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Economy of Bahamas vs Belgium compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Bahamas has a GDP of $15.8B compared to $671B for Belgium, ranking 140/197 and 23/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Bahamas has $11.5B in government debt (72.5% of GDP), compared to $703B (104.7% of GDP) in Belgium.

Bahamas vs Belgium GDP by year

Bahamas
Belgium
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bahamas Belgium
2024 $15,832,800,000 $671,370,081,636
2023 $15,271,300,000 $651,330,595,110
2022 $13,896,800,000 $591,085,783,326
2021 $12,037,000,000 $598,522,422,242
2020 $10,363,200,000 $529,694,473,502
2019 $13,277,000,000 $536,726,344,405
2018 $12,819,200,000 $542,638,913,428
2017 $12,446,900,000 $500,908,767,352
2016 $11,880,900,000 $474,271,566,740
2015 $11,837,600,000 $461,044,767,545
2014 $11,139,100,000 $537,987,419,164
2013 $10,475,300,000 $524,097,026,599
2012 $10,720,400,000 $498,414,364,945
2011 $10,070,450,000 $527,196,649,049
2010 $10,095,760,000 $481,556,503,720
2009 $9,981,960,000 $485,014,525,992
2008 $10,526,000,000 $517,328,087,920
2007 $10,618,340,000 $470,922,156,309
2006 $10,167,250,000 $408,259,840,869
2005 $9,836,200,000 $385,714,762,230
2004 $9,055,290,000 $369,214,712,443
2003 $8,870,090,000 $318,082,528,507
2002 $8,881,160,000 $258,383,599,375
2001 $8,317,830,000 $236,746,141,604
2000 $8,076,470,000 $236,792,460,312
1999 $7,683,870,000 $258,245,733,221
1998 $6,833,220,000 $258,528,339,631
1997 $6,332,360,000 $252,708,051,421
1996 $3,609,000,000 $279,201,433,225
1995 $3,429,000,000 $288,025,588,396
1994 $3,259,000,000 $244,884,129,491
1993 $3,092,000,000 $224,721,795,709
1992 $3,109,000,000 $234,781,652,447
1991 $3,111,160,000 $210,510,999,409
1990 $3,166,000,000 $205,331,747,948
1989 $3,062,000,000 $164,221,056,511
1988 $2,817,900,000 $162,299,103,675
1987 $2,713,999,900 $149,394,404,106
1986 $2,472,500,000 $120,018,787,249
1985 $2,320,699,900 $86,268,264,148
1984 $2,041,100,000 $83,349,530,159
1983 $1,732,800,000 $87,184,239,053
1982 $1,578,300,000 $92,095,926,188
1981 $1,426,500,000 $104,730,018,470
1980 $1,335,300,000 $126,829,314,388
1979 $1,139,800,100 $116,315,456,797
1978 $832,400,000 $101,246,526,194
1977 $713,000,000 $82,839,905,459
1976 $642,100,000 $71,113,882,968
1975 $596,200,000 $65,678,189,097
1974 $632,400,000 $56,033,077,879
1973 $670,900,000 $47,743,801,490
1972 $590,900,000 $37,209,418,019
1971 $573,400,000 $29,821,661,870
1970 $539,500,000 $26,706,196,047
1969 $538,700,000 $24,019,653,475
1968 $453,800,000 $21,654,856,965
1967 $398,000,000 $20,252,508,995
1966 $346,800,000 $18,894,891,312
1965 $300,272,048 $17,597,783,297
1964 $266,560,043 $16,168,044,450
1963 $237,650,038 $14,445,805,381
1962 $212,170,034 $13,436,827,167
1961 $190,022,030 $12,561,701,694
1960 $169,736,027 $11,810,619,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/belgium | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bahamas vs Belgium by year

