Skip to content

Economy of Bahamas vs Kazakhstan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Bahamas has a GDP of $15.8B compared to $288B for Kazakhstan, ranking 140/197 and 50/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Bahamas has $12.3B in government debt (78.3% of GDP), compared to $71.5B (25.4% of GDP) in Kazakhstan.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Bahamas
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Kazakhstan
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Bahamas Kazakhstan
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $169,736,027 $2,184,283,332 - -
1961 $190,022,030 $2,417,282,963 - -
1962 $212,170,034 $2,669,936,699 - -
1963 $237,650,038 $2,950,922,311 - -
1964 $266,560,043 $3,260,815,401 - -
1965 $300,272,048 $3,600,774,856 - -
1966 $346,800,000 $3,927,434,584 - -
1967 $398,000,000 $4,304,394,228 - -
1968 $453,800,000 $4,666,900,132 - -
1969 $538,700,000 $5,086,065,354 - -
1970 $539,500,000 $4,798,720,488 - -
1971 $573,400,000 $4,876,772,097 - -
1972 $590,900,000 $4,706,214,993 - -
1973 $670,900,000 $5,062,361,052 - -
1974 $632,400,000 $4,214,201,484 - -
1975 $596,200,000 $3,590,367,916 - -
1976 $642,100,000 $3,776,535,134 - -
1977 $713,000,000 $4,122,274,252 - -
1978 $832,400,000 $4,706,792,960 - -
1979 $1,139,800,100 $5,937,115,493 - -
1980 $1,335,300,000 $6,322,747,882 - -
1981 $1,426,500,000 $5,739,385,550 - -
1982 $1,578,300,000 $6,123,861,119 - -
1983 $1,732,800,000 $6,344,139,580 - -
1984 $2,041,100,000 $7,243,177,030 - -
1985 $2,320,699,900 $7,592,963,094 - -
1986 $2,472,500,000 $7,729,408,658 - -
1987 $2,713,999,900 $7,960,094,355 - -
1988 $2,817,900,000 $8,143,949,264 - -
1989 $3,062,000,000 $8,691,819,590 - -
1990 $3,166,000,000 $8,553,076,499 $26,932,016,270 $95,326,487,410
1991 $3,111,160,000 $8,195,405,227 $24,923,076,923 $84,840,573,793
1992 $3,109,000,000 $7,881,883,256 $24,917,355,372 $80,344,023,383
1993 $3,092,000,000 $7,906,144,212 $23,409,260,880 $72,952,373,230
1994 $3,259,000,000 $8,155,102,050 $21,250,792,886 $63,760,374,204
1995 $3,429,000,000 $8,512,193,747 $20,374,302,652 $58,532,023,519
1996 $3,609,000,000 $8,871,708,834 $21,035,357,937 $58,824,683,638
1997 $6,332,360,000 $8,985,954,549 $22,165,932,063 $59,824,703,259
1998 $6,833,220,000 $9,409,803,923 $22,135,245,507 $58,688,033,898
1999 $7,683,870,000 $10,082,050,093 $16,870,817,182 $60,272,610,812
2000 $8,076,470,000 $10,500,295,806 $18,291,990,662 $66,179,326,673
2001 $8,317,830,000 $10,776,034,606 $22,152,689,180 $75,113,535,772
2002 $8,881,160,000 $11,067,521,627 $24,636,598,527 $82,474,662,278
2003 $8,870,090,000 $10,927,526,700 $30,833,692,900 $90,144,805,870
2004 $9,055,290,000 $11,023,948,327 $43,151,647,003 $98,798,707,234
2005 $9,836,200,000 $11,398,330,895 $57,123,671,734 $108,382,181,835
2006 $10,167,250,000 $11,685,180,403 $81,003,864,630 $119,979,075,292
2007 $10,618,340,000 $11,854,159,786 $104,849,915,058 $130,657,212,993
2008 $10,526,000,000 $11,578,710,831 $133,441,648,852 $134,968,901,022
2009 $9,981,960,000 $11,095,250,091 $115,308,686,941 $136,588,527,833
2010 $10,095,760,000 $11,265,968,542 $148,047,348,241 $146,559,490,370
2011 $10,070,450,000 $11,335,048,164 $192,626,464,617 $157,404,892,659
2012 $10,720,400,000 $11,847,406,408 $207,998,568,866 $164,960,327,499
2013 $10,475,300,000 $11,508,181,986 $236,634,603,409 $174,857,947,144
2014 $11,139,100,000 $11,720,773,316 $221,415,613,595 $182,201,980,934
2015 $11,837,600,000 $11,837,600,000 $184,388,404,706 $184,388,404,706
2016 $11,880,900,000 $11,700,725,733 $137,278,320,084 $186,416,677,156
2017 $12,446,900,000 $12,095,184,868 $166,805,788,827 $194,059,760,924
2018 $12,819,200,000 $12,385,290,297 $179,339,977,690 $202,016,211,109
2019 $13,277,000,000 $12,281,371,358 $181,667,184,855 $211,106,940,611
2020 $10,363,200,000 $9,814,098,451 $171,082,365,861 $205,829,267,103
2021 $12,037,000,000 $11,540,093,873 $197,112,255,361 $214,679,925,583
2022 $13,896,800,000 $12,795,362,393 $225,496,328,925 $221,549,683,201
2023 $15,271,300,000 $13,185,464,198 $261,840,101,060 $232,848,717,044
2024 $15,832,800,000 $13,630,935,977 $288,406,138,231 $244,025,455,462

