Skip to content

Economy of Colombia vs Singapore compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Colombia has a GDP of $419B compared to $547B for Singapore, ranking 39/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Colombia has $256B in government debt (61.2% of GDP), compared to $950B (173.5% of GDP) in Singapore.

Colombia vs Singapore GDP by year

Colombia
Singapore
1x
Year GDP, current $
Colombia Singapore
2024 $418,818,154,879 $547,386,645,892
2023 $366,291,836,138 $505,439,514,078
2022 $345,632,492,851 $509,017,841,147
2021 $318,524,633,225 $436,591,382,250
2020 $270,348,342,541 $349,165,858,545
2019 $323,031,701,193 $376,161,998,830
2018 $334,198,218,098 $377,123,710,561
2017 $311,866,875,157 $343,673,334,902
2016 $282,720,100,286 $319,646,468,521
2015 $293,492,370,193 $307,998,545,269
2014 $381,240,864,422 $314,863,580,758
2013 $382,093,697,078 $307,576,360,585
2012 $370,691,143,018 $295,092,888,077
2011 $334,966,134,805 $279,356,499,090
2010 $286,498,534,095 $239,807,980,591
2009 $232,468,663,110 $194,150,283,772
2008 $242,504,150,473 $193,617,323,539
2007 $206,229,540,926 $180,941,701,358
2006 $161,792,958,905 $148,627,286,361
2005 $145,600,529,606 $127,807,848,728
2004 $117,092,416,666 $115,033,593,101
2003 $94,644,969,157 $97,646,401,096
2002 $97,945,812,803 $92,538,372,870
2001 $98,200,641,203 $89,793,790,670
2000 $99,875,074,951 $96,076,539,926
1999 $86,186,158,685 $86,286,849,755
1998 $98,443,739,941 $85,728,207,782
1997 $106,659,508,271 $100,123,787,215
1996 $97,160,109,278 $96,293,086,513
1995 $92,507,279,383 $87,812,540,788
1994 $81,703,500,846 $73,688,724,431
1993 $66,446,804,803 $60,603,815,716
1992 $58,418,985,443 $52,131,320,033
1991 $49,175,565,911 $45,466,164,978
1990 $47,844,090,710 $36,144,336,769
1989 $39,540,080,200 $30,465,364,739
1988 $39,212,550,050 $25,371,462,488
1987 $36,373,307,085 $20,919,215,578
1986 $34,942,489,684 $18,586,746,057
1985 $34,894,411,352 $19,156,532,746
1984 $38,253,120,738 $19,749,361,098
1983 $38,729,822,782 $17,784,112,150
1982 $38,968,039,722 $16,084,252,378
1981 $36,388,366,869 $14,175,228,844
1980 $33,400,735,644 $11,896,256,783
1979 $27,940,411,250 $9,296,921,724
1978 $23,263,511,958 $7,517,176,355
1977 $19,470,960,619 $6,618,585,074
1976 $15,341,403,660 $6,327,077,974
1975 $13,098,633,902 $5,633,673,930
1974 $12,370,029,584 $5,221,534,956
1973 $10,315,760,000 $3,696,213,333
1972 $8,671,358,733 $2,721,440,981
1971 $7,820,380,971 $2,263,785,444
1970 $7,198,360,460 $1,920,574,150
1969 $6,450,175,214 $1,659,893,768
1968 $5,960,212,869 $1,425,706,091
1967 $5,825,170,438 $1,238,035,816
1966 $5,428,518,519 $1,096,425,608
1965 $5,760,761,905 $974,644,096
1964 $5,973,366,667 $894,153,311
1963 $4,836,166,667 $917,608,012
1962 $4,955,543,963 $826,239,212
1961 $4,540,447,761 $764,629,788
1960 $4,031,152,977 $704,751,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

