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Economy of Nigeria vs Portugal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Nigeria has a GDP of $188B compared to $309B for Portugal, ranking 58/197 and 47/197 by economy size, respectively.

Nigeria has $99.3B in government debt (52.5% of GDP), compared to $293B (91.8% of GDP) in Portugal.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Nigeria
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Portugal
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Nigeria Portugal
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $4,196,174,502 $65,552,393,151 $3,339,150,158 $36,024,040,923
1961 $4,467,287,893 $65,678,119,685 $3,573,719,085 $38,017,936,816
1962 $4,909,399,176 $68,372,888,068 $3,835,883,663 $40,532,613,390
1963 $5,165,590,254 $74,238,337,576 $4,084,251,593 $42,913,378,360
1964 $5,552,931,319 $77,913,498,064 $4,429,202,657 $45,621,533,262
1965 $5,874,537,650 $81,719,554,395 $4,901,711,248 $49,029,000,348
1966 $6,366,917,453 $78,246,053,144 $5,370,108,031 $51,028,358,579
1967 $5,203,237,919 $65,927,285,450 $6,002,607,030 $54,878,184,176
1968 $5,200,997,920 $65,104,275,427 $6,644,693,214 $59,748,902,480
1969 $6,634,317,346 $80,857,806,917 $7,287,555,035 $61,016,022,049
1970 $12,546,094,982 $101,078,114,312 $8,108,235,704 $66,576,925,869
1971 $9,181,769,912 $115,469,142,733 $9,201,604,240 $70,992,075,652
1972 $12,274,416,018 $119,353,827,264 $11,239,117,865 $76,682,584,737
1973 $15,162,871,287 $125,790,293,297 $15,090,564,186 $85,271,549,458
1974 $24,846,641,318 $139,829,338,542 $17,512,391,476 $86,246,084,606
1975 $27,778,934,625 $132,519,413,715 $19,347,607,843 $82,496,422,616
1976 $36,308,883,249 $144,502,285,208 $20,332,831,565 $88,188,866,692
1977 $36,035,407,725 $153,207,273,165 $21,439,523,311 $93,129,733,120
1978 $36,527,862,209 $144,376,163,268 $23,487,614,051 $95,752,234,803
1979 $47,259,911,894 $154,135,170,311 $26,622,819,672 $101,151,643,316
1980 $64,201,788,123 $160,616,293,803 $32,896,519,824 $105,793,836,370
1981 $164,475,209,516 $139,530,778,713 $31,977,276,873 $107,505,690,008
1982 $142,769,363,314 $130,037,957,320 $30,527,754,793 $109,801,340,397
1983 $97,094,911,792 $115,832,500,286 $27,239,650,742 $109,611,259,497
1984 $73,484,359,521 $114,540,246,020 $25,217,969,050 $107,550,590,904
1985 $73,745,821,158 $121,313,042,219 $27,115,807,742 $110,570,008,771
1986 $54,805,852,581 $121,386,976,785 $38,745,901,354 $115,148,663,222
1987 $52,676,041,931 $125,271,512,343 $48,182,925,857 $122,496,753,008
1988 $49,648,470,440 $134,458,956,986 $56,347,250,696 $131,670,667,369
1989 $44,003,061,108 $137,039,737,058 $60,594,092,182 $140,151,099,387
1990 $54,035,795,388 $153,178,750,575 $78,713,860,217 $145,687,801,045
1991 $59,526,833,412 $153,727,670,613 $89,233,599,278 $152,051,745,567
1992 $52,058,181,854 $160,847,095,651 $107,592,098,307 $153,708,313,184
1993 $56,721,051,402 $157,573,666,210 $95,009,751,901 $150,567,627,136
1994 $80,399,613,064 $154,713,823,159 $99,688,641,304 $152,020,361,238
1995 $140,919,776,986 $154,601,400,725 $118,122,007,430 $158,531,059,083
1996 $185,730,236,700 $161,088,358,074 $122,630,089,680 $164,086,378,186
1997 $200,850,397,618 $165,819,683,304 $117,016,535,163 $171,307,602,501
1998 $218,416,200,673 $170,099,910,681 $123,946,327,916 $179,544,008,921
1999 $59,145,077,039 $171,093,510,004 $127,470,385,557 $186,558,035,268
2000 $69,171,451,627 $179,675,448,843 $118,605,192,877 $193,677,420,326
2001 $73,557,840,064 $190,308,075,298 $121,604,107,165 $197,441,874,356
2002 $95,054,059,303 $219,480,696,548 $134,795,565,549 $198,964,002,686
2003 $104,738,954,264 $235,606,371,241 $165,226,175,537 $197,112,600,778
2004 $135,764,731,646 $257,401,275,804 $189,382,122,532 $200,638,423,883
2005 $175,670,569,969 $273,974,099,483 $197,253,876,705 $202,207,110,515
2006 $238,454,997,161 $290,575,362,868 $208,756,449,276 $205,493,047,483
2007 $278,260,846,800 $309,727,563,830 $240,496,147,317 $210,643,893,808
2008 $339,476,276,258 $330,679,000,571 $263,416,394,624 $211,316,368,842
2009 $295,008,835,381 $357,255,424,171 $244,667,762,836 $204,718,906,430
2010 $366,990,417,129 $385,856,064,173 $238,443,864,993 $208,276,152,361
2011 $414,466,676,831 $406,337,011,591 $245,426,767,676 $204,707,283,317
2012 $463,971,018,239 $423,525,315,758 $216,536,676,772 $196,414,790,540
2013 $520,117,180,314 $451,780,110,047 $226,677,408,292 $194,481,859,683
2014 $574,183,763,412 $480,286,163,931 $230,078,616,300 $195,923,731,498
2015 $493,026,682,801 $493,026,682,801 $199,038,523,120 $199,038,523,120
2016 $404,649,125,252 $485,055,087,456 $206,305,431,242 $203,027,536,337
2017 $375,745,731,053 $488,964,081,501 $220,862,990,767 $209,757,331,835
2018 $421,739,251,509 $498,365,674,278 $242,092,894,543 $215,937,375,270
2019 $474,517,490,844 $509,371,727,736 $240,115,970,063 $221,866,334,951
2020 $432,198,898,468 $500,232,309,808 $229,618,773,423 $203,663,018,609
2021 $440,833,635,874 $518,476,715,284 $256,055,879,091 $214,984,152,370
2022 $477,403,400,101 $535,335,926,241 $256,898,675,069 $230,002,605,109
2023 $363,846,332,835 $550,647,684,656 $289,696,962,620 $236,012,868,834
2024 $187,759,703,100 $569,515,294,271 $308,683,317,393 $240,564,244,985

