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Economy of Portugal vs Saint Vincent compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Portugal has a GDP of $309B compared to $1.16B for Saint Vincent, ranking 47/197 and 186/197 by economy size, respectively.

Portugal has $293B in government debt (91.8% of GDP), compared to $1.07B (93.5% of GDP) in Saint Vincent.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Portugal
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Saint Vincent
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Portugal Saint Vincent
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $3,339,150,158 $36,024,040,923 $13,066,634 $159,183,504
1961 $3,573,719,085 $38,017,936,816 $13,999,965 $166,390,193
1962 $3,835,883,663 $40,532,613,390 $14,524,964 $172,537,082
1963 $4,084,251,593 $42,913,378,360 $13,708,299 $161,727,050
1964 $4,429,202,657 $45,621,533,262 $14,758,296 $167,661,989
1965 $4,901,711,248 $49,029,000,348 $15,108,296 $169,145,688
1966 $5,370,108,031 $51,028,358,579 $16,099,960 $169,145,688
1967 $6,002,607,030 $54,878,184,176 $15,835,106 $153,036,568
1968 $6,644,693,214 $59,748,902,480 $15,350,000 $162,998,799
1969 $7,287,555,035 $61,016,022,049 $16,650,000 $167,661,942
1970 $8,108,235,704 $66,576,925,869 $18,450,000 $185,678,709
1971 $9,201,604,240 $70,992,075,652 $20,051,922 $191,189,747
1972 $11,239,117,865 $76,682,584,737 $27,585,805 $240,576,905
1973 $15,090,564,186 $85,271,549,458 $30,165,081 $213,869,657
1974 $17,512,391,476 $86,246,084,606 $32,923,703 $195,005,088
1975 $19,347,607,843 $82,496,422,616 $33,237,226 $180,167,718
1976 $20,332,831,565 $88,188,866,692 $32,792,845 $198,863,398
1977 $21,439,523,311 $93,129,733,120 $49,353,162 $225,171,854
1978 $23,487,614,051 $95,752,234,803 $60,844,771 $247,187,974
1979 $26,622,819,672 $101,151,643,316 $71,096,360 $255,548,407
1980 $32,896,519,824 $105,793,836,370 $82,340,340 $261,790,740
1981 $31,977,276,873 $107,505,690,008 $102,086,539 $273,869,514
1982 $30,527,754,793 $109,801,340,397 $113,759,203 $286,130,239
1983 $27,239,650,742 $109,611,259,497 $122,255,350 $292,335,248
1984 $25,217,969,050 $107,550,590,904 $135,024,988 $311,589,438
1985 $27,115,807,742 $110,570,008,771 $145,641,705 $330,843,628
1986 $38,745,901,354 $115,148,663,222 $160,846,657 $349,370,013
1987 $48,182,925,857 $122,496,753,008 $175,580,647 $350,900,271
1988 $56,347,250,696 $131,670,667,369 $200,726,713 $400,288,412
1989 $60,594,092,182 $140,151,099,387 $214,745,002 $405,914,910
1990 $78,713,860,217 $145,687,801,045 $240,366,667 $422,757,077
1991 $89,233,599,278 $152,051,745,567 $254,829,630 $427,557,802
1992 $107,592,098,307 $153,708,313,184 $277,955,556 $454,827,185
1993 $95,009,751,901 $150,567,627,136 $286,307,407 $474,160,664
1994 $99,688,641,304 $152,020,361,238 $289,437,037 $468,244,924
1995 $118,122,007,430 $158,531,059,083 $316,007,407 $504,611,870
1996 $122,630,089,680 $164,086,378,186 $331,488,889 $511,110,827
1997 $117,016,535,163 $171,307,602,501 $347,770,370 $529,026,033
1998 $123,946,327,916 $179,544,008,921 $373,618,519 $550,664,228
1999 $127,470,385,557 $186,558,035,268 $390,718,519 $565,588,940
2000 $118,605,192,877 $193,677,420,326 $427,946,037 $574,859,123
2001 $121,604,107,165 $197,441,874,356 $462,072,333 $584,908,989
2002 $134,795,565,549 $198,964,002,686 $487,763,852 $616,155,570
2003 $165,226,175,537 $197,112,600,778 $509,090,889 $657,384,614
2004 $189,382,122,532 $200,638,423,883 $549,900,185 $684,434,011
2005 $197,253,876,705 $202,207,110,515 $579,948,926 $701,466,543
2006 $208,756,449,276 $205,493,047,483 $643,501,148 $750,547,640
2007 $240,496,147,317 $210,643,893,808 $713,596,667 $775,488,103
2008 $263,416,394,624 $211,316,368,842 $732,663,259 $778,626,044
2009 $244,667,762,836 $204,718,906,430 $714,300,259 $767,895,070
2010 $238,443,864,993 $208,276,152,361 $720,447,889 $733,566,567
2011 $245,426,767,676 $204,707,283,317 $713,796,370 $729,119,124
2012 $216,536,676,772 $196,414,790,540 $730,032,593 $737,643,344
2013 $226,677,408,292 $194,481,859,683 $764,781,259 $755,807,695
2014 $230,078,616,300 $195,923,731,498 $770,900,000 $765,257,214
2015 $199,038,523,120 $199,038,523,120 $786,555,556 $786,555,556
2016 $206,305,431,242 $203,027,536,337 $814,303,704 $819,165,612
2017 $220,862,990,767 $209,757,331,835 $844,040,741 $831,033,934
2018 $242,092,894,543 $215,937,375,270 $884,329,630 $857,424,343
2019 $240,115,970,063 $221,866,334,951 $910,481,481 $863,155,611
2020 $229,618,773,423 $203,663,018,609 $864,566,667 $826,308,151
2021 $256,055,879,091 $214,984,152,370 $888,677,778 $843,606,096
2022 $256,898,675,069 $230,002,605,109 $989,188,889 $869,849,273
2023 $289,696,962,620 $236,012,868,834 $1,072,237,037 $916,180,618
2024 $308,683,317,393 $240,564,244,985 $1,157,207,407 $953,394,362

