Skip to content

Economy of Portugal vs Saint Vincent compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Portugal has a GDP of $313B compared to $1.16B for Saint Vincent, ranking 46/197 and 186/197 by economy size, respectively.

Portugal has $297B in government debt (94.9% of GDP), compared to $1.07B (92.7% of GDP) in Saint Vincent.

Portugal vs Saint Vincent GDP by year

Portugal
Saint Vincent
1x
Year GDP, current $
Portugal Saint Vincent
2024 $313,271,185,085 $1,157,207,407
2023 $292,323,800,949 $1,072,237,037
2022 $256,898,677,175 $989,188,889
2021 $256,055,879,091 $888,677,778
2020 $229,618,773,423 $864,566,667
2019 $240,115,970,063 $910,481,481
2018 $242,092,894,543 $884,329,630
2017 $220,862,990,767 $844,040,741
2016 $206,305,431,242 $814,303,704
2015 $199,038,523,120 $786,555,556
2014 $230,078,616,300 $770,900,000
2013 $226,677,408,292 $764,781,259
2012 $216,536,676,772 $730,032,593
2011 $245,426,767,676 $713,796,370
2010 $238,443,864,993 $720,447,889
2009 $244,667,762,836 $714,300,259
2008 $263,416,394,624 $732,663,259
2007 $240,496,147,317 $713,596,667
2006 $208,756,449,276 $643,501,148
2005 $197,253,876,705 $579,948,926
2004 $189,382,122,532 $549,900,185
2003 $165,226,175,537 $509,090,889
2002 $134,795,565,549 $487,763,852
2001 $121,604,107,165 $462,072,333
2000 $118,605,192,877 $427,946,037
1999 $127,470,385,557 $390,718,519
1998 $123,946,327,916 $373,618,519
1997 $117,016,535,163 $347,770,370
1996 $122,630,089,680 $331,488,889
1995 $118,122,007,430 $316,007,407
1994 $99,688,641,304 $289,437,037
1993 $95,009,751,901 $286,307,407
1992 $107,592,098,307 $277,955,556
1991 $89,233,599,278 $254,829,630
1990 $78,713,860,217 $240,366,667
1989 $60,594,092,182 $214,745,002
1988 $56,347,250,696 $200,726,713
1987 $48,182,925,857 $175,580,647
1986 $38,745,901,354 $160,846,657
1985 $27,115,807,742 $145,641,705
1984 $25,217,969,050 $135,024,988
1983 $27,239,650,742 $122,255,350
1982 $30,527,754,793 $113,759,203
1981 $31,977,276,873 $102,086,539
1980 $32,896,519,824 $82,340,340
1979 $26,622,819,672 $71,096,360
1978 $23,487,614,051 $60,844,771
1977 $21,439,523,311 $49,353,162
1976 $20,332,831,565 $32,792,845
1975 $19,347,607,843 $33,237,226
1974 $17,512,391,476 $32,923,703
1973 $15,090,564,186 $30,165,081
1972 $11,239,117,865 $27,585,805
1971 $9,201,604,240 $20,051,922
1970 $8,108,235,704 $18,450,000
1969 $7,287,555,035 $16,650,000
1968 $6,644,693,214 $15,350,000
1967 $6,002,607,030 $15,835,106
1966 $5,370,108,031 $16,099,960
1965 $4,901,711,248 $15,108,296
1964 $4,429,202,657 $14,758,296
1963 $4,084,251,593 $13,708,299
1962 $3,835,883,663 $14,524,964
1961 $3,573,719,085 $13,999,965
1960 $3,339,150,158 $13,066,634

