Libya has a GDP of $48.5B compared to $527B for Thailand, ranking 95/197 and 31/197 by economy size, respectively.
Libya vs Thailand GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
| 2024 | $48,487,151,215 | $526,517,658,842 |
| 2023 | $44,027,664,915 | $515,906,283,941 |
| 2022 | $43,246,297,922 | $495,644,697,588 |
| 2021 | $35,217,995,647 | $506,194,668,790 |
| 2020 | $46,854,285,441 | $500,461,898,480 |
| 2019 | $69,254,496,472 | $543,976,691,794 |
| 2018 | $76,686,029,772 | $506,754,208,404 |
| 2017 | $67,157,452,182 | $456,356,813,537 |
| 2016 | $49,912,073,701 | $413,366,349,748 |
| 2015 | $48,717,501,321 | $401,296,238,228 |
| 2014 | $57,372,355,592 | $407,339,040,198 |
| 2013 | $75,351,107,029 | $420,333,654,593 |
| 2012 | $92,540,938,129 | $397,558,325,279 |
| 2011 | $48,169,263,294 | $370,818,739,624 |
| 2010 | $75,380,825,062 | $341,104,766,329 |
| 2009 | $60,808,562,033 | $281,710,630,187 |
| 2008 | $86,710,767,415 | $291,382,982,431 |
| 2007 | $68,032,978,391 | $262,942,621,455 |
| 2006 | $60,094,231,607 | $221,758,296,022 |
| 2005 | $47,334,691,241 | $189,318,408,469 |
| 2004 | $33,122,307,692 | $172,895,685,155 |
| 2003 | $26,265,625,000 | $152,280,615,246 |
| 2002 | $20,481,889,764 | $134,300,904,400 |
| 2001 | $34,112,093,927 | $120,296,476,180 |
| 2000 | $38,270,954,138 | $126,392,224,254 |
| 1999 | $35,975,860,857 | $126,669,211,779 |
| 1998 | $27,251,301,398 | $113,675,596,788 |
| 1997 | $30,700,897,875 | $150,180,456,566 |
| 1996 | $27,884,615,385 | $183,035,237,429 |
| 1995 | $25,541,379,187 | $169,278,916,593 |
| 1994 | $28,610,549,763 | $146,683,778,959 |
| 1993 | $30,660,051,911 | $128,889,262,951 |
| 1992 | $33,887,047,909 | $111,452,746,518 |
| 1991 | $31,991,821,265 | $98,234,714,971 |
| 1990 | $28,904,183,602 | $85,343,190,719 |
| 1989 | $25,156,707,899 | $72,250,748,100 |
| 1988 | $24,308,959,591 | $61,667,253,471 |
| 1987 | $26,697,659,335 | $50,535,446,555 |
| 1986 | $24,180,400,959 | $43,096,773,981 |
| 1985 | $31,530,566,324 | $38,900,711,333 |
| 1984 | $29,476,109,153 | $41,797,647,776 |
| 1983 | $33,200,520,140 | $40,042,798,388 |
| 1982 | $33,760,146,991 | $36,589,772,404 |
| 1981 | $36,374,353,880 | $34,846,039,194 |
| 1980 | $40,953,924,949 | $32,353,514,989 |
| 1979 | $30,536,429,497 | $27,371,650,825 |
| 1978 | $22,136,422,643 | $24,006,566,637 |
| 1977 | $22,428,297,108 | $19,779,312,261 |
| 1976 | $19,096,943,017 | $16,985,208,648 |
| 1975 | $14,710,912,458 | $14,882,770,594 |
| 1974 | $15,112,543,717 | $13,702,998,512 |
| 1973 | $8,625,889,430 | $10,838,587,358 |
| 1972 | $6,299,395,544 | $8,177,873,151 |
| 1971 | $5,260,185,125 | $7,375,000,024 |
| 1970 | $4,601,649,451 | $7,086,538,438 |
| 1969 | $4,380,987,481 | $6,695,336,567 |
| 1968 | $3,850,623,095 | $6,081,009,428 |
| 1967 | $2,726,986,913 | $5,638,461,442 |
| 1966 | $2,312,438,536 | $5,279,230,817 |
| 1965 | $1,804,979,680 | $4,388,937,649 |
| 1964 | $1,341,395,421 | $3,889,129,942 |
| 1963 | $892,327,911 | $3,540,403,457 |
| 1962 | $619,725,785 | $3,308,912,797 |
| 1961 | $443,905,612 | $3,034,037,811 |