GDP per capita in Colombia vs Singapore by year

Colombia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Colombia Singapore
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $7,919 $22,349 $90,674 $150,689
2023 $7,001 $21,246 $85,412 $143,786
2022 $6,680 $20,854 $90,299 $143,095
2021 $6,223 $17,383 $80,056 $132,617
2020 $5,340 $15,519 $61,410 $101,518
2019 $6,473 $16,182 $65,952 $105,335
2018 $6,817 $15,239 $66,882 $103,963
2017 $6,480 $14,401 $61,236 $95,744
2016 $5,960 $14,027 $57,006 $89,902
2015 $6,249 $13,332 $55,646 $87,156
2014 $8,187 $13,355 $57,565 $84,555
2013 $8,279 $12,780 $56,967 $83,088
2012 $8,109 $12,093 $55,548 $82,108
2011 $7,401 $11,707 $53,891 $80,052
2010 $6,398 $10,841 $47,237 $75,401
2009 $5,251 $10,367 $38,927 $66,213
2008 $5,542 $10,307 $40,009 $67,735
2007 $4,770 $9,909 $39,433 $68,805
2006 $3,790 $9,154 $33,768 $64,061
2005 $3,456 $8,432 $29,961 $58,822
2004 $2,819 $7,909 $27,608 $54,384
2003 $2,312 $7,420 $23,730 $48,778
2002 $2,429 $7,109 $22,160 $45,083
2001 $2,473 $6,935 $21,700 $43,109
2000 $2,555 $6,776 $23,853 $43,781
1999 $2,241 $6,544 $21,797 $39,949
1998 $2,605 $6,854 $21,829 $37,560
1997 $2,873 $6,861 $26,376 $39,286
1996 $2,665 $6,639 $26,233 $36,873
1995 $2,584 $6,506 $24,915 $35,090
1994 $2,326 $6,174 $21,552 $33,058
1993 $1,929 $5,826 $18,290 $30,062
1992 $1,730 $5,509 $16,136 $27,022
1991 $1,486 $5,281 $14,502 $25,530
1990 $1,475 $5,109 $11,862 $23,815
1989 $1,244 - $10,395 -
1988 $1,260 - $8,914 -
1987 $1,193 - $7,539 -
1986 $1,169 - $6,800 -
1985 $1,192 - $7,002 -
1984 $1,336 - $7,228 -
1983 $1,384 - $6,633 -
1982 $1,425 - $6,078 -
1981 $1,362 - $5,597 -
1980 $1,280 - $4,928 -
1979 $1,095 - $3,901 -
1978 $932 - $3,194 -
1977 $798 - $2,846 -
1976 $643 - $2,759 -
1975 $561 - $2,490 -
1974 $542 - $2,342 -
1973 $462 - $1,685 -
1972 $397 - $1,264 -
1971 $367 - $1,071 -
1970 $346 - $926 -
1969 $318 - $813 -
1968 $302 - $709 -
1967 $303 - $626 -
1966 $290.3 - $567 -
1965 $317 - $517 -
1964 $339 - $486 -
1963 $282.6 - $511 -
1962 $298.5 - $472 -
1961 $282.1 - $449 -
1960 $258.3 - $428 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

Colombia's GDP per capita is $7,919, ranking 94/197, compared to $90,674 in Singapore, ranking 7/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Colombia ranks 87th at $22,349, while Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689.

Economic indicators

Colombia Singapore
Gross domestic product
$419B
2024
$547B
2024
GDP rank
39/197
2024
28/197
2024
GDP growth
1.6%
2023-2024
4.39%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$7,919
2024
$90,674
2024
GDP per capita rank
94/197
2024
7/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,349
2024
$150,689
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
87/197
2024
2/197
2024
Government debt
$256B
2024
$950B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
61.2%
2024
173.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,849
2024
$157,326
2024
Government debt per person rank
82/185
2024
1/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,722
2026
$52,793
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$72.6B
2024
$638B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
331,000
2025
Number of billionaires
4
2025
49
2025
Income share by richest 10%
42.7%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
1.1%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
34.6%
2024
14.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
6.61%
2023-2024
2.39%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
9.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
9.62%
2024
2.74%
2024
Population
54105437
6125852