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

GDP per capita in Portugal vs Saint Vincent by year

Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Saint Vincent
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Portugal Saint Vincent
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $29,292 $51,680 $11,501 $21,272
2023 $27,635 $49,353 $10,582 $19,820
2022 $24,621 $45,250 $9,694 $18,035
2021 $24,711 $38,658 $8,641 $16,201
2020 $22,299 $35,967 $8,351 $15,337
2019 $23,343 $37,866 $8,741 $15,340
2018 $23,541 $34,897 $8,428 $14,690
2017 $21,442 $32,971 $7,988 $13,575
2016 $19,980 $31,589 $7,657 $13,493
2015 $19,216 $29,608 $7,354 $12,379
2014 $22,121 $28,765 $7,169 $12,136
2013 $21,676 $27,966 $7,072 $11,625
2012 $20,593 $26,476 $6,714 $10,989
2011 $23,247 $26,803 $6,528 $10,774
2010 $22,552 $27,292 $6,552 $10,561
2009 $23,151 $26,472 $6,464 $10,869
2008 $24,949 $26,666 $6,599 $10,902
2007 $22,811 $25,738 $6,398 $10,604
2006 $19,839 $24,677 $5,745 $9,949
2005 $18,780 $22,725 $5,157 $8,986
2004 $18,064 $21,476 $4,873 $8,472
2003 $15,798 $20,850 $4,500 $7,903
2002 $12,937 $20,357 $4,303 $7,250
2001 $11,735 $19,529 $4,071 $6,768
2000 $11,526 $18,883 $3,769 $6,503
1999 $12,475 $17,718 $3,447 $6,266
1998 $12,199 $16,688 $3,301 $6,026
1997 $11,576 $15,789 $3,074 $5,726
1996 $12,185 $14,922 $2,930 $5,440
1995 $11,781 $14,406 $2,795 $5,277
1994 $9,977 $13,578 $2,563 $4,802
1993 $9,535 $13,202 $2,540 $4,769
1992 $10,811 $13,182 $2,471 $4,477
1991 $8,959 $12,739 $2,271 $4,126
1990 $7,885 $11,780 $2,150 $3,960
1989 $6,056 - $1,930 -
1988 $5,624 - $1,814 -
1987 $4,804 - $1,596 -
1986 $3,862 - $1,472 -
1985 $2,705 - $1,342 -
1984 $2,523 - $1,254 -
1983 $2,735 - $1,144 -
1982 $3,080 - $1,074 -
1981 $3,246 - $972 -
1980 $3,368 - $790 -
1979 $2,756 - $687 -
1978 $2,457 - $592 -
1977 $2,267 - $484 -
1976 $2,173 - $324 -
1975 $2,128 - $331 -
1974 $2,000 - $331 -
1973 $1,748 - $306 -
1972 $1,302 - $282.1 -
1971 $1,065 - $207 -
1970 $934 - $192.3 -
1969 $832 - $175.2 -
1968 $752 - $163.1 -
1967 $676 - $170 -
1966 $601 - $174.9 -
1965 $545 - $166.2 -
1964 $490 - $164.4 -
1963 $452 - $154.9 -
1962 $426 - $166.5 -
1961 $400 - $163 -
1960 $377 - $154.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

Portugal's GDP per capita is $29,292, ranking 44/197, compared to $11,501 in Saint Vincent, ranking 81/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Portugal ranks 42nd at $51,680, while Saint Vincent ranks 92nd at $21,272.

Economic indicators

Portugal Saint Vincent
Gross domestic product
$313B
2024
$1.16B
2024
GDP rank
46/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP growth
2.14%
2023-2024
4.06%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$29,292
2024
$11,501
2024
GDP per capita rank
44/197
2024
81/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$51,680
2024
$21,272
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
42/197
2024
92/197
2024
Government debt
$297B
2024
$1.07B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
94.9%
2024
92.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$27,807
2024
$10,659
2024
Government debt per person rank
27/185
2024
56/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$16,747
2026
$12,573
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$61.9B
2018
n/a
Number of millionaires
171,797
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
1
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.9%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
42.8%
2024
39.1%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.42%
2023-2024
3.63%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
6.43%
2024
18.8%
2008
Population
10667081
99237

