
1977 $559 - $462 -
1976 $482 - $405 -
1975 $417 - $364 -
1974 $401 - $343 -
1973 $375 - $278.3 -
1972 $353 - $215.6 -
1971 $338 - $199.7 -
1970 $329 - $197.1 -
1969 $316 - $191.4 -
1968 $314 - $178.8 -
1967 $298.2 - $170.7 -
1966 $282.9 - $164.5 -
1965 $273.9 - $140.9 -
1964 $255.9 - $128.6 -
1963 $246.6 - $120.7 -
1962 $244 - $116.2 -
1961 $237.3 - $109.7 -
1960 $230.7 - $102.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

Honduras' GDP per capita is $3,426, ranking 136/197, compared to $7,347 in Thailand, ranking 100/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Honduras ranks 146th at $7,486, while Thailand ranks 85th at $24,712.

Economic indicators

Honduras Thailand
Gross domestic product
$37.1B
2024
$527B
2024
GDP rank
104/197
2024
31/197
2024
GDP growth
3.55%
2023-2024
2.54%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$3,426
2024
$7,347
2024
GDP per capita rank
136/197
2024
100/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,486
2024
$24,712
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
146/197
2024
85/197
2024
Government debt
$17.5B
2024
$333B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
47.1%
2024
63.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,613
2024
$4,643
2024
Government debt per person rank
126/185
2024
84/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,901
2026
$6,733
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$520B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
100,001
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
25
2025
Income share by richest 10%
32.3%
2024
26.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1.2%
2024
3.4%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
25.7%
2024
22.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.61%
2023-2024
1.37%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.75%
2024
1.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.91%
2024
0.78%
2024
Population
11237619
71571743

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Honduras
Spending

Debt
Thailand
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Honduras Thailand
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 25.7% 47.1% 22.7% 63.2%
2023 27.2% 47.9% 22.8% 62.3%
2022 24% 51% 24.7% 60.5%
2021 28.8% 50.3% 26.8% 58.3%
2020 28.4% 52.5% 24.9% 49.4%
2019 25.9% 44.1% 20.6% 41.1%
2018 26.2% 43.5% 21.2% 41.9%
2017 26.9% 43.6% 21.5% 41.8%
2016 27.4% 40.3% 21.4% 41.7%
2015 26% 42.3% 22.3% 42.6%
2014 26.4% 43% 22.2% 43.3%
2013 28% 42.1% 21.6% 42.2%
2012 26.4% 32.4% 22.3% 41.9%
2011 25.9% 31.5% 21.1% 39.1%
2010 26.5% 28.9% 22% 39.8%
2009 28.4% 23.8% 21.7% 42.4%
2008 26.4% 22.3% 19.2% 34.9%
2007 24.4% 24% 20% 36%
2006 24.4% 39.2% 18.7% 39.2%
2005 23.6% 55.6% 19.6% 45.5%
2004 25.5% 60.9% 19.3% 46.3%
2003 26.4% 67.8% 18.3% 47.5%
2002 26.8% 64.2% 25.7% 54.9%
2001 25.1% 63.4% 20.8% 57.5%
2000 22.1% 65.8% 19.3% 57.8%
1999 23.3% 75.8% 26.5% 56.6%
1998 19.4% 67.4% 23.9% 49.9%
1997 19.4% 70.8% 21.6% 40.5%
1996 18.7% 64.6% 18% 15.2%
1995 17.2% 65.4% 17.2% 5.12%
1994 19.2% 86.4% 16% 6.69%
1993 23.7% 108% 18.8% 9.14%
1992 20.5% 116.5% 17.8% 11.4%
1991 18.8% 122.2% 17% 14.1%
1990 16.4% 200.3% 16.6% 18%
1989 10.2% 68.4% 16.5% 23.7%
1988 16% 71.7% 15.1% 30.3%
1987 17.2% 73.6% 17.5% 38.8%
1986 19.8% 69.9% 19.5% 40.1%
1985 22.5% 65.7% 20.5% 36.8%
1984 22.4% 60.5% 19.3% 30.6%
1983 20.8% 57.6% 19.5% 28.9%
1982 18.7% 54.3% 20.2% 27.1%
1981 15.3% 48.1% 19.1% 24.4%
1980 16.2% 41% 18.7% 22.1%
1979 14.4% 36.1% 16.9% 23.7%
1978 13.1% 32.8% 16.6% 22.8%
1977 14.6% 28.2% 16.1% 22.4%
1976 11.5% 26.5% 15.6% 22%
1975 11.9% 24% 14.2% 15.8%
1974 11.7% 18.5% 13.2% 16.3%
1973 11.1% 16.6% 15.9% 21.2%
1972 12.6% 16.8% 18.5% 26.8%
1971 15.2% 19.8% 18.8% 21.5%
1970 15.2% 17.2% 17.6% 18.5%
1969 13.6% 13% 15.9% 17.7%
1968 11.6% 9.75% 16% 15.5%
1967 11.4% 9.72% 15.5% 15%
1966 11.4% 9.47% 14.7% 14.4%
1965 10.6% 8.97% 14.7% 14.8%
1964 11.4% 9.78% 13.3% 13.3%
1963 10.1% 9.02% 12% 12.6%
1962 10.5% 8.54% 11.9% 13.4%
1961 11.2% 8.22% 9.58% 12.9%
1960 12.2% 8.97% 12.1% 14.3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