Economic indicators

Portugal Saint Vincent
Gross domestic product
$309B
2024
$1.16B
2024
GDP rank
47/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP growth
6.55%
2023-2024
7.92%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$28,844
2024
$11,501
2024
GDP per capita rank
44/197
2024
82/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$50,617
2024
$21,272
2024
Government debt
$293B
2024
$1.07B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
91.8%
2025
93.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$27,381
2024
$10,661
2024
Government debt per person rank
26/185
2024
56/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$15,657
2025
$14,935
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$61.9B
2018
n/a
Number of millionaires
171,797
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
1
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
26.9%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43.7%
2025
36.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.42%
2023-2024
3.63%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
6.43%
2024
18.8%
2008
Population
10687819
99920

GDP per capita in Portugal vs Saint Vincent

Portugal's GDP per capita is $28,844, ranking 44/197, compared to $11,501 in Saint Vincent, ranking 82/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Portugal ranks 42nd at $50,617, while Saint Vincent ranks 92nd at $21,272.

Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Saint Vincent
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Portugal Saint Vincent
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $377 - $154.8 -
1961 $400 - $163 -
1962 $426 - $166.5 -
1963 $452 - $154.9 -
1964 $490 - $164.4 -
1965 $545 - $166.2 -
1966 $601 - $174.9 -
1967 $676 - $170 -
1968 $752 - $163.1 -
1969 $832 - $175.2 -
1970 $934 - $192.3 -
1971 $1,065 - $207 -
1972 $1,302 - $282.1 -
1973 $1,748 - $306 -
1974 $2,000 - $331 -
1975 $2,128 - $331 -
1976 $2,173 - $324 -
1977 $2,267 - $484 -
1978 $2,457 - $592 -
1979 $2,756 - $687 -
1980 $3,368 - $790 -
1981 $3,246 - $972 -
1982 $3,080 - $1,074 -
1983 $2,735 - $1,144 -
1984 $2,523 - $1,254 -
1985 $2,705 - $1,342 -
1986 $3,862 - $1,472 -
1987 $4,804 - $1,596 -
1988 $5,624 - $1,814 -
1989 $6,056 - $1,930 -
1990 $7,885 $11,772 $2,150 $3,960
1991 $8,959 $12,731 $2,271 $4,126
1992 $10,811 $13,173 $2,471 $4,477
1993 $9,535 $13,194 $2,540 $4,769
1994 $9,977 $13,569 $2,563 $4,802
1995 $11,781 $14,397 $2,795 $5,277
1996 $12,185 $14,916 $2,930 $5,440
1997 $11,576 $15,786 $3,074 $5,726
1998 $12,199 $16,687 $3,301 $6,026
1999 $12,475 $17,718 $3,447 $6,266
2000 $11,526 $18,879 $3,769 $6,503
2001 $11,735 $19,531 $4,071 $6,768
2002 $12,937 $20,357 $4,303 $7,250
2003 $15,798 $20,852 $4,500 $7,903
2004 $18,064 $21,478 $4,873 $8,472
2005 $18,780 $22,725 $5,157 $8,986
2006 $19,839 $24,683 $5,745 $9,949
2007 $22,811 $25,739 $6,398 $10,604
2008 $24,949 $26,666 $6,599 $10,902
2009 $23,151 $26,458 $6,464 $10,869
2010 $22,552 $27,295 $6,552 $10,561
2011 $23,247 $26,803 $6,528 $10,774
2012 $20,593 $26,476 $6,714 $10,989
2013 $21,676 $27,966 $7,072 $11,625
2014 $22,121 $28,765 $7,169 $12,136
2015 $19,216 $29,616 $7,354 $12,379
2016 $19,980 $31,589 $7,657 $13,493
2017 $21,442 $32,971 $7,988 $13,575
2018 $23,541 $34,897 $8,428 $14,690
2019 $23,343 $37,866 $8,741 $15,340
2020 $22,299 $35,967 $8,351 $15,337
2021 $24,711 $38,658 $8,641 $16,201
2022 $24,621 $44,557 $9,694 $18,035
2023 $27,386 $47,426 $10,582 $19,820
2024 $28,844 $50,617 $11,501 $21,272