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Portugal
Spending

Debt
Saint Vincent
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Portugal Saint Vincent
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 42.8% 94.9% 39.1% 92.7%
2023 42.3% 97.7% 38.9% 89.4%
2022 43.9% 111.2% 36.6% 86.3%
2021 47.3% 123.9% 37.2% 88.4%
2020 49.1% 134.1% 32.9% 80.2%
2019 42.5% 116.1% 29.2% 68.2%
2018 43.3% 121.1% 26.3% 69.4%
2017 45.5% 126% 26.6% 69%
2016 44.9% 131.2% 27.1% 79.4%
2015 48.2% 131% 27.6% 75.1%
2014 51.7% 132.5% 30.4% 75%
2013 50% 130.8% 29.4% 69.9%
2012 48.8% 128.6% 26.5% 68.1%
2011 50% 114% 29.4% 64%
2010 51.9% 100.1% 31.1% 61.1%
2009 50.3% 87.8% 31% 57.2%
2008 45.5% 75.6% 28.4% 50.3%
2007 44.5% 72.7% 27.1% 48.5%
2006 45.1% 73.7% 26.1% 44.7%
2005 46.8% 72.2% 26.7% 50.5%
2004 46.1% 67.1% 24.9% 58.6%
2003 45.4% 63.9% 26% 55.3%
2002 44.2% 60% 25.7% 53.2%
2001 44.1% 57.4% 24.4% 52%
2000 42.8% 54.2% 23.8% 54.3%
1999 42.5% 55.4% 25.2% 52.9%
1998 42.6% 55.6% 25.2% 39.5%
1997 42.4% 58.7% 26% 38.8%
1996 43% 63.3% 20.9% 40.7%
1995 42.6% 62.2% 19.9% 46.8%
1994 42.8% 60.4% 22.4% 52.8%
1993 46.5% 57.2% 22.3% 48.1%
1992 48.2% 58.1% 25.4% 49.6%
1991 45.9% 63.9% 25.5% 52.1%
1990 42.2% 60.2% 23.1% 53.9%
1989 36.2% 55.4% 27.6% -
1988 36.2% 56.8% 24.8% -
1987 37.5% 57.2% 23.7% -
1986 38.9% 59.8% 22.3% -
1985 37.5% 59.4% 21.4% -
1984 34.6% 51.3% 23.1% -
1983 34.7% 46.7% - -
1982 35.8% 43% - -
1981 35.3% 39.3% - -
1980 32.4% 31% - -
1979 30.8% 35.2% - -
1978 31.7% 31.4% - -
1977 35.1% 26.9% - -
1976 38.2% 24.5% - -
1975 31.9% 19.2% - -
1974 25.8% 13.5% - -
1973 25.7% 13.6% - -
1972 22.8% 14.5% - -
1971 15.5% 15.7% - -
1970 15.5% 16.5% - -
1969 14.9% 16.8% - -
1968 14.3% 17.2% - -
1967 14.1% 18.5% - -
1966 14.4% 20.2% - -
1965 13.4% 20.4% - -
1964 13.9% 21.9% - -
1963 14.6% 20.8% - -
1962 14.5% 18.7% - -
1961 14.6% 17.1% - -
1960 14.3% 16.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

In 2024, Portugal's government spending was $134B, accounting for 42.8% of its GDP, while Saint Vincent spent $453M, or 39.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 94.9% in Portugal and 92.7% in Saint Vincent, ranking 27/185 and 29/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Portugal