In 2024, Honduras' government spending was $9.52B, accounting for 25.7% of its GDP, while Thailand spent $120B, or 22.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 47.1% in Honduras and 63.2% in Thailand, ranking 115/185 and 74/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Honduras

Thailand
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Honduras Thailand
2024 -1.12% -1.29%
2023 -1.96% -1.98%
2022 1.57% -4.61%
2021 -3.17% -6.74%
2020 -4.58% -4.47%
2019 0.09% 0.43%
2018 0.2% 0.2%
2017 -0.41% -0.42%
2016 -0.4% 0.41%
2015 -0.78% 0.19%
2014 -2.81% -0.7%
2013 -5.48% 0.6%
2012 -3.48% -0.86%
2011 -2.94% 0.09%
2010 -3.37% -1.07%
2009 -4.86% -2.21%
2008 -0.27% 0.8%
2007 -0.25% 0.22%
2006 -1.36% 1.87%
2005 -0.03% 2.17%
2004 -2.48% 1.11%
2003 -5.09% 1.98%
2002 -5.02% -6.72%
2001 -3.12% -1.77%
2000 1.51% -1.79%
1999 1.38% -9.02%
1998 2.89% -6.29%
1997 0.08% -1.68%
1996 0.13% 2.75%
1995 -0.24% 3.05%
1994 -0.98% 2.78%
1993 -5.03% 6.67%
1992 -1.41% -0.18%
1991 -1.95% 1.6%
1990 -1.82% 1.41%
1989 2.08% 0.16%
1988 -2.65% 0.58%
1987 -3.23% -2.38%
1986 -5.92% -4.32%
1985 -8.58% -5.11%
1984 -9.33% -3.85%
1983 -9.1% -4.02%
1982 -6.17% -6.18%
1981 -2.5% -4.07%
1980 -2.52% -4.41%
1979 -1.55% -3.62%
1978 -0.68% -3.31%
1977 -2.55% -2.91%
1976 -0.93% -3.35%
1975 -1.78% -1.73%
1974 -0.27% 1.29%
1973 -0.71% -2.7%
1972 -2.37% -4.81%
1971 -3.51% -5.47%
1970 -3.24% -3.73%
1969 -2.16% -2.53%
1968 -0.38% -2.79%
1967 -0.73% -2.1%
1966 -0.45% -1.13%
1965 0.19% -1.05%
1964 -1.77% -1.01%
1963 -0.39% -0.81%
1962 -0.71% -0.27%
1961 -1.05% 0.05%
1960 -1.22% 0.48%
1959 -1.31% -1.15%
1958 -1.16% -0.91%
1957 -1.01% -1.31%
1956 -1.81% -1.38%
1955 -0.42% -1.65%
1954 -2.91% -3.46%
1953 -2.96% -3.56%
1952 -3.21% -2.4%
1951 -1.04% -3.54%
1950 -0.44% -0.7%
1949 -1.92% 0.7%
1948 0.52% -0.1%
1947 -0.83% -
1946 0.32% -
1945 0% -
1944 -0.82% -
1943 -0.48% -
1942 0% -
1941 -0.26% -
1940 -0.43% -
1939 -0.52% -
1938 -0.74% -
1937 -1.37% -
1936 -0.76% -
1935 0% -
1934 0.06% -
1933 2.06% -
1932 -2.13% -
1931 -0.94% -
1930 -1.15% -
1929 -0.38% -
1928 0.72% -
1927 0.37% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1927–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