| 1960 | $401,644,249 | $2,760,750,861 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/libya/thailand | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Libya vs Thailand by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $6,569 | $14,304 | $7,347 | $24,712 |
| 2023 | $6,027 | $13,847 | $7,195 | $23,519 |
| 2022 | $5,987 | $12,266 | $6,909 | $22,243 |
| 2021 | $4,936 | $12,642 | $7,057 | $20,243 |
| 2020 | $6,650 | $10,955 | $6,986 | $19,164 |
| 2019 | $9,963 | $16,194 | $7,606 | $19,963 |
| 2018 | $11,197 | $18,879 | $7,100 | $18,876 |
| 2017 | $9,966 | $18,026 | $6,413 | $17,573 |
| 2016 | $7,526 | $16,961 | $5,834 | $16,671 |
| 2015 | $7,458 | $17,903 | $5,689 | $15,791 |
| 2014 | $8,926 | $17,510 | $5,801 | $15,365 |
| 2013 | $11,952 | $21,151 | $6,018 | $15,216 |
| 2012 | $14,976 | $26,826 | $5,726 | $14,617 |
| 2011 | $7,594 | $15,698 | $5,374 | $13,227 |
| 2010 | $11,601 | $30,234 | $4,974 | $12,932 |
| 2009 | $9,551 | $29,027 | $4,135 | $11,964 |
| 2008 | $13,906 | $30,812 | $4,309 | $12,062 |
| 2007 | $11,145 | $30,929 | $3,919 | $11,723 |
| 2006 | $10,049 | $28,936 | $3,331 | $10,912 |
| 2005 | $8,079 | $26,903 | $2,868 | $10,169 |
| 2004 | $5,774 | $23,813 | $2,642 | $9,545 |
| 2003 | $4,674 | $22,663 | $2,348 | $8,824 |
| 2002 | $3,718 | $20,061 | $2,090 | $8,148 |
| 2001 | $6,313 | $20,332 | $1,890 | $7,632 |
| 2000 | $7,214 | $20,617 | $2,006 | $7,289 |
| 1999 | $6,895 | $19,769 | $2,033 | $6,901 |
| 1998 | $5,301 | $19,639 | $1,848 | $6,590 |
| 1997 | $6,062 | $20,439 | $2,473 | $7,148 |
| 1996 | $5,591 | $19,392 | $3,055 | $7,322 |
| 1995 | $5,205 | $18,952 | $2,864 | $6,901 |
| 1994 | $5,933 | $19,318 | $2,518 | $6,341 |
| 1993 | $6,478 | $18,904 | $2,245 | $5,834 |
| 1992 | $7,303 | $19,572 | $1,972 | $5,347 |
| 1991 | $7,040 | $20,085 | $1,766 | $4,914 |
| 1990 | $6,502 | $17,173 | $1,559 | $4,451 |
| 1989 | $5,793 | - | $1,342 | - |
| 1988 | $5,736 | - | $1,164 | - |
| 1987 | $6,465 | - | $970 | - |
| 1986 | $6,019 | - | $842 | - |
| 1985 | $8,087 | - | $774 | - |
| 1984 | $7,811 | - | $847 | - |
| 1983 | $8,927 | - | $827 | - |
| 1982 | $9,064 | - | $770 | - |
| 1981 | $10,044 | - | $748 | - |
| 1980 | $11,960 | - | $709 | - |
| 1979 | $9,443 | - | $612 | - |
| 1978 | $7,252 | - | $548 | - |
| 1977 | $7,783 | - | $462 | - |
| 1976 | $7,018 | - | $405 | - |
| 1975 | $5,721 | - | $364 | - |
| 1974 | $6,214 | - | $343 | - |
| 1973 | $3,727 | - | $278.3 | - |
| 1972 | $2,830 | - | $215.6 | - |
| 1971 | $2,443 | - | $199.7 | - |
| 1970 | $2,210 | - | $197.1 | - |
| 1969 | $2,175 | - | $191.4 | - |
| 1968 | $1,972 | - | $178.8 | - |
| 1967 | $1,437 | - | $170.7 | - |
| 1966 | $1,251 | - | $164.5 | - |
| 1965 | $1,001 | - | $140.9 | - |
| 1964 | $765 | - | $128.6 | - |
| 1963 | $528 | - | $120.7 | - |
| 1962 | $382 | - | $116.2 | - |
| 1961 | $285.3 | - | $109.7 | - |
| 1960 | $269 | - | $102.8 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/libya/thailand | CC BY
Libya's GDP per capita is $6,569, ranking 107/197, compared to $7,347 in Thailand, ranking 100/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Libya ranks 118th at $14,304, while Thailand ranks 85th at $24,712.