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Portugal's government spending was $132B, accounting for 43.7% of its GDP, while Saint Vincent's spent $453M, or 36.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 91.8% in Portugal and 93.5% in Saint Vincent, ranking 32/185 and 27/185, respectively.

Portugal
Government spending

Government debt
Saint Vincent
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Portugal Saint Vincent
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 14.3% 16.4% - -
1961 14.6% 17.1% - -
1962 14.5% 18.7% - -
1963 14.6% 20.8% - -
1964 13.9% 21.9% - -
1965 13.4% 20.4% - -
1966 14.4% 20.2% - -
1967 14.1% 18.5% - -
1968 14.3% 17.2% - -
1969 14.9% 16.8% - -
1970 15.5% 16.5% - -
1971 15.5% 15.7% - -
1972 22.8% 14.5% - -
1973 25.7% 13.6% - -
1974 25.8% 13.5% - -
1975 31.9% 19.2% - -
1976 38.2% 24.5% - -
1977 35.1% 26.9% - -
1978 31.7% 31.4% - -
1979 30.8% 35.2% - -
1980 32.4% 31% - -
1981 35.3% 39.3% - -
1982 35.8% 43% - -
1983 34.7% 46.7% - -
1984 34.6% 51.3% 23.1% -
1985 37.5% 59.4% 21.4% -
1986 38.9% 59.8% 22.3% -
1987 37.5% 57.2% 23.7% -
1988 36.2% 56.8% 24.8% -
1989 36.2% 55.4% 27.6% -
1990 42.2% 60.2% 23.1% 53.9%
1991 45.9% 63.9% 25.5% 52.1%
1992 48.2% 58.1% 25.4% 49.6%
1993 46.5% 57.2% 22.3% 48.1%
1994 42.8% 60.4% 22.4% 52.8%
1995 42.6% 62.2% 19.9% 46.8%
1996 43% 63.3% 20.9% 40.7%
1997 42.4% 58.7% 26% 38.8%
1998 42.6% 55.6% 25.2% 39.5%
1999 42.5% 55.4% 25.2% 52.9%
2000 42.8% 54.2% 23.8% 54.3%
2001 44.1% 57.4% 24.4% 52%
2002 44.2% 60% 25.7% 53.2%
2003 45.3% 63.9% 26% 55.3%
2004 46% 67.1% 24.9% 58.6%
2005 46.7% 72.2% 26.7% 50.5%
2006 45.2% 73.7% 26.1% 44.7%
2007 44.5% 72.7% 27.1% 48.5%
2008 45.3% 75.6% 28.4% 50.3%
2009 50.2% 87.8% 31% 57.2%
2010 51.8% 100.1% 31.1% 61.1%
2011 50% 114% 29.4% 64%
2012 48.8% 128.6% 26.5% 68.1%
2013 49.9% 130.8% 29.4% 69.9%
2014 51.6% 132.5% 30.4% 75%
2015 48.2% 131% 27.6% 75.1%
2016 44.9% 131.2% 27.1% 79.4%
2017 45.5% 126% 26.6% 69%
2018 43.3% 121.1% 26.3% 69.4%
2019 42.4% 116.1% 29.2% 68.2%
2020 49.1% 134.1% 32.9% 80%
2021 47.4% 123.9% 37.2% 88.4%
2022 43.8% 111.2% 36.6% 86.3%
2023 42% 97.7% 38.8% 89.2%
2024 42.8% 94.9% 39.1% 92.7%
2025 43.7% 91.8% 36.4% 93.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Portugal's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.16B, equivalent to 0.7% of GDP. This compares to Saint Vincent's deficit of -$144M, or -12.5% of GDP.