Economic indicators

Nigeria Portugal
Gross domestic product
$188B
2024
$309B
2024
GDP rank
58/197
2024
47/197
2024
GDP growth
-48.4%
2023-2024
6.55%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$807
2024
$28,844
2024
GDP per capita rank
186/197
2024
44/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$6,440
2024
$50,617
2024
Government debt
$99.3B
2024
$293B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
52.5%
2025
91.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$427
2024
$27,381
2024
Government debt per person rank
170/185
2024
26/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,020
2025
$15,657
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$54.4B
2024
$61.9B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
171,797
2024
Number of billionaires
4
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
26.3%
2022
26.9%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2022
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
18.5%
2025
43.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
33.2%
2023-2024
2.42%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
27.5%
2024
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.45%
2024
6.43%
2024
Population
241467099
10687819

GDP per capita in Nigeria vs Portugal

Nigeria's GDP per capita is $807, ranking 186/197, compared to $28,844 in Portugal, ranking 44/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Nigeria ranks 149th at $6,440, while Portugal ranks 42nd at $50,617.

Nigeria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Nigeria Portugal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $93.1 - $377 -
1961 $97.1 - $400 -
1962 $104.5 - $426 -
1963 $107.7 - $452 -
1964 $113.3 - $490 -
1965 $117.3 - $545 -
1966 $124.4 - $601 -
1967 $99.5 - $676 -
1968 $97.3 - $752 -
1969 $121.4 - $832 -
1970 $224.5 - $934 -
1971 $160.5 - $1,065 -
1972 $209.5 - $1,302 -
1973 $252.4 - $1,748 -
1974 $403 - $2,000 -
1975 $438 - $2,128 -
1976 $556 - $2,173 -
1977 $536 - $2,267 -
1978 $527 - $2,457 -
1979 $661 - $2,756 -
1980 $870 - $3,368 -
1981 $2,162 - $3,246 -
1982 $1,822 - $3,080 -
1983 $1,207 - $2,735 -
1984 $890 - $2,523 -
1985 $869 - $2,705 -
1986 $628 - $3,862 -
1987 $588 - $4,804 -
1988 $540 - $5,624 -
1989 $465 - $6,056 -
1990 $556 $2,017 $7,885 $11,772
1991 $597 $2,038 $8,959 $12,731
1992 $509 $2,124 $10,811 $13,173
1993 $540 $2,075 $9,535 $13,194
1994 $745 $2,026 $9,977 $13,569
1995 $1,272 $2,013 $11,781 $14,397
1996 $1,633 $2,081 $12,185 $14,916
1997 $1,720 $2,123 $11,576 $15,786
1998 $1,822 $2,146 $12,199 $16,687
1999 $481 $2,132 $12,475 $17,718
2000 $547 $2,229 $11,526 $18,879
2001 $566 $2,349 $11,735 $19,531
2002 $712 $2,677 $12,937 $20,357
2003 $763 $2,851 $15,798 $20,852
2004 $962 $3,111 $18,064 $21,478
2005 $1,211 $3,322 $18,780 $22,725
2006 $1,600 $3,533 $19,839 $24,683
2007 $1,816 $3,762 $22,811 $25,739
2008 $2,154 $3,982 $24,949 $26,666
2009 $1,820 $4,209 $23,151 $26,458
2010 $2,202 $4,475 $22,552 $27,295
2011 $2,418 $4,676 $23,247 $26,803
2012 $2,633 $4,737 $20,593 $26,476