Economic indicators
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$48.5B
2024 |
$527B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
95/197
2024 |
31/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
1.9%
2023-2024 |
2.54%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$6,569
2024 |
$7,347
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
107/197
2024 |
100/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$14,304
2024 |
$24,712
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
118/197
2024 |
85/197
2024 |
| Government debt | n/a |
$333B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio | n/a |
63.2%
2024 |
| Government debt per person | n/a |
$4,643
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank | n/a |
84/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$3,172
2026 |
$6,733
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$520B
2024 |
| Number of millionaires | n/a |
100,001
2025 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
25
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
26.1%
2023 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
3.4%
2023 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
94.8%
2024 |
22.7%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.13%
2023-2024 |
1.37%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
1.5%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
30%
2004 |
0.78%
2024 |
| Population |
7559873
|
71571743
|
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
| 2024 | -25.1% | -1.29% |
| 2023 | 8.22% | -1.98% |
| 2022 | 23.6% | -4.61% |
| 2021 | 14.8% | -6.74% |
| 2020 | -22.3% | -4.47% |
| 2019 | 11.9% | 0.43% |
| 2018 | 9.39% | 0.2% |
| 2017 | -11.1% | -0.42% |
| 2016 | -29.3% | 0.41% |
| 2015 | -28.5% | 0.19% |
| 2014 | -30.5% | -0.7% |
| 2013 | -16.3% | 0.6% |
| 2012 | 24.6% | -0.86% |
| 2011 | -11.5% | 0.09% |
| 2010 | 11.5% | -1.07% |
| 2009 | -5.46% | -2.21% |
| 2008 | 27.7% | 0.8% |
| 2007 | 28.4% | 0.22% |
| 2006 | 29.1% | 1.87% |
| 2005 | 30.4% | 2.17% |
| 2004 | 11.3% | 1.11% |
| 2003 | 6.17% | 1.98% |
| 2002 | 6.99% | -6.72% |
| 2001 | 0.07% | -1.77% |
| 2000 | 13.6% | -1.79% |
| 1999 | 5.69% | -9.02% |
| 1998 | -2.36% | -6.29% |
| 1997 | -2.1% | -1.68% |
| 1996 | 11.3% | 2.75% |
| 1995 | 3.8% | 3.05% |
| 1994 | -2.67% | 2.78% |
| 1993 | -5.77% | 6.67% |
| 1992 | 0.11% | -0.18% |
| 1991 | 8.41% | 1.6% |
| 1990 | 3.36% | 1.41% |
| 1989 | - | 0.16% |
| 1988 | - | 0.58% |
| 1987 | - | -2.38% |
| 1986 | - | -4.32% |
| 1985 | - | -5.11% |
| 1984 | - | -3.85% |
| 1983 | - | -4.02% |
| 1982 | - | -6.18% |
| 1981 | - | -4.07% |
| 1980 | - | -4.41% |
| 1979 | - | -3.62% |
| 1978 | - | -3.31% |
| 1977 | - | -2.91% |
| 1976 | - | -3.35% |
| 1975 | - | -1.73% |
| 1974 | - | 1.29% |
| 1973 | - | -2.7% |
| 1972 | - | -4.81% |
| 1971 | - | -5.47% |
| 1970 | - | -3.73% |
| 1969 | - | -2.53% |
| 1968 | - | -2.79% |
| 1967 | - | -2.1% |
| 1966 | - | -1.13% |
| 1965 | - | -1.05% |
| 1964 | - | -1.01% |
| 1963 | - | -0.81% |
| 1962 | - | -0.27% |
| 1961 | - | 0.05% |
| 1960 | - | 0.48% |
| 1959 | - | -1.15% |
| 1958 | - | -0.91% |
| 1957 | - | -1.31% |
| 1956 | - | -1.38% |
| 1955 | - | -1.65% |
| 1954 | - | -3.46% |
| 1953 | - | -3.56% |
| 1952 | - | -2.4% |
| 1951 | - | -3.54% |
| 1950 | - | -0.7% |
| 1949 | - | 0.7% |
| 1948 | - | -0.1% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1948–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/libya/thailand | CC BY
In 2024, Libya's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $12.1B, equivalent to 25.1% of GDP. This compares to Thailand's deficit of $6.81B, or 1.29% of GDP.