In 2024, Honduras' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $415M, equivalent to 1.12% of GDP. This compares to Thailand's deficit of $6.81B, or 1.29% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Honduras recorded a fiscal deficit in 55 of those years, while Thailand ran a deficit in 42 years. On average, Honduras posted an annual deficit equal to 2.01% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.52% of GDP for Thailand.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Honduras

Thailand
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Honduras Thailand
2024 4.61% 1.37%
2023 6.66% 8.48%
2022 9.09% -1.61%
2021 4.48% 1.23%
2020 3.47% -0.85%
2019 4.37% 0.71%
2018 4.35% 1.06%
2017 3.93% 0.67%
2016 2.72% 0.19%
2015 3.16% -0.9%
2014 6.13% 1.9%
2013 5.16% 2.18%
2012 5.2% 3.01%
2011 6.76% 3.81%
2010 4.7% 3.25%
2009 5.5% -0.85%
2008 11.4% 5.47%
2007 6.94% 2.24%
2006 5.58% 4.64%
2005 8.81% 4.54%
2004 8.11% 2.76%
2003 7.67% 1.8%
2002 7.69% 0.7%
2001 9.67% 1.63%
2000 11% 1.59%
1999 11.7% 0.28%
1998 13.7% 7.99%
1997 20.2% 5.63%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Honduras has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 7.24%, compared with 2.25% in Thailand. In 2024, inflation was 4.61% in Honduras and 1.37% in Thailand.

Top exports between countries

Honduras
Export category Export value
Metals $1.01M
Machinery & equipment $251K
Wood & paper products $229K
Chemicals & pharma $180K
Animal & marine products $157K
Raw materials & minerals $24K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $20K
Textiles & consumer goods $10K
Thailand
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $128M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.06M
Raw materials & minerals $4.83M
Chemicals & pharma $2.14M
Metals $729K
Raw agricultural goods $256K
Wood & paper products $111K
Precious metals & jewellery $24K
Animal & marine products $11K

Balance of trade

Honduras Thailand
Current account balance
-$1.65B
2024
$11.6B
2024
Current account balance ranking
137/190
2024
23/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.45%
2024
+2.21%
2024
Goods imports
$14.6B
2024
$276B
2024
Goods exports
$5.67B
2024
$297B
2024
Service imports
$3.67B
2024
$74B
2024
Service exports
$3.75B
2024
$71.9B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
57.6%
2024
66.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.5%
2024
70%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Honduras Thailand
Economic freedom 59.1 62.2
Economic freedom ranking 105/197 88/197
Property rights 35.7 41.8
Government integrity 24.6 38.9
Judicial effectiveness 27.6 35
Tax burden 83.1 80.8
Government spending 80.3 83.6
Fiscal health 95.2 81
Business freedom 59.4 69.9
Labor freedom 37.9 56.4
Monetary freedom 70.1 73.3
Trade freedom 69.8 70.2
Investment freedom 65 55
Financial freedom 60 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Honduras
Thailand
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Honduras Thailand
2026 59.1 62.2
2025 59.6 60.6
2024 58.6 59
2023 58.7 60.6
2022 59.5 63.2
2021 59.8 69.7
2020 61.1 69.4
2019 60.2 68.3
2018 60.6 67.1
2017 58.8 66.2
2016 57.7 63.9
2015 57.4 62.4
2014 57.1 63.3
2013 58.4 64.1
2012 58.8 64.9
2011 58.6 64.7
2010 58.3 64.1
2009 58.7 63
2008 58.9 62.3
2007 59.1 63.5
2006 57.4 63.3
2005 55.3 62.5
2004 55.3 63.7
2003 60.4 65.8
2002 58.7 69.1
2001 57 68.9
2000 57.6 66.6
1999 56.7 66.9
1998 56.2 67.3
1997 56 66.1
1996 56.6 71
1995 57 71.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Honduras is 59.1, ranking 105/197, compared to 62.2 for Thailand, ranking 88/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Honduras Thailand
Services, % of GDP
58.4%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
26.1%
2024
32.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
11.2%
2024
8.71%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$32.7B
2024
$509B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$6,900
2024
$23,960
2024
Total reserves including gold
$8.04B
2024
$237B
2024
Total reserves ranking
84/177
2024
15/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$620M
2024
-$6.95B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.31B
2024
$14.3B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$689M
2024
$7.36B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.23%
2024
3.52%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
62.9%
2024
5.4%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.5%
2024
21.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/honduras/thailand | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1927–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.