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Economy of Myanmar vs Portugal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Myanmar has a GDP of $81.7B compared to $347B for Portugal, ranking 85/197 and 46/197 by economy size, respectively.

Myanmar has $42.4B in government debt (51.9% of GDP), compared to $312B (89.9% of GDP) in Portugal.

Myanmar vs Portugal GDP by year

Myanmar
Portugal
1x
Year GDP, current $
Myanmar Portugal
2025 $81,665,773,810 $346,639,825,142
2024 $74,068,349,524 $313,656,884,871
2023 $66,757,619,000 $292,323,800,949
2022 $62,253,049,892 $256,898,677,175
2021 $66,345,291,160 $256,055,879,091
2020 $79,006,113,643 $229,618,773,423
2019 $75,065,106,228 $240,115,970,063
2018 $67,860,515,990 $242,092,894,543
2017 $66,053,040,483 $220,862,990,767
2016 $63,298,361,996 $206,305,431,242
2015 $59,607,290,408 $199,038,523,120
2014 $65,531,374,200 $230,078,616,300
2013 $60,269,732,855 $226,677,408,292
2012 $59,937,796,648 $216,536,676,772
2011 $59,977,326,086 $245,426,767,676
2010 $49,540,813,342 $238,443,864,993
2009 $36,906,181,381 $244,667,762,836
2008 $31,862,554,102 $263,416,394,624
2007 $20,182,477,481 $240,496,147,317
2006 $14,502,553,710 $208,756,449,276
2005 $11,986,972,419 $197,253,876,705
2004 $10,567,354,056 $189,382,122,532
2003 $10,467,109,978 $165,226,175,537
2002 $6,777,632,512 $134,795,565,549
2001 $6,477,790,688 $121,604,107,165
2000 $8,905,066,164 $118,605,192,877
1999 $8,486,832,801 $127,470,385,557
1998 $6,459,461,639 $123,946,327,916
1997 $4,722,288,496 $117,016,535,163
1996 $6,123,556,717 $122,630,089,680
1995 $5,289,174,943 $118,122,007,430
1994 $4,432,257,174 $99,688,641,304
1993 $3,163,020,035 $95,009,751,901
1992 $2,411,552,289 $107,592,098,307
1991 $2,069,832,687 $89,233,599,278
1990 $2,115,193,513 $78,713,860,217
1989 $2,013,448,229 $60,594,092,182
1988 $1,541,088,312 $56,347,250,696
1987 $1,562,448,077 $48,182,925,857
1986 $1,582,873,750 $38,745,901,354
1985 $1,478,908,173 $27,115,807,742
1984 $1,304,063,253 $25,217,969,050
1983 $1,381,573,615 $27,239,650,742
1982 $1,481,165,468 $30,527,754,793
1981 $1,111,000,765 $31,977,276,873
1980 $1,038,225,167 $32,896,519,824
1979 $952,265,043 $26,622,819,672
1978 $935,408,775 $23,487,614,051
1977 $873,579,932 $21,439,523,311
1976 $1,204,699,849 $20,332,831,565
1975 $1,061,107,354 $19,347,607,843
1974 $1,225,589,878 $17,512,391,476
1973 $719,754,655 $15,090,564,186
1972 $662,213,083 $11,239,117,865
1971 $587,448,405 $9,201,604,240
1970 $563,555,631 $8,108,235,704
1969 $571,854,215 $7,287,555,035
1968 $559,956,130 $6,644,693,214
1967 $420,359,036 $6,002,607,030
1966 $293,103,479 $5,370,108,031
1965 $367,053,117 $4,901,711,248
1964 $411,419,906 $4,429,202,657
1963 $598,998,419 $4,084,251,593
1962 $634,528,872 $3,835,883,663
1961 $605,581,577 $3,573,719,085
1960 $545,098,448 $3,339,150,158