Bahamas
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Belgium
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bahamas Belgium
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $39,455 $41,198 $56,615 $73,514
2023 $38,232 $39,090 $55,291 $71,946
2022 $34,957 $36,791 $50,606 $69,128
2021 $30,368 $31,065 $51,658 $60,669
2020 $26,179 $27,205 $45,906 $56,120
2019 $33,640 $36,116 $46,717 $56,712
2018 $32,642 $35,228 $47,487 $52,467
2017 $31,875 $34,282 $44,035 $50,256
2016 $30,617 $32,285 $41,855 $48,415
2015 $30,719 $32,138 $40,894 $46,072
2014 $29,137 $31,726 $47,996 $45,148
2013 $27,643 $30,294 $46,965 $43,864
2012 $28,552 $31,036 $44,874 $42,484
2011 $27,091 $30,074 $47,761 $41,245
2010 $27,473 $29,625 $44,197 $39,840
2009 $27,513 $29,197 $44,923 $37,906
2008 $29,392 $30,679 $48,303 $37,883
2007 $30,052 $31,232 $44,319 $36,798
2006 $29,185 $30,402 $38,705 $35,251
2005 $28,602 $29,143 $36,810 $33,178
2004 $26,650 $27,660 $35,429 $32,060
2003 $26,429 $27,031 $30,655 $30,931
2002 $26,782 $27,171 $25,006 $30,282
2001 $25,372 $26,351 $23,015 $28,794
2000 $24,940 $25,422 $23,099 $27,794
1999 $24,041 $24,184 $25,253 $25,441
1998 $21,667 $22,556 $25,338 $24,370
1997 $20,368 $21,606 $24,821 $23,733
1996 $11,784 $21,287 $27,490 $22,745
1995 $11,375 $20,377 $28,414 $22,446
1994 $10,991 $19,441 $24,209 $21,518
1993 $10,613 $18,781 $22,284 $20,473
1992 $10,873 $18,636 $23,373 $20,272
1991 $11,082 $19,296 $21,042 $19,601
1990 $11,473 $19,817 $20,600 $18,688
1989 $11,291 - $16,525 -
1988 $10,576 - $16,391 -
1987 $10,361 - $15,136 -
1986 $9,601 - $12,170 -
1985 $9,167 - $8,751 -
1984 $8,202 - $8,457 -
1983 $7,081 - $8,846 -
1982 $6,559 - $9,344 -
1981 $6,029 - $10,623 -
1980 $5,743 - $12,864 -
1979 $4,994 - $11,811 -
1978 $3,720 - $10,290 -
1977 $3,253 - $8,427 -
1976 $2,993 - $7,243 -
1975 $2,841 - $6,701 -
1974 $3,080 - $5,734 -
1973 $3,341 - $4,901 -
1972 $3,014 - $3,832 -
1971 $3,004 - $3,083 -
1970 $2,916 - $2,766 -
1969 $3,027 - $2,490 -
1968 $2,668 - $2,251 -
1967 $2,453 - $2,114 -
1966 $2,239 - $1,983 -
1965 $2,030 - $1,860 -
1964 $1,883 - $1,724 -
1963 $1,759 - $1,555 -
1962 $1,651 - $1,457 -
1961 $1,555 - $1,368 -
1960 $1,459 - $1,290 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/belgium | CC BY

The Bahamas' GDP per capita is $39,455, ranking 30/197, compared to $56,615 in Belgium, ranking 18/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Bahamas ranks 57th at $41,198, while Belgium ranks 21st at $73,514.

Economic indicators

Bahamas Belgium
Gross domestic product
$15.8B
2024
$671B
2024
GDP rank
140/197
2024
23/197
2024
GDP growth
3.38%
2023-2024
1.07%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$39,455
2024
$56,615
2024
GDP per capita rank
30/197
2024
18/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$41,198
2024
$73,514
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
57/197
2024
21/197
2024
Government debt
$11.5B
2024
$703B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
72.5%
2024
104.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$28,616
2024
$59,278
2024
Government debt per person rank
25/185
2024
5/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$29,535
2026
$35,259
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$321B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
549,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
11
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
22.2%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
20.6%
2024
54.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.41%
2023-2024
3.14%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4%
2016
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.65%
2023
5.7%
2024
Population
405203
11902714