Over the past 35 years, Libya recorded a fiscal deficit in 13 of those years, while Thailand ran a deficit in 17 years. On average, Libya posted an annual surplus equal to 2.79% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.67% of GDP for Thailand.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
| 2024 | 2.13% | 1.37% |
| 2023 | 2.37% | 8.48% |
| 2022 | 4.51% | -1.61% |
| 2021 | 2.87% | 1.23% |
| 2020 | 1.45% | -0.85% |
| 2019 | -2.16% | 0.71% |
| 2018 | 13.2% | 1.06% |
| 2017 | 25.8% | 0.67% |
| 2016 | 25.9% | 0.19% |
| 2015 | 10.4% | -0.9% |
| 2014 | 2.43% | 1.9% |
| 2013 | 2.61% | 2.18% |
| 2012 | 6.06% | 3.01% |
| 2011 | 15.5% | 3.81% |
| 2010 | 2.8% | 3.25% |
| 2009 | 2.46% | -0.85% |
| 2008 | 10.4% | 5.47% |
| 2007 | 6.25% | 2.24% |
| 2006 | 1.46% | 4.64% |
| 2005 | 2.65% | 4.54% |
| 2004 | -2.2% | 2.76% |
| 2003 | -2.19% | 1.8% |
| 2002 | -9.8% | 0.7% |
| 2001 | -8.81% | 1.63% |
| 2000 | -2.9% | 1.59% |
| 1999 | 2.65% | 0.28% |
| 1998 | 3.71% | 7.99% |
| 1997 | 3.55% | 5.63% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/libya/thailand | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Libya has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.39%, compared with 2.25% in Thailand. In 2024, inflation was 2.13% in Libya and 1.37% in Thailand.
Top exports between countries
|
Libya
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $504M |
|
Thailand
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $162M |
| Machinery & equipment | $70.3M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $5.59M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $3.2M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $1.74M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $1.51M |
| Wood & paper products | $1.49M |
| Metals | $788K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $74K |
| Animal & marine products | $28K |
Balance of trade
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
$1.86B
2023 |
$11.6B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
46/190
2023 |
23/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
+4.24%
2023 |
+2.21%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$23.2B
2023 |
$276B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$37.1B
2023 |
$297B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$10.1B
2023 |
$74B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$642M
2023 |
$71.9B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
56.8%
2024 |
66.7%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
72%
2024 |
70%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 35.9 | 62.2 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 189/197 | 88/197 |
| Property rights | 6.3 | 41.8 |
| Government integrity | 10.3 | 38.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 4.9 | 35 |
| Tax burden | 95 | 80.8 |
| Government spending | 0 | 83.6 |
| Fiscal health | 19.9 | 81 |
| Business freedom | 32.4 | 69.9 |
| Labor freedom | 48.2 | 56.4 |
| Monetary freedom | 75.2 | 73.3 |
| Trade freedom | 80 | 70.2 |
| Investment freedom | 5 | 55 |
| Financial freedom | 20 | 60 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
| 2026 | - | 62.2 |
| 2025 | - | 60.6 |
| 2024 | - | 59 |
| 2023 | - | 60.6 |
| 2022 | - | 63.2 |
| 2021 | - | 69.7 |
| 2020 | - | 69.4 |
| 2019 | - | 68.3 |
| 2018 | - | 67.1 |
| 2017 | - | 66.2 |
| 2016 | - | 63.9 |
| 2015 | - | 62.4 |
| 2014 | - | 63.3 |
| 2013 | - | 64.1 |
| 2012 | 35.9 | 64.9 |
| 2011 | 38.6 | 64.7 |
| 2010 | 40.2 | 64.1 |
| 2009 | 43.5 | 63 |
| 2008 | 38.7 | 62.3 |
| 2007 | 37 | 63.5 |
| 2006 | 33.2 | 63.3 |
| 2005 | 32.8 | 62.5 |
| 2004 | 31.5 | 63.7 |
| 2003 | 34.6 | 65.8 |
| 2002 | 35.4 | 69.1 |
| 2001 | 34 | 68.9 |
| 2000 | 34.7 | 66.6 |
| 1999 | 32.3 | 66.9 |
| 1998 | 32 | 67.3 |
| 1997 | 28.9 | 66.1 |
| 1996 | 31.7 | 71 |
| 1995 | - | 71.3 |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/libya/thailand | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Libya is 35.9, ranking 189/197, compared to 62.2 for Thailand, ranking 88/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Libya
|
Thailand
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
28.3%
2024 |
59.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
73.5%
2024 |
32.1%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
2.39%
2024 |
8.71%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$50.9B
2024 |
$509B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$15,400
2024 |
$23,960
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$92.9B
2024 |
$237B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
29/177
2024 |
15/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$795M
2023 |
-$6.95B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
2024 |
$14.3B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$56.5M
2024 |
$7.36B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
3.52%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
7.4%
2005 |
5.4%
2022 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
14.3%
2024 |
21.6%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/libya/thailand | CC BY
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1948–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2019–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2004–2005, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.