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

GDP per capita in Myanmar vs Portugal by year

Myanmar
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Portugal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Myanmar Portugal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $1,489 - $32,082 -
2024 $1,359 $5,997 $29,328 $51,680
2023 $1,233 $5,953 $27,635 $49,353
2022 $1,158 $5,732 $24,621 $45,250
2021 $1,243 $5,178 $24,711 $38,658
2020 $1,490 $5,741 $22,299 $35,967
2019 $1,426 $6,101 $23,343 $37,866
2018 $1,298 $5,581 $23,541 $34,897
2017 $1,273 $4,706 $21,442 $32,971
2016 $1,229 $4,460 $19,980 $31,589
2015 $1,167 $4,459 $19,216 $29,608
2014 $1,293 $4,376 $22,121 $28,765
2013 $1,199 $4,144 $21,676 $27,966
2012 $1,203 $3,845 $20,593 $26,476
2011 $1,214 $3,579 $23,247 $26,803
2010 $1,011 $3,348 $22,552 $27,292
2009 $758 $3,040 $23,151 $26,472
2008 $658 $2,748 $24,949 $26,666
2007 $419 $2,459 $22,811 $25,738
2006 $303 $2,153 $19,839 $24,677
2005 $252.7 $1,860 $18,780 $22,725
2004 $224.5 $1,601 $18,064 $21,476
2003 $224.3 $1,385 $15,798 $20,850
2002 $146.6 $1,204 $12,937 $20,357
2001 $141.5 $1,069 $11,735 $19,529
2000 $196.6 $949 $11,526 $18,883
1999 $189.5 $825 $12,475 $17,718
1998 $146 $742 $12,199 $16,688
1997 $108 $702 $11,576 $15,789
1996 $141.9 $661 $12,185 $14,922
1995 $124.1 $618 $11,781 $14,406
1994 $105.4 $573 $9,977 $13,578
1993 $76.2 $529 $9,535 $13,202
1992 $58.9 $494 $10,811 $13,182
1991 $51.2 $447 $8,959 $12,739
1990 $53.1 $441 $7,885 $11,780
1989 $51.3 - $6,056 -
1988 $39.9 - $5,624 -
1987 $41.1 - $4,804 -
1986 $42.4 - $3,862 -
1985 $40.4 - $2,705 -
1984 $36.3 - $2,523 -
1983 $39.3 - $2,735 -
1982 $43 - $3,080 -
1981 $32.8 - $3,246 -
1980 $31.2 - $3,368 -
1979 $29.2 - $2,756 -
1978 $29.3 - $2,457 -
1977 $27.9 - $2,267 -
1976 $39.2 - $2,173 -
1975 $35.2 - $2,128 -
1974 $41.4 - $2,000 -
1973 $24.8 - $1,748 -
1972 $23.3 - $1,302 -
1971 $21.1 - $1,065 -
1970 $20.7 - $934 -
1969 $21.5 - $832 -
1968 $21.5 - $752 -
1967 $16.5 - $676 -
1966 $11.8 - $601 -
1965 $15.1 - $545 -
1964 $17.3 - $490 -
1963 $25.8 - $452 -
1962 $27.9 - $426 -
1961 $27.3 - $400 -
1960 $25.1 - $377 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

Myanmar's GDP per capita is $1,489, ranking 166/197, compared to $32,082 in Portugal, ranking 43/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Myanmar ranks 153rd at $5,997, while Portugal ranks 42nd at $51,680.