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bahamas
Spending

Debt
Belgium
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bahamas Belgium
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 20.6% 72.5% 54.5% 104.7%
2023 22.2% 74.8% 53.3% 103.2%
2022 23.9% 79.1% 52.3% 102.7%
2021 26.9% 84.5% 54.9% 108.5%
2020 28.2% 81.9% 58.5% 111.2%
2019 19.9% 59.3% 51.8% 97.6%
2018 19.2% 60.6% 52.5% 100.1%
2017 22.5% 53.4% 52.3% 102.5%
2016 19.4% 51% 53.4% 105.5%
2015 17.9% 48.5% 53.9% 105.6%
2014 17.6% 46.3% 55.4% 106.6%
2013 18.4% 44.8% 55.9% 105%
2012 16.5% 36.4% 56.2% 104.3%
2011 17.1% 35.3% 55% 102.7%
2010 15.3% 33.7% 53.9% 100.2%
2009 15.6% 30.9% 54.5% 99.9%
2008 14.4% 25.5% 50.8% 93.2%
2007 13.3% 23% 48.6% 87.3%
2006 13% 22.8% 48.8% 91.5%
2005 12.3% 22% 51.9% 95.1%
2004 12.4% 21.4% 49.3% 97.2%
2003 11.8% 20.9% 51% 101.7%
2002 11.3% 18.8% 49.9% 105.4%
2001 11.2% 18.2% 49.4% 108.2%
2000 11.3% 18.7% 49.4% 109.6%
1999 8.78% 18.7% 50.5% 115.4%
1998 11.6% 20% 51% 119.2%
1997 12.5% 20.8% 51.6% 124.3%
1996 11.2% 20.2% 53.1% 129%
1995 11.2% 20.5% 52.6% 131.3%
1994 11.4% 20.4% 54.7% 137.1%
1993 11.5% 19.8% 57.1% 138.9%
1992 11.8% 17.9% 55.9% 134.7%
1991 12% 15.4% 55.6% 131.8%
1990 11.4% 13.2% 54.4% 130.3%
1989 - - 52.3% 126.4%
1988 - - 53.9% 129.7%
1987 - - 55.8% 129.2%
1986 - - 57.6% 124.7%
1985 - - 58.4% 119.4%
1984 - - 59.1% 114.6%
1983 - - 62.2% 110.3%
1982 - - 59.6% 99.6%
1981 - - 61.5% 89.7%
1980 - - 54.9% 76.8%
1979 - - 54.8% 69.2%
1978 - - 52.8% 65.2%
1977 - - 52.2% 61.6%
1976 - - 50.4% 61.4%
1975 - - 50.2% 59.5%
1974 - - 44.5% 61.7%
1973 - - 45% 63.7%
1972 - - 45% 64.9%
1971 - - 43.9% 63.5%
1970 - - 42.7% 66.6%
1969 - - 26.5% 51.6%
1968 - - 26.7% 54.5%
1967 - - 25.5% 54.1%
1966 - - 25.1% 55.6%
1965 - - 23.4% 57.6%
1964 - - 22.5% 59.4%
1963 - - 23.1% 64.1%
1962 - - 22.5% 65.3%
1961 - - 22.1% 67.8%
1960 - - 23.7% 69.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/belgium | CC BY

In 2024, the Bahamas' government spending was $3.26B, accounting for 20.6% of its GDP, while Belgium spent $366B, or 54.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 72.5% in the Bahamas and 104.7% in Belgium, ranking 53/185 and 19/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bahamas