2013 $2,873 $4,974 $21,676 $27,966
2014 $3,089 $5,252 $22,121 $28,765
2015 $2,586 $5,189 $19,216 $29,616
2016 $2,070 $5,022 $19,980 $31,589
2017 $1,876 $4,997 $21,442 $32,971
2018 $2,058 $5,083 $23,541 $34,897
2019 $2,265 $5,362 $23,343 $37,866
2020 $2,020 $5,354 $22,299 $35,967
2021 $2,017 $5,492 $24,711 $38,658
2022 $2,139 $5,949 $24,621 $44,557
2023 $1,597 $6,207 $27,386 $47,426
2024 $807 $6,440 $28,844 $50,617

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Nigeria's government spending was $33.4B, accounting for 18.5% of its GDP, while Portugal's spent $132B, or 43.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 52.5% in Nigeria and 91.8% in Portugal, ranking 104/185 and 32/185, respectively.

Nigeria
Government spending

Government debt
Portugal
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Nigeria Portugal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 14.3% 16.4%
1961 - - 14.6% 17.1%
1962 - - 14.5% 18.7%
1963 - - 14.6% 20.8%
1964 - - 13.9% 21.9%
1965 - - 13.4% 20.4%
1966 - - 14.4% 20.2%
1967 - - 14.1% 18.5%
1968 - - 14.3% 17.2%
1969 - - 14.9% 16.8%
1970 - - 15.5% 16.5%
1971 - - 15.5% 15.7%
1972 - - 22.8% 14.5%
1973 - - 25.7% 13.6%
1974 - - 25.8% 13.5%
1975 - - 31.9% 19.2%
1976 - - 38.2% 24.5%
1977 - - 35.1% 26.9%
1978 - - 31.7% 31.4%
1979 - - 30.8% 35.2%
1980 - - 32.4% 31%
1981 - - 35.3% 39.3%
1982 - - 35.8% 43%
1983 - - 34.7% 46.7%
1984 - - 34.6% 51.3%
1985 - - 37.5% 59.4%
1986 - - 38.9% 59.8%
1987 - - 37.5% 57.2%
1988 - - 36.2% 56.8%
1989 - - 36.2% 55.4%
1990 20% 71.7% 42.2% 60.2%
1991 19.2% 75% 45.9% 63.9%
1992 22.5% 70.2% 48.2% 58.1%
1993 28.2% 71% 46.5% 57.2%
1994 17% 55.9% 42.8% 60.4%
1995 12.5% 34% 42.6% 62.2%
1996 11.1% 25.2% 43% 63.3%
1997 13.6% 24.1% 42.4% 58.7%
1998 15.7% 22.3% 42.6% 55.6%
1999 21% 64.9% 42.5% 55.4%
2000 24.7% 57.6% 42.8% 54.2%
2001 30.9% 53.1% 44.1% 57.4%
2002 19.4% 43.3% 44.2% 60%
2003 23.2% 42.1% 45.3% 63.9%
2004 18.3% 35.5% 46% 67.1%
2005 17.8% 18.9% 46.7% 72.2%
2006 12.3% 9.4% 45.2% 73.7%
2007 18.1% 8.12% 44.5% 72.7%
2008 14.4% 7.28% 45.3% 75.6%
2009 15.4% 8.62% 50.2% 87.8%
2010 16.6% 9.39% 51.8% 100.1%
2011 17.3% 17.4% 50% 114%
2012 14.8% 17.6% 48.8% 128.6%
2013 14.1% 18.3% 49.9% 130.8%
2014 13.4% 18.2% 51.6% 132.5%
2015 11% 21% 48.2% 131%
2016 9.76% 24.5% 44.9% 131.2%
2017 12% 25.4% 45.5% 126%
2018 12.8% 28.7% 43.3% 121.1%
2019 12.5% 30.2% 42.4% 116.1%
2020 12.1% 35.6% 49.1% 134.1%
2021 12.6% 36.8% 47.4% 123.9%
2022 14.4% 40.4% 43.8% 111.2%
2023 13.9% 48.7% 42% 97.7%
2024 17.8% 52.9% 42.8% 94.9%
2025 18.5% 52.5% 43.7% 91.8%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Nigeria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$6.32B, equivalent to -3.37% of GDP. This compares to Portugal's surplus of $2.16B, or 0.7% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Nigeria recorded a fiscal deficit in 24 of those years, while Portugal ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, Nigeria posted an annual deficit equal to -1.37% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.59% of GDP for Portugal.