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Colombia
Spending

Debt
Singapore
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Colombia Singapore
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 34.6% 61.2% 14.6% 173.5%
2023 35.1% 55.5% 14.8% 172.8%
2022 34.1% 61.3% 15% 154.3%
2021 34.5% 64.4% 15.6% 141.7%
2020 33.7% 65.3% 24.1% 148.2%
2019 32.9% 51% 14% 127.9%
2018 34.7% 51.8% 13.9% 109.4%
2017 29.3% 49.4% 13.6% 107.6%
2016 30% 49.9% 15.3% 106.3%
2015 31.3% 50.4% 14.4% 102.2%
2014 31.3% 43.3% 12.6% 97.7%
2013 30% 37.6% 10.9% 98.2%
2012 29.1% 34% 9.83% 106.7%
2011 30.2% 35.8% 9.66% 103.1%
2010 30.4% 36.5% 10.2% 98.7%
2009 30.9% 35.4% 15.9% 101.7%
2008 28.4% 32.4% 14% 97.9%
2007 28.2% 32.7% 9.01% 87.8%
2006 28.4% 36% 12.3% 86.5%
2005 25.9% 38.5% 12.4% 92.7%
2004 26.6% 41.5% 14.1% 95.7%
2003 28% 45% 15.6% 99.1%
2002 28.1% 47.5% 15.9% 96.3%
2001 27.5% 41.1% 18.2% 94.5%
2000 26.6% 38% 16.1% 82.3%
1999 28.2% 34% 15.9% 85.3%
1998 26.3% 27.4% 18.1% 84.6%
1997 26.2% 25.3% 14.5% 70.8%
1996 25.1% 23.3% 18.1% 71.3%
1995 22.2% 13.8% 13.8% 69.8%
1994 20.6% 12.5% 11.7% 70.7%
1993 20% 14.2% 14.5% 71.2%
1992 18.4% 16.1% 14.5% 79%
1991 17.7% 14.5% 15.9% 76.4%
1990 17.4% 16.7% 15.1% 73.5%
1989 10.3% 17.3% - -
1988 10.3% 17.9% - -
1987 9.7% 18.9% - -
1986 9.8% 20.2% - -
1985 10.5% 19.3% - -
1984 10.3% 15.5% - -
1983 10.2% 10.8% - -
1982 10.6% 8.8% - -
1981 9.9% 8.5% - -
1980 9.6% 8% - -
1979 8.6% 7.7% - -
1978 8.1% 7.6% - -
1977 7.7% 9.2% - -
1976 8% 12.2% - -
1975 9.4% 14.6% - -
1974 8.8% 15.9% - -
1973 9.4% 16.3% - -
1972 10.3% 16.9% - -
1971 10.3% 16.2% - -
1970 10% 16.7% - -
1969 9.2% 17% - -
1968 8.9% 16.2% - -
1967 8.2% 15.8% - -
1966 8% 15.3% - -
1965 7% 15.2% - -
1964 8.1% 13.1% - -
1963 8.6% 13.9% - -
1962 7.8% 14.8% - -
1961 8.6% 8.7% - -
1960 6.7% 7.2% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

In 2024, Colombia's government spending was $145B, accounting for 34.6% of its GDP, while Singapore spent $79.7B, or 14.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 61.2% in Colombia and 173.5% in Singapore, ranking 75/185 and 4/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Colombia

Singapore
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Colombia Singapore
2024 -6.25% 4.44%
2023 -2.92% 3.47%
2022 -6.34% 1.21%
2021 -7.26% 1.13%
2020 -7.12% -6.73%
2019 -3.48% 3.77%
2018 -4.67% 3.68%
2017 -2.5% 5.24%
2016 -2.27% 3.25%
2015 -3.52% 2.86%
2014 -1.74% 4.6%
2013 -1.02% 5.96%
2012 0.15% 7.34%
2011 -1.99% 7.96%
2010 -3.3% 5.68%
2009 -2.67% -0.09%
2008 0.04% 3.59%
2007 -0.82% 7.12%
2006 -0.99% 2.16%
2005 -0.02% 2.56%
2004 -1.31% 2.06%
2003 -2.7% 0.68%
2002 -3.45% 2.23%
2001 -2.71% 1.2%
2000 -2.94% 4.59%
1999 -5.37% 5.2%
1998 -3.86% 2.41%
1997 -3.23% 5.66%
1996 -2.49% 1.98%
1995 -1% 4.8%
1994 -0.14% 7.9%
1993 -0.24% 4.36%
1992 -0.07% 2.7%
1991 0.35% 0.68%
1990 -0.41% 1.97%
1989 -1.4% -
1988 -1.3% -
1987 -0.4% -
1986 -1.4% -
1985 -2.4% -
1984 -3.3% -
1983 -3.1% -
1982 -3.6% -
1981 -2.8% -
1980 -2.2% -
1979 -0.7% -
1978 0.3% -
1977 0.5% -
1976 0.6% -
1975 -0.5% -
1974 -1.2% -
1973 -1.1% -
1972 -1.7% -
1971 -1% -
1970 -0.7% -
1969 -0.5% -
1968 0% -
1967 -0.2% -
1966 0.1% -
1965 -0.6% -
1964 -1.1% -
1963 -1.7% -
1962 -1.6% -
1961 -1.5% -
1960 1.2% -
1959 2% -
1958 1.7% -
1957 1.4% -
1956 -0.2% -
1955 0.7% -
1954 1.3% -
1953 1.3% -
1952 1.6% -
1951 2.1% -
1950 0.9% -
1949 0.5% -
1948 -0.1% -
1947 0.2% -
1946 -0.5% -
1945 0.1% -
1944 -0.2% -
1943 -0.7% -
1942 -1.5% -
1941 0% -
1940 -1.5% -
1939 0.8% -
1938 0.5% -
1937 1.4% -
1936 1.1% -
1935 1.3% -
1934 0.2% -
1933 -0.4% -
1932 -0.8% -
1931 -0.2% -
1930 0.3% -
1929 0.4% -
1928 -0.4% -
1927 -0.6% -
1926 0% -
1925 1% -
1924 0.5% -
1923 0.3% -
1922 -0.7% -
1921 -1.6% -
1920 0.4% -
1919 -0.8% -
1918 -2.1% -
1917 -0.5% -
1916 0.2% -
1915 -0.2% -
1914 -0.5% -
1913 0.5% -
1912 -0.3% -
1911 -0.1% -
1910 -0.3% -
1909 -3.3% -
1908 -2.7% -
1907 -2.7% -
1906 0.2% -
1905 -0.9% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1905–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