Belgium
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bahamas Belgium
2024 -1.18% -4.52%
2023 -3.49% -4.1%
2022 -5.16% -3.62%
2021 -11.1% -5.4%
2020 -8.09% -9.03%
2019 -1.65% -2.05%
2018 -3.24% -1.05%
2017 -5.92% -0.76%
2016 -2.61% -2.43%
2015 -3.24% -2.48%
2014 -4.38% -3.18%
2013 -5.16% -3.16%
2012 -3.15% -4.35%
2011 -2.87% -4.44%
2010 -2.56% -4.13%
2009 -2.45% -5.45%
2008 -0.83% -1.1%
2007 -0.76% 0.07%
2006 -0.43% 0.24%
2005 -1.11% -2.72%
2004 -1.93% -0.24%
2003 -1.63% -1.86%
2002 -1.62% -0.04%
2001 0.3% 0.23%
2000 0.09% -0.08%
1999 1.68% -0.65%
1998 -0.41% -1.03%
1997 -1.56% -2.15%
1996 -0.15% -4%
1995 0.18% -4.51%
1994 -0.39% -5.29%
1993 -1.05% -7.71%
1992 -2.23% -8.42%
1991 -2.29% -7.67%
1990 -2.64% -6.99%
1989 - -7.58%
1988 - -7.28%
1987 - -7.89%
1986 - -9.96%
1985 - -10.1%
1984 - -10.8%
1983 - -14.5%
1982 - -12.3%
1981 - -15.5%
1980 - -9.43%
1979 - -8.33%
1978 - -6.51%
1977 - -6.51%
1976 - -6.61%
1975 - -6.45%
1974 - -3.87%
1973 - -5.02%
1972 - -6.07%
1971 - -4.45%
1970 - -3.51%
1969 - -3.34%
1968 - -3.69%
1967 - -2.76%
1966 - -3.08%
1965 - -2.9%
1964 - -2.27%
1963 - -2.8%
1962 - -2.12%
1961 - -2.34%
1960 - -4.89%
1959 - -5.21%
1958 - -4.33%
1957 - -1.27%
1956 - 1.85%
1955 - -1.05%
1954 - 2.34%
1953 - 0.14%
1952 - -0.26%
1951 - 0.59%
1950 - -2.01%
1949 - -2.05%
1948 - -2.29%
1947 - -14.5%
1946 - 1.87%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -5.81%
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -6.86%
1938 - -5.17%
1937 - -4.71%
1936 - -4.92%
1935 - -5.94%
1934 - -2.78%
1933 - -1.69%
1932 - -
1931 - -
1930 - -2.48%
1929 - -
1928 - -
1927 - 3.06%
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 - -5.53%
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -1.4%
1912 - -1.39%
1911 - -0.92%
1910 - -0.18%
1909 - 0.13%
1908 - -0.95%
1907 - -0.81%
1906 - -1.35%
1905 - 1.23%
1904 - 0.004%
1903 - 0.08%
1902 - 0.22%
1901 - 0.55%
1900 - -0.54%
1899 - -1.64%
1898 - -0.28%
1897 - -0.25%
1896 - 0.94%
1895 - -0.33%
1894 - 0.06%
1893 - 0.07%
1892 - 0.17%
1891 - -0.005%
1890 - -0.83%
1889 - 0.3%
1888 - -0.21%
1887 - -0.12%
1886 - 0.54%
1885 - -0.43%
1884 - -0.26%
1883 - -0.54%
1882 - -0.3%
1881 - 0.08%
1880 - 0.12%
1879 - -1.51%
1878 - -1.78%
1877 - -2.52%
1876 - -0.77%
1875 - -0.88%
1874 - -1.02%
1873 - -2.08%
1872 - -0.7%
1871 - -0.64%
1870 - -0.58%
1869 - -0.35%
1868 - -0.39%
1867 - -0.49%
1866 - -0.87%
1865 - -0.55%
1864 - -0.62%
1863 - -0.72%
1862 - -0.49%
1861 - -0.22%
1860 - -0.13%
1859 - 0.1%
1858 - 0.35%
1857 - 0%
1856 - -0.26%
1855 - -0.28%
1854 - -0.4%
1853 - -0.3%
1852 - -0.44%
1851 - -0.05%
1850 - -0.11%
1849 - 0.11%
1848 - -1.41%
1847 - -0.69%
1846 - -0.52%
1845 - -1.17%
1844 - -4.92%
1843 - -0.86%
1842 - -0.89%
1841 - -0.75%
1840 - 0.16%
1839 - -0.43%
1838 - 0.23%
1837 - -0.11%
1836 - 0.18%
1835 - 0.27%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/belgium | CC BY