Deficit/surplus
Nigeria

Portugal
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Nigeria Portugal
1880 - -1.63%
1881 - -1.2%
1882 - -0.39%
1883 - -1.1%
1884 - -1.48%
1885 - -1.68%
1886 - -1.43%
1887 - -0.67%
1888 - -2.14%
1889 - -1.95%
1890 - -2.01%
1891 - -2.15%
1892 - -0.8%
1893 - -0.02%
1894 - -0.16%
1895 - -0.2%
1896 - -1.35%
1897 - -0.93%
1898 - -0.5%
1899 - -0.77%
1900 - -0.35%
1901 - -0.69%
1902 - -0.5%
1903 - -0.91%
1904 - -0.26%
1905 - -0.75%
1906 - -0.45%
1907 - -0.69%
1908 - -0.56%
1909 - -0.82%
1910 - -0.19%
1911 - -0.73%
1912 - -0.02%
1913 - -0.34%
1914 - -0.34%
1915 - -0.34%
1916 - -0.34%
1917 - -5.49%
1918 - -8.3%
1919 - -8.83%
1920 - -5.66%
1921 - -6.5%
1922 - -10%
1923 - -3.47%
1924 - -3.16%
1925 - -1.48%
1926 - -4.21%
1927 - -2.27%
1928 - 0.2%
1929 - 1.86%
1930 - 0.79%
1931 - 0.04%
1932 - -0.03%
1933 - -0.07%
1934 - 0.6%
1935 - 0.75%
1936 - 0.08%
1937 - -0.09%
1938 - -0.08%
1939 - -0.73%
1940 - -1.74%
1941 - -0.08%
1942 - -0.35%
1943 - 0.03%
1944 - -1.44%
1945 - -2.38%
1946 - -2.32%
1947 - -1.65%
1948 - -2.04%
1949 - -0.46%
1950 - -0.83%
1951 - 0.94%
1952 - -0.34%
1953 - -0.35%
1954 - -0.58%
1955 - -0.31%
1956 - -0.18%
1957 - 0.08%
1958 - -0.52%
1959 - -1.73%
1960 - -3.13%
1961 - -3.17%
1962 - -1.69%
1963 - -3.33%
1964 - -1.93%
1965 - -0.03%
1966 - -2%
1967 - -0.46%
1968 - -1.24%
1969 - -1.53%
1970 - -0.24%
1971 - -0.23%
1972 - -7.72%
1973 - -5.39%
1974 - -3.2%
1975 - -7.1%
1976 - -10.2%
1977 - -7.5%
1978 - -7.15%
1979 - -6.08%
1980 - -6.92%
1981 - -8.34%
1982 - -7.02%
1983 - -4.86%
1984 - -5.23%
1985 - -8.35%
1986 - -7.45%
1987 - -6.79%
1988 - -3.52%
1989 - -2.86%
1990 -0.67% -6.82%
1991 -1.66% -7.93%
1992 1.33% -5.19%
1993 -8.55% -8.06%
1994 -4.17% -7.37%
1995 3.55% -5.14%
1996 4.75% -4.63%
1997 1.6% -3.65%
1998 -4.89% -4.3%
1999 -1.96% -2.99%
2000 4.07% -3.4%
2001 -3.22% -4.78%
2002 1.34% -3.78%
2003 -2.2% -5.62%
2004 5.49% -5.97%
2005 4.91% -6.11%
2006 8.76% -4.09%
2007 -1.12% -2.94%
2008 5.7% -3.7%
2009 -5.33% -9.87%
2010 -4.17% -11.4%
2011 0.43% -7.65%
2012 -0.13% -6.17%
2013 -2.66% -5.1%
2014 -2.43% -7.3%
2015 -3.8% -4.35%
2016 -4.64% -1.94%
2017 -5.41% -2.96%
2018 -4.31% -0.35%
2019 -4.66% 0.08%
2020 -5.58% -5.81%
2021 -5.48% -2.87%
2022 -5.42% -0.32%
2023 -4.19% 1.19%
2024 -3.37% 0.7%
2025 -4.48% 0.52%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Nigeria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 13.9%, compared with 2.2% in Portugal. In 2024, inflation was 33.2% in Nigeria and 2.42% in Portugal.