In 2024, Colombia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 6.25% of GDP. This compares to Singapore's surplus of $24.3B, or 4.44% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Colombia recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Singapore ran a deficit in 2 years. On average, Colombia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.52% of GDP, compared to surplus of 3.36% of GDP for Singapore.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Colombia

Singapore
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Colombia Singapore
2024 6.61% 2.39%
2023 11.7% 4.83%
2022 10.2% 6.13%
2021 3.5% 2.32%
2020 2.53% -0.17%
2019 3.52% 0.57%
2018 3.24% 0.44%
2017 4.31% 0.58%
2016 7.51% -0.53%
2015 4.99% -0.52%
2014 2.9% 1.03%
2013 2.02% 2.36%
2012 3.17% 4.58%
2011 3.42% 5.25%
2010 2.27% 2.83%
2009 4.2% 0.59%
2008 7% 6.64%
2007 5.54% 2.11%
2006 4.29% 0.97%
2005 5.05% 0.43%
2004 5.9% 1.66%
2003 7.13% 0.51%
2002 6.35% -0.39%
2001 7.97% 1%
2000 9.23% 1.36%
1999 10.9% 0.02%
1998 18.7% -0.27%
1997 18.5% 2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Colombia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.52%, compared with 1.74% in Singapore. In 2024, inflation was 6.61% in Colombia and 2.39% in Singapore.

Top exports between countries

Colombia
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $5.38M
Metals $4.23M
Raw agricultural goods $4.01M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.19M
Wood & paper products $1.25M
Machinery & equipment $1.1M
Animal & marine products $517K
Chemicals & pharma $512K
Textiles & consumer goods $500K
Precious metals & jewellery $312K
Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $90.7M
Chemicals & pharma $13.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.57M
Raw materials & minerals $5.63M
Metals $2.01M
Miscellaneous $1.03M
Wood & paper products $976K
Precious metals & jewellery $444K
Raw agricultural goods $328K

Balance of trade

Colombia Singapore
Current account balance
-$6.88B
2024
$96B
2024
Current account balance ranking
172/190
2024
8/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.64%
2024
+17.5%
2024
Goods imports
$60.2B
2024
$435B
2024
Goods exports
$51.1B
2024
$583B
2024
Service imports
$18.5B
2024
$351B
2024
Service exports
$18.1B
2024
$396B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.9%
2024
143.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
16.1%
2024
178.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Colombia Singapore
Economic freedom 59.8 84.4
Economic freedom ranking 101/197 1/197
Property rights 43.1 89.2
Government integrity 41.6 86.1
Judicial effectiveness 57.4 58.3
Tax burden 68.6 89.5
Government spending 64 93.4
Fiscal health 49.8 80
Business freedom 71.2 90.6
Labor freedom 59.1 77
Monetary freedom 71.9 83.5
Trade freedom 71.4 95
Investment freedom 60 90
Financial freedom 60 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Colombia
Singapore
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Colombia Singapore
2026 59.8 84.4
2025 59.8 84.1
2024 59.2 83.5
2023 63.1 83.9
2022 65.1 84.4
2021 68.1 89.7
2020 69.2 89.4
2019 67.3 89.4
2018 68.9 88.8
2017 69.7 88.6
2016 70.8 87.8
2015 71.7 89.4
2014 70.7 89.4
2013 69.6 88
2012 68 87.5
2011 68 87.2
2010 65.5 86.1
2009 62.3 87.1
2008 62.2 87.3
2007 59.9 87.1
2006 60.4 88
2005 59.6 88.6
2004 61.2 88.9
2003 64.2 88.2
2002 64.2 87.4
2001 65.6 87.8
2000 63.3 87.7
1999 65.3 86.9
1998 65.5 87
1997 66.4 87.3
1996 64.3 86.5
1995 64.5 86.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Colombia is 59.8, ranking 101/197, compared to 84.4 for Singapore, ranking 1/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Colombia Singapore
Services, % of GDP
58.1%
2024
73%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.1%
2024
21.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.28%
2024
0.03%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$372B
2024
$451B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$21,890
2024
$126,190
2024
Total reserves including gold
$61.9B
2024
$384B
2024
Total reserves ranking
38/177
2024
9/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$9.17B
2024
-$96.7B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$152B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.51B
2024
$55.3B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
8.25%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
31.8%
2024
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.8%
2024
22.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/singapore | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1905–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.