Saint Vincent
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Portugal Saint Vincent
2024 0.7% -12.9%
2023 1.21% -12%
2022 -0.31% -9.35%
2021 -2.83% -7.19%
2020 -5.75% -5.92%
2019 0.12% -3.45%
2018 -0.43% -1.65%
2017 -3% -1.56%
2016 -1.94% 0.04%
2015 -4.37% -2.01%
2014 -7.32% -2.82%
2013 -5.21% -5.81%
2012 -6.2% -1.81%
2011 -7.73% -3.5%
2010 -11.4% -3.7%
2009 -9.87% -2.85%
2008 -3.81% -1.3%
2007 -2.91% -3.07%
2006 -4.07% -3.13%
2005 -6.11% -4.3%
2004 -5.99% -2.71%
2003 -5.66% -2.51%
2002 -3.73% -2%
2001 -4.73% -1.6%
2000 -3.35% -0.82%
1999 -2.99% -1.93%
1998 -4.3% -1.81%
1997 -3.65% -2.77%
1996 -4.63% 1.57%
1995 -5.14% 1.08%
1994 -7.37% 0.12%
1993 -8.06% -1.46%
1992 -5.19% -3.25%
1991 -7.93% -0.47%
1990 -6.82% 1.69%
1989 -2.86% -1.92%
1988 -3.52% 0.59%
1987 -6.79% 1.1%
1986 -7.45% 2.32%
1985 -8.35% 4.23%
1984 -5.23% 2.5%
1983 -4.86% -
1982 -7.02% -
1981 -8.34% -
1980 -6.92% -
1979 -6.08% -
1978 -7.15% -
1977 -7.5% -
1976 -10.2% -
1975 -7.1% -
1974 -3.2% -
1973 -5.39% -
1972 -7.72% -
1971 -0.23% -
1970 -0.24% -
1969 -1.53% -
1968 -1.24% -
1967 -0.46% -
1966 -2% -
1965 -0.03% -
1964 -1.93% -
1963 -3.33% -
1962 -1.69% -
1961 -3.17% -
1960 -3.13% -
1959 -1.73% -
1958 -0.52% -
1957 0.08% -
1956 -0.18% -
1955 -0.31% -
1954 -0.58% -
1953 -0.35% -
1952 -0.34% -
1951 0.94% -
1950 -0.83% -
1949 -0.46% -
1948 -2.04% -
1947 -1.65% -
1946 -2.32% -
1945 -2.38% -
1944 -1.44% -
1943 0.03% -
1942 -0.35% -
1941 -0.08% -
1940 -1.74% -
1939 -0.73% -
1938 -0.08% -
1937 -0.09% -
1936 0.08% -
1935 0.75% -
1934 0.6% -
1933 -0.07% -
1932 -0.03% -
1931 0.04% -
1930 0.79% -
1929 1.86% -
1928 0.2% -
1927 -2.27% -
1926 -4.21% -
1925 -1.48% -
1924 -3.16% -
1923 -3.47% -
1922 -10% -
1921 -6.5% -
1920 -5.66% -
1919 -8.83% -
1918 -8.3% -
1917 -5.49% -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -0.34% -
1912 -0.02% -
1911 -0.73% -
1910 -0.19% -
1909 -0.82% -
1908 -0.56% -
1907 -0.69% -
1906 -0.45% -
1905 -0.75% -
1904 -0.26% -
1903 -0.91% -
1902 -0.5% -
1901 -0.69% -
1900 -0.35% -
1899 -0.77% -
1898 -0.5% -
1897 -0.93% -
1896 -1.35% -
1895 -0.2% -
1894 -0.16% -
1893 -0.02% -
1892 -0.8% -
1891 -2.15% -
1890 -2.01% -
1889 -1.95% -
1888 -2.14% -
1887 -0.67% -
1886 -1.43% -
1885 -1.68% -
1884 -1.48% -
1883 -1.1% -
1882 -0.39% -
1881 -1.2% -
1880 -1.63% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

In 2024, Portugal's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.19B, equivalent to 0.7% of GDP. This compares to Saint Vincent's deficit of $149M, or 12.9% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Portugal recorded a fiscal deficit in 38 of those years, while Saint Vincent ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Portugal posted an annual deficit equal to 4.76% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.35% of GDP for Saint Vincent.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Portugal