Economic indicators

Myanmar Portugal
Gross domestic product
$81.7B
2025
$347B
2025
GDP rank
85/197
2025
46/197
2025
GDP growth
-2.01%
2024-2025
1.86%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$1,489
2025
$32,082
2025
GDP per capita rank
166/197
2025
43/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$5,997
2024
$51,680
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
153/197
2024
42/197
2024
Government debt
$42.4B
2025
$312B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
51.9%
2025
89.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$773
2025
$28,843
2025
Government debt per person rank
152/185
2025
26/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,165
2026
$16,647
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$61.9B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
181,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
1
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2017
26.9%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.8%
2017
2.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
43.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
8.83%
2018-2019
2.34%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
1.48%
2020
6%
2025
Population
55361818
10788071

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Myanmar
Spending

Debt
Portugal
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Myanmar Portugal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 25.2% 51.9% 43.7% 89.9%
2024 25.8% 50.6% 42.5% 93.5%
2023 21.4% 53.2% 41.9% 96.9%
2022 21.3% 56% 43.9% 111.2%
2021 20.9% 63.4% 47.3% 123.9%
2020 21.3% 49.1% 49.1% 134.1%
2019 20.5% 37.6% 42.5% 116.1%
2018 18.7% 39.9% 43.3% 121.1%
2017 19.7% 41.9% 45.5% 126%
2016 21.3% 35.7% 44.9% 131.2%
2015 23.7% 36.6% 48.2% 131%
2014 24.7% 34.5% 51.7% 132.5%
2013 23.9% 44.8% 50% 130.8%
2012 20% 48% 48.8% 128.6%
2011 15.6% 49.9% 50% 114%
2010 15.8% 54.4% 51.9% 100.1%
2009 14.4% 56.4% 50.3% 87.8%
2008 14.4% 59.8% 45.5% 75.6%
2007 15.7% 77.4% 44.6% 72.7%
2006 15.6% 103.1% 45.2% 73.7%
2005 14.6% 119% 46.7% 72.2%
2004 14.6% 126.6% 46% 67.1%
2003 14.3% 146% 45.3% 63.9%
2002 15.3% 190.6% 44.2% 60%
2001 19.1% 262% 44.1% 57.4%
2000 21.4% 164.5% 42.8% 54.2%
1999 22.8% 150.7% 42.5% 55.4%
1998 25.2% 208.6% 42.6% 55.6%
1997 - - 42.4% 58.7%
1996 - - 43% 63.3%
1995 - - 42.6% 62.2%
1994 - - 42.8% 60.4%
1993 - - 46.5% 57.2%
1992 - - 48.2% 58.1%
1991 - - 45.9% 63.9%
1990 - - 42.2% 60.2%
1989 - - 36.2% 55.4%
1988 - - 36.2% 56.8%
1987 - - 37.5% 57.2%
1986 - - 38.9% 59.8%
1985 - - 37.5% 59.4%
1984 - - 34.6% 51.3%
1983 - - 34.7% 46.7%
1982 - - 35.8% 43%
1981 - - 35.3% 39.3%
1980 - - 32.4% 31%
1979 - - 30.8% 35.2%
1978 - - 31.7% 31.4%
1977 - - 35.1% 26.9%
1976 - - 38.2% 24.5%
1975 - - 31.9% 19.2%
1974 - - 25.8% 13.5%
1973 - - 25.7% 13.6%
1972 - - 22.8% 14.5%
1971 - - 15.5% 15.7%
1970 - - 15.5% 16.5%
1969 - - 14.9% 16.8%
1968 - - 14.3% 17.2%
1967 - - 14.1% 18.5%
1966 - - 14.4% 20.2%
1965 - - 13.4% 20.4%
1964 - - 13.9% 21.9%
1963 - - 14.6% 20.8%
1962 - - 14.5% 18.7%
1961 - - 14.6% 17.1%
1960 - - 14.3% 16.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

In 2025, Myanmar's government spending was $20.6B, accounting for 25.2% of its GDP, while Portugal spent $152B, or 43.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51.9% in Myanmar and 89.9% in Portugal, ranking 101/185 and 30/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Myanmar