Inflation
Nigeria

Portugal
Year Inflation
Nigeria Portugal Nigeria Portugal
1996 29.3% 3.07%
1997 8.53% 2.34%
1998 10% 2.57%
1999 6.62% 2.34%
2000 6.93% 2.85%
2001 18.9% 4.37%
2002 12.9% 3.6%
2003 14% 3.22%
2004 15% 2.37%
2005 17.9% 2.28%
2006 8.23% 3.11%
2007 5.39% 2.45%
2008 11.6% 2.59%
2009 12.5% -0.84%
2010 13.7% 1.4%
2011 10.8% 3.65%
2012 12.2% 2.77%
2013 8.5% 0.27%
2014 8.05% -0.28%
2015 9.01% 0.49%
2016 15.7% 0.61%
2017 16.5% 1.37%
2018 12.1% 0.99%
2019 11.4% 0.34%
2020 13.2% -0.01%
2021 17% 1.27%
2022 18.8% 7.83%
2023 24.7% 4.31%
2024 33.2% 2.42%

Top exports between countries

Nigeria
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $1.6B
Textiles & consumer goods $1.66M
Raw agricultural goods $1.09M
Machinery & equipment $959K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $538K
Animal & marine products $391K
Metals $281K
Wood & paper products $177K
Chemicals & pharma $35K
Portugal
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $9.26M
Raw agricultural goods $8.73M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.86M
Metals $4.84M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.57M
Chemicals & pharma $4.44M
Wood & paper products $3.85M
Animal & marine products $1.58M
Transport & tourism services $1.18M
Raw materials & minerals $825K

Balance of trade

Nigeria Portugal
Current account balance
$17.2B
2024
$6.71B
2024
Current account balance ranking
20/189
2024
27/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+9.17%
2024
+2.17%
2024
Goods imports
$39.8B
2024
$109B
2024
Goods exports
$53B
2024
$81.9B
2024
Service imports
$17.9B
2024
$27.7B
2024
Service exports
$4.57B
2024
$62.3B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
16.9%
1960
44.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
9.24%
1960
46.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Nigeria Portugal
Economic freedom 53.4 70.5
Economic freedom ranking 141/197 31/197
Property rights 25.4 90.1
Government integrity 22.4 63.9
Judicial effectiveness 34.1 91.3
Tax burden 85.1 59.8
Government spending 94.5 40.2
Fiscal health 55.4 79.7
Business freedom 38.5 79.6
Labor freedom 72.8 57.1
Monetary freedom 59.9 75.1
Trade freedom 67.6 79.6
Investment freedom 45 70
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Nigeria is 53.4, ranking 141/197, compared to 70.5 for Portugal, ranking 31/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Nigeria
Portugal
Year Economic freedom index
Nigeria Portugal
1995 47.3 62.4
1996 47.4 64.5
1997 52.8 63.6
1998 52.3 65
1999 55.7 65.6
2000 53.1 65.5
2001 49.6 66
2002 50.9 65.4
2003 49.5 64.9
2004 49.2 64.9
2005 48.4 62.4
2006 48.7 62.9
2007 55.6 64
2008 55.1 63.9
2009 55.1 64.9
2010 56.8 64.4
2011 56.7 64
2012 56.3 63
2013 55.1 63.1
2014 54.3 63.5
2015 55.6 65.3
2016 57.5 65.1
2017 57.1 62.6
2018 58.5 63.4
2019 57.3 65.3
2020 57.2 67
2021 58.7 67.5
2022 54.4 70.8
2023 53.9 69.5
2024 53.1 68.7
2025 53.4 70.5

More economic indicators

Nigeria Portugal
Services, % of GDP
47%
2024
66.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29.6%
2024
18.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
1.97%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$291B
2024
$285B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$6,210
2024
$49,690
2024
Total reserves including gold
$38.6B
2024
$42.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
51/177
2024
48/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$672M
2024
-$6.47B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.08B
2024
$13.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$408M
2024
$6.71B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.61%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
56.2%
2023
16.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
n/a
20.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Nigeria vs Portugal
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.