In 2024, the Bahamas' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $187M, equivalent to 1.18% of GDP. This compares to Belgium's deficit of $30.3B, or 4.52% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, the Bahamas recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Belgium ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, the Bahamas posted an annual deficit equal to 2.37% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.26% of GDP for Belgium.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bahamas

Belgium
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bahamas Belgium
2024 0.41% 3.14%
2023 3.05% 4.05%
2022 5.61% 9.6%
2021 2.9% 2.44%
2020 0.04% 0.74%
2019 2.49% 1.44%
2018 2.27% 2.05%
2017 1.52% 2.13%
2016 -0.35% 1.97%
2015 1.86% 0.56%
2014 1.51% 0.34%
2013 0.72% 1.11%
2012 1.97% 2.84%
2011 3.2% 3.53%
2010 1.34% 2.19%
2009 2.06% -0.05%
2008 4.49% 4.49%
2007 2.49% 1.82%
2006 2.39% 1.79%
2005 1.59% 2.78%
2004 0.98% 2.1%
2003 3.03% 1.59%
2002 2.17% 1.65%
2001 2.04% 2.47%
2000 1.61% 2.54%
1999 1.25% 1.12%
1998 1.34% 0.95%
1997 0.54% 1.63%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/belgium | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Bahamas has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.25% in Belgium. In 2024, inflation was 0.41% in the Bahamas and 3.14% in Belgium.

Top exports between countries

Bahamas
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $1.8M
Machinery & equipment $134K
Metals $8K
Textiles & consumer goods $8K
Belgium
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $8.63M
Machinery & equipment $5.95M
Miscellaneous $4.34M
Metals $2.51M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.16M
Raw agricultural goods $795K
Chemicals & pharma $406K
Wood & paper products $164K
Animal & marine products $89K

Balance of trade

Bahamas Belgium
Current account balance
-$1.05B
2024
-$2.54B
2024
Current account balance ranking
127/190
2024
151/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.65%
2024
-0.38%
2024
Goods imports
$4.6B
2024
$370B
2024
Goods exports
$874M
2024
$382B
2024
Service imports
$2.47B
2024
$164B
2024
Service exports
$5.9B
2024
$150B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.5%
2024
79.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.8%
2024
79.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bahamas Belgium
Economic freedom 65.1 69.2
Economic freedom ranking 66/197 42/197
Property rights 62.7 91.1
Government integrity 67.1 78.2
Judicial effectiveness 79.8 91.6
Tax burden 96.1 50.6
Government spending 83.8 14.6
Fiscal health 9.1 53.4
Business freedom 69.4 82.5
Labor freedom 66.5 57.5
Monetary freedom 77.2 76.8
Trade freedom 59.4 79.4
Investment freedom 50 85
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bahamas
Belgium
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bahamas Belgium
2026 65.1 69.2
2025 63.2 69
2024 62.5 65.6
2023 62.6 67.1
2022 68.7 69.6
2021 64.6 70.1
2020 64.5 68.9
2019 62.9 67.3
2018 63.3 67.5
2017 61.1 67.8
2016 70.9 68.4
2015 68.7 68.8
2014 69.8 69.9
2013 70.1 69.2
2012 68 69
2011 68 70.2
2010 67.3 70.1
2009 70.3 72.1
2008 71.1 71.7
2007 72 72.5
2006 72.3 71.8
2005 72.6 69
2004 72.1 68.7
2003 73.5 68.1
2002 74.4 67.6
2001 74.8 63.8
2000 73.9 63.5
1999 74.7 62.9
1998 74.5 64.7
1997 74.5 64.6
1996 74 66
1995 71.8 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bahamas/belgium | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Bahamas is 65.1, ranking 66/197, compared to 69.2 for Belgium, ranking 42/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bahamas Belgium
Services, % of GDP
77.2%
2024
71%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
9.63%
2024
18.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.51%
2024
0.79%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$14.9B
2024
$656B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$39,550
2024
$74,770
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.51B
2023
$41.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
122/177
2023
49/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$77.6M
2024
$46.1B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$241M
2024
-$41.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$163M
2024
$4.71B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.3%
2020
12.3%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
24.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.