Portugal
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Myanmar Portugal
2025 -4.94% 0.31%
2024 -4.11% 0.5%
2023 -2.76% 1.26%
2022 -2.75% -0.31%
2021 -2.22% -2.83%
2020 -6.5% -5.75%
2019 -4.7% 0.12%
2018 -2.77% -0.43%
2017 -3.42% -3%
2016 -2.53% -1.94%
2015 -4.33% -4.37%
2014 -1.06% -7.32%
2013 -1.53% -5.21%
2012 -2.7% -6.2%
2011 -4.82% -7.73%
2010 -5.4% -11.4%
2009 -3.55% -9.87%
2008 -2.73% -3.81%
2007 -3.52% -2.91%
2006 -3.42% -4.06%
2005 -3.49% -6.05%
2004 -4.62% -5.91%
2003 -4.24% -5.57%
2002 -4.01% -3.7%
2001 -6.34% -4.68%
2000 -6.03% -3.32%
1999 -4.46% -2.93%
1998 -4.89% -4.3%
1997 - -3.65%
1996 - -4.63%
1995 - -5.14%
1994 - -7.37%
1993 - -8.06%
1992 - -5.19%
1991 - -7.93%
1990 - -6.82%
1989 - -2.86%
1988 - -3.52%
1987 - -6.79%
1986 - -7.45%
1985 - -8.35%
1984 - -5.23%
1983 - -4.86%
1982 - -7.02%
1981 - -8.34%
1980 - -6.92%
1979 - -6.08%
1978 - -7.15%
1977 - -7.5%
1976 - -10.2%
1975 - -7.1%
1974 - -3.2%
1973 - -5.39%
1972 - -7.72%
1971 - -0.23%
1970 - -0.24%
1969 - -1.53%
1968 - -1.24%
1967 - -0.46%
1966 - -2%
1965 - -0.03%
1964 - -1.93%
1963 - -3.33%
1962 - -1.69%
1961 - -3.17%
1960 - -3.13%
1959 - -1.73%
1958 - -0.52%
1957 - 0.08%
1956 - -0.18%
1955 - -0.31%
1954 - -0.58%
1953 - -0.35%
1952 - -0.34%
1951 - 0.94%
1950 - -0.83%
1949 - -0.46%
1948 - -2.04%
1947 - -1.65%
1946 - -2.32%
1945 - -2.38%
1944 - -1.44%
1943 - 0.03%
1942 - -0.35%
1941 - -0.08%
1940 - -1.74%
1939 - -0.73%
1938 - -0.08%
1937 - -0.09%
1936 - 0.08%
1935 - 0.75%
1934 - 0.6%
1933 - -0.07%
1932 - -0.03%
1931 - 0.04%
1930 - 0.79%
1929 - 1.86%
1928 - 0.2%
1927 - -2.27%
1926 - -4.21%
1925 - -1.48%
1924 - -3.16%
1923 - -3.47%
1922 - -10%
1921 - -6.5%
1920 - -5.66%
1919 - -8.83%
1918 - -8.3%
1917 - -5.49%
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -0.34%
1912 - -0.02%
1911 - -0.73%
1910 - -0.19%
1909 - -0.82%
1908 - -0.56%
1907 - -0.69%
1906 - -0.45%
1905 - -0.75%
1904 - -0.26%
1903 - -0.91%
1902 - -0.5%
1901 - -0.69%
1900 - -0.35%
1899 - -0.77%
1898 - -0.5%
1897 - -0.93%
1896 - -1.35%
1895 - -0.2%
1894 - -0.16%
1893 - -0.02%
1892 - -0.8%
1891 - -2.15%
1890 - -2.01%
1889 - -1.95%
1888 - -2.14%
1887 - -0.67%
1886 - -1.43%
1885 - -1.68%
1884 - -1.48%
1883 - -1.1%
1882 - -0.39%
1881 - -1.2%
1880 - -1.63%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

In 2025, Myanmar's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $4.04B, equivalent to 4.94% of GDP. This compares to Portugal's surplus of $1.07B, or 0.31% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Myanmar recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Portugal ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Myanmar posted an annual deficit equal to 3.85% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.98% of GDP for Portugal.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Myanmar