Over the past 41 years, Portugal recorded a fiscal deficit in 38 of those years, while Saint Vincent ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Portugal posted an annual deficit equal to -4.75% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.34% of GDP for Saint Vincent.

Deficit/surplus
Portugal

Saint Vincent
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Portugal Saint Vincent
1880 -1.63% -
1881 -1.2% -
1882 -0.39% -
1883 -1.1% -
1884 -1.48% -
1885 -1.68% -
1886 -1.43% -
1887 -0.67% -
1888 -2.14% -
1889 -1.95% -
1890 -2.01% -
1891 -2.15% -
1892 -0.8% -
1893 -0.02% -
1894 -0.16% -
1895 -0.2% -
1896 -1.35% -
1897 -0.93% -
1898 -0.5% -
1899 -0.77% -
1900 -0.35% -
1901 -0.69% -
1902 -0.5% -
1903 -0.91% -
1904 -0.26% -
1905 -0.75% -
1906 -0.45% -
1907 -0.69% -
1908 -0.56% -
1909 -0.82% -
1910 -0.19% -
1911 -0.73% -
1912 -0.02% -
1913 -0.34% -
1914 -0.34% -
1915 -0.34% -
1916 -0.34% -
1917 -5.49% -
1918 -8.3% -
1919 -8.83% -
1920 -5.66% -
1921 -6.5% -
1922 -10% -
1923 -3.47% -
1924 -3.16% -
1925 -1.48% -
1926 -4.21% -
1927 -2.27% -
1928 0.2% -
1929 1.86% -
1930 0.79% -
1931 0.04% -
1932 -0.03% -
1933 -0.07% -
1934 0.6% -
1935 0.75% -
1936 0.08% -
1937 -0.09% -
1938 -0.08% -
1939 -0.73% -
1940 -1.74% -
1941 -0.08% -
1942 -0.35% -
1943 0.03% -
1944 -1.44% -
1945 -2.38% -
1946 -2.32% -
1947 -1.65% -
1948 -2.04% -
1949 -0.46% -
1950 -0.83% -
1951 0.94% -
1952 -0.34% -
1953 -0.35% -
1954 -0.58% -
1955 -0.31% -
1956 -0.18% -
1957 0.08% -
1958 -0.52% -
1959 -1.73% -
1960 -3.13% -
1961 -3.17% -
1962 -1.69% -
1963 -3.33% -
1964 -1.93% -
1965 -0.03% -
1966 -2% -
1967 -0.46% -
1968 -1.24% -
1969 -1.53% -
1970 -0.24% -
1971 -0.23% -
1972 -7.72% -
1973 -5.39% -
1974 -3.2% -
1975 -7.1% -
1976 -10.2% -
1977 -7.5% -
1978 -7.15% -
1979 -6.08% -
1980 -6.92% -
1981 -8.34% -
1982 -7.02% -
1983 -4.86% -
1984 -5.23% 2.5%
1985 -8.35% 4.23%
1986 -7.45% 2.32%
1987 -6.79% 1.1%
1988 -3.52% 0.59%
1989 -2.86% -1.92%
1990 -6.82% 1.69%
1991 -7.93% -0.47%
1992 -5.19% -3.25%
1993 -8.06% -1.46%
1994 -7.37% 0.12%
1995 -5.14% 1.08%
1996 -4.63% 1.57%
1997 -3.65% -2.77%
1998 -4.3% -1.81%
1999 -2.99% -1.93%
2000 -3.4% -0.82%
2001 -4.78% -1.6%
2002 -3.78% -2%
2003 -5.62% -2.51%
2004 -5.97% -2.71%
2005 -6.11% -4.3%
2006 -4.09% -3.13%
2007 -2.94% -3.07%
2008 -3.7% -1.3%
2009 -9.87% -2.85%
2010 -11.4% -3.7%
2011 -7.65% -3.5%
2012 -6.17% -1.81%
2013 -5.1% -5.81%
2014 -7.3% -2.82%
2015 -4.35% -2.01%
2016 -1.94% 0.04%
2017 -2.96% -1.56%
2018 -0.35% -1.65%
2019 0.08% -3.45%
2020 -5.81% -5.92%
2021 -2.87% -7.19%
2022 -0.32% -9.35%
2023 1.19% -11.9%
2024 0.7% -12.5%
2025 0.52% -7.74%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Portugal has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.2%, compared with 2.21% in Saint Vincent. In 2024, inflation was 2.42% in Portugal and 3.63% in Saint Vincent.