Saint Vincent
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Portugal Saint Vincent
2024 2.42% 3.63%
2023 4.31% 4.56%
2022 7.83% 5.66%
2021 1.27% 1.57%
2020 -0.01% -0.63%
2019 0.34% 0.91%
2018 0.99% 2.32%
2017 1.37% 2.15%
2016 0.61% -0.15%
2015 0.49% -1.73%
2014 -0.28% 0.19%
2013 0.27% 0.81%
2012 2.77% 2.6%
2011 3.65% 3.19%
2010 1.4% 0.75%
2009 -0.84% 0.42%
2008 2.59% 10.1%
2007 2.45% 7.24%
2006 3.11% 2.74%
2005 2.28% 3.73%
2004 2.37% 2.96%
2003 3.22% 0.21%
2002 3.6% 1.86%
2001 4.37% 0.9%
2000 2.85% 0.17%
1999 2.34% 1.01%
1998 2.57% 2.14%
1997 2.34% 0.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Portugal has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.17%, compared with 2.13% in Saint Vincent. In 2024, inflation was 2.42% in Portugal and 3.63% in Saint Vincent.

Top exports between countries

Portugal
Export category Export value
Metals $324K
Machinery & equipment $79K
Textiles & consumer goods $38K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7K
Wood & paper products $3K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Saint Vincent
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $5.2M
Metals $644K
Textiles & consumer goods $160K
Wood & paper products $15K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Chemicals & pharma $6K

Balance of trade

Portugal Saint Vincent
Current account balance
$6.51B
2024
-$157M
2024
Current account balance ranking
28/190
2024
93/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.08%
2024
-13.5%
2024
Goods imports
$109B
2024
$445M
2024
Goods exports
$81.4B
2024
$59.2M
2024
Service imports
$27.9B
2024
$196M
2024
Service exports
$62.7B
2024
$366M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.9%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
45.8%
2024
15.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Portugal Saint Vincent
Economic freedom 71.2 60
Economic freedom ranking 33/197 98/197
Property rights 88.9 65.2
Government integrity 63.4 63.3
Judicial effectiveness 90.1 76.9
Tax burden 60.6 82
Government spending 44.6 56.2
Fiscal health 82 2.8
Business freedom 83.1 67.3
Labor freedom 54.8 60.1
Monetary freedom 77.7 77.3
Trade freedom 79.4 58.8
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Portugal
Saint Vincent
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Portugal Saint Vincent
2026 71.2 60
2025 70.5 60.1
2024 68.7 59.8
2023 69.5 63.5
2022 70.8 65.7
2021 67.5 66.3
2020 67 66.8
2019 65.3 65.8
2018 63.4 67.7
2017 62.6 65.2
2016 65.1 68.8
2015 65.3 68
2014 63.5 67
2013 63.1 66.7
2012 63 66.5
2011 64 66.9
2010 64.4 66.9
2009 64.9 64.3
2008 63.9 -
2007 64 -
2006 62.9 -
2005 62.4 -
2004 64.9 -
2003 64.9 -
2002 65.4 -
2001 66 -
2000 65.5 -
1999 65.6 -
1998 65 -
1997 63.6 -
1996 64.5 -
1995 62.4 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Portugal is 71.2, ranking 33/197, compared to 60 for Saint Vincent, ranking 98/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Portugal Saint Vincent
Services, % of GDP
66.3%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
18.7%
2024
15.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.02%
2024
3.55%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$288B
2024
$1.11B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$50,730
2024
$21,150
2024
Total reserves including gold
$42.4B
2024
$317M
2024
Total reserves ranking
48/177
2024
167/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$6.64B
2024
-$74M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.5B
2024
$139M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$6.84B
2024
-$1.92M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.84%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.4%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
n/a

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/portugal/saint-vincent | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.