Portugal
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Myanmar Portugal
2025 - 2.34%
2024 - 2.42%
2023 - 4.31%
2022 - 7.83%
2021 - 1.27%
2020 - -0.01%
2019 8.83% 0.34%
2018 6.87% 0.99%
2017 4.57% 1.37%
2016 6.93% 0.61%
2015 9.45% 0.49%
2014 4.95% -0.28%
2013 5.64% 0.27%
2012 1.47% 2.77%
2011 5.02% 3.65%
2010 7.72% 1.4%
2009 1.47% -0.84%
2008 26.8% 2.59%
2007 35% 2.45%
2006 20% 3.11%
2005 9.37% 2.28%
2004 4.53% 2.37%
2003 36.6% 3.22%
2002 57.1% 3.6%
2001 21.1% 4.37%
2000 -0.11% 2.85%
1999 18.4% 2.34%
1998 51.5% 2.57%
1997 29.7% 2.34%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

Over the past 23 years, Myanmar has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 16.2%, compared with 1.95% in Portugal. In 2019, inflation was 8.83% in Myanmar and 2.34% in Portugal.

Top exports between countries

Myanmar
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $7.66M
Textiles & consumer goods $5.84M
Machinery & equipment $1.02M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $168K
Wood & paper products $82K
Animal & marine products $47K
Portugal
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $696K
Animal & marine products $368K
Chemicals & pharma $190K
Machinery & equipment $44K
Wood & paper products $25K
Textiles & consumer goods $15K

Balance of trade

Myanmar Portugal
Current account balance
$67.7M
2019
$6.51B
2024
Current account balance ranking
66/190
2019
30/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.09%
2019
+2.08%
2024
Goods imports
$13.7B
2019
$109B
2024
Goods exports
$10.8B
2019
$81.4B
2024
Service imports
$3.66B
2019
$27.9B
2024
Service exports
$6.68B
2019
$62.7B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP n/a
42.7%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.3%
2026
43.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Myanmar Portugal
Economic freedom 44.5 71.2
Economic freedom ranking 180/197 33/197
Property rights 5.7 88.9
Government integrity 18.1 63.4
Judicial effectiveness 3.9 90.1
Tax burden 88.6 60.6
Government spending 86.6 44.6
Fiscal health 62.7 82
Business freedom 37.9 83.1
Labor freedom 53.2 54.8
Monetary freedom 57.5 77.7
Trade freedom 69.4 79.4
Investment freedom 30 70
Financial freedom 20 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Myanmar
Portugal
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Myanmar Portugal
2026 44.5 71.2
2025 43.7 70.5
2024 42.2 68.7
2023 46.5 69.5
2022 49.6 70.8
2021 55.2 67.5
2020 54 67
2019 53.6 65.3
2018 53.9 63.4
2017 52.5 62.6
2016 48.7 65.1
2015 46.9 65.3
2014 46.5 63.5
2013 39.2 63.1
2012 38.7 63
2011 37.8 64
2010 36.7 64.4
2009 37.7 64.9
2008 39.5 63.9
2007 41 64
2006 40 62.9
2005 40.5 62.4
2004 43.6 64.9
2003 44.9 64.9
2002 45.5 65.4
2001 46.1 66
2000 47.9 65.5
1999 46.4 65.6
1998 45.7 65
1997 45.4 63.6
1996 45.1 64.5
1995 - 62.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Myanmar is 44.5, ranking 180/197, compared to 71.2 for Portugal, ranking 33/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Myanmar Portugal
Services, % of GDP
38.5%
2025
66.6%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
36.2%
2025
18.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
25.3%
2025
1.96%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$72.3B
2025
$323B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$5,890
2025
$52,240
2025
Total reserves including gold
$9.34B
2023
$68.8B
2025
Total reserves ranking
85/177
2023
39/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.74B
2019
-$6.64B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.1B
2024
$13.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$6.84B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.31%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
24.8%
2017
16.4%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP n/a
21%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/myanmar/portugal | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.