Inflation
Portugal

Saint Vincent
Year Inflation
Portugal Saint Vincent Portugal Saint Vincent
1996 3.07% 4.41%
1997 2.34% 0.44%
1998 2.57% 2.14%
1999 2.34% 1.01%
2000 2.85% 0.17%
2001 4.37% 0.9%
2002 3.6% 1.86%
2003 3.22% 0.21%
2004 2.37% 2.96%
2005 2.28% 3.73%
2006 3.11% 2.74%
2007 2.45% 7.24%
2008 2.59% 10.1%
2009 -0.84% 0.42%
2010 1.4% 0.75%
2011 3.65% 3.19%
2012 2.77% 2.6%
2013 0.27% 0.81%
2014 -0.28% 0.19%
2015 0.49% -1.73%
2016 0.61% -0.15%
2017 1.37% 2.15%
2018 0.99% 2.32%
2019 0.34% 0.91%
2020 -0.01% -0.63%
2021 1.27% 1.57%
2022 7.83% 5.66%
2023 4.31% 4.56%
2024 2.42% 3.63%

Top exports between countries

Portugal
Export category Export value
Metals $324K
Machinery & equipment $79K
Textiles & consumer goods $38K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7K
Wood & paper products $3K
Chemicals & pharma $2K
Saint Vincent
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $5.2M
Metals $644K
Textiles & consumer goods $160K
Wood & paper products $15K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Chemicals & pharma $6K

Balance of trade

Portugal Saint Vincent
Current account balance
$6.71B
2024
-$157M
2024
Current account balance ranking
27/189
2024
91/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.17%
2024
-13.5%
2024
Goods imports
$109B
2024
$445M
2024
Goods exports
$81.9B
2024
$59.2M
2024
Service imports
$27.7B
2024
$196M
2024
Service exports
$62.3B
2024
$366M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44.7%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
46.5%
2024
15.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Portugal Saint Vincent
Economic freedom 70.5 60.1
Economic freedom ranking 31/197 95/197
Property rights 90.1 69
Government integrity 63.9 61.7
Judicial effectiveness 91.3 77.8
Tax burden 59.8 74.9
Government spending 40.2 58.9
Fiscal health 79.7 4.8
Business freedom 79.6 69.4
Labor freedom 57.1 59.7
Monetary freedom 75.1 76.5
Trade freedom 79.6 59
Investment freedom 70 70
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Portugal is 70.5, ranking 31/197, compared to 60.1 for Saint Vincent, ranking 95/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Portugal
Saint Vincent
Year Economic freedom index
Portugal Saint Vincent
1995 62.4 -
1996 64.5 -
1997 63.6 -
1998 65 -
1999 65.6 -
2000 65.5 -
2001 66 -
2002 65.4 -
2003 64.9 -
2004 64.9 -
2005 62.4 -
2006 62.9 -
2007 64 -
2008 63.9 -
2009 64.9 64.3
2010 64.4 66.9
2011 64 66.9
2012 63 66.5
2013 63.1 66.7
2014 63.5 67
2015 65.3 68
2016 65.1 68.8
2017 62.6 65.2
2018 63.4 67.7
2019 65.3 65.8
2020 67 66.8
2021 67.5 66.3
2022 70.8 65.7
2023 69.5 63.5
2024 68.7 59.8
2025 70.5 60.1

More economic indicators

Portugal Saint Vincent
Services, % of GDP
66.4%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
18.4%
2024
15.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.97%
2024
3.55%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$285B
2024
$1.11B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$49,690
2024
$21,080
2024
Total reserves including gold
$42.4B
2024
$317M
2024
Total reserves ranking
48/177
2024
167/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$6.47B
2024
-$74M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.2B
2024
$73.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$6.71B
2024
-$277K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.55%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.4%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.1%
2024
n/a

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.