Economic indicators

Bahamas Kazakhstan
Gross domestic product
$15.8B
2024
$288B
2024
GDP rank
140/197
2024
50/197
2024
GDP growth
3.68%
2023-2024
10.1%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$39,455
2024
$14,005
2024
GDP per capita rank
30/197
2024
72/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$41,198
2024
$40,813
2024
Government debt
$12.3B
2024
$71.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
78.3%
2025
25.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$30,693
2024
$3,474
2024
Government debt per person rank
24/185
2024
96/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$25,682
2025
$7,117
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$62.8B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
44,307
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
6
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
24.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
4.3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
23.8%
2025
20.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
0.41%
2023-2024
11.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4%
2016
16.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.65%
2023
4.86%
2022
Population
404321
21036432

GDP per capita in Bahamas vs Kazakhstan

The Bahamas' GDP per capita is $39,455, ranking 30/197, compared to $14,005 in Kazakhstan, ranking 72/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Bahamas ranks 56th at $41,198, while Kazakhstan ranks 58th at $40,813.

Bahamas
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kazakhstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Bahamas Kazakhstan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,459 - - -
1961 $1,555 - - -
1962 $1,651 - - -
1963 $1,759 - - -
1964 $1,883 - - -
1965 $2,030 - - -
1966 $2,239 - - -
1967 $2,453 - - -
1968 $2,668 - - -
1969 $3,027 - - -
1970 $2,916 - - -
1971 $3,004 - - -
1972 $3,014 - - -
1973 $3,341 - - -
1974 $3,080 - - -
1975 $2,841 - - -
1976 $2,993 - - -
1977 $3,253 - - -
1978 $3,720 - - -
1979 $4,994 - - -
1980 $5,743 - - -
1981 $6,029 - - -
1982 $6,559 - - -
1983 $7,081 - - -
1984 $8,202 - - -
1985 $9,167 - - -
1986 $9,601 - - -
1987 $10,361 - - -
1988 $10,576 - - -
1989 $11,291 - - -
1990 $11,473 $19,817 $1,570 $7,874
1991 $11,082 $19,296 $1,442 $7,193
1992 $10,873 $18,636 $1,438 $6,945
1993 $10,613 $18,781 $1,355 $6,477
1994 $10,991 $19,441 $1,247 $5,860
1995 $11,375 $20,377 $1,218 $5,595
1996 $11,784 $21,287 $1,281 $5,836
1997 $20,368 $21,606 $1,382 $6,178
1998 $21,667 $22,556 $1,415 $6,284
1999 $24,041 $24,184 $1,092 $6,626
2000 $24,940 $25,422 $1,180 $7,418
2001 $25,372 $26,351 $1,422 $8,568
2002 $26,782 $27,171 $1,574 $9,504
2003 $26,429 $27,031 $1,958 $10,532
2004 $26,650 $27,660 $2,722 $11,777
2005 $28,602 $29,143 $3,577 $13,226
2006 $29,185 $30,401 $5,030 $14,966
2007 $30,052 $31,232 $6,449 $16,581
2008 $29,392 $30,679 $8,124 $17,278
2009 $27,513 $29,197 $6,938 $17,389
2010 $27,473 $29,625 $8,793 $18,642
2011 $27,091 $30,074 $11,287 $20,160
2012 $28,552 $31,036 $12,019 $21,367
2013 $27,643 $30,294 $13,478 $23,754
2014 $29,137 $31,726 $12,428 $23,958
2015 $30,719 $32,138 $10,196 $22,484
2016 $30,617 $32,285 $7,476 $23,023
2017 $31,875 $34,282 $8,943 $23,973
2018 $32,642 $35,228 $9,472 $25,096
2019 $33,640 $36,116 $9,457 $28,689
2020 $26,179 $27,205 $8,782 $29,040
2021 $30,368 $31,065 $9,984 $32,946
2022 $34,957 $36,791 $11,255 $35,895
2023 $38,232 $39,090 $12,879 $38,515
2024 $39,455 $41,198 $14,005 $40,813

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, the Bahamas' government spending was $3.5B, accounting for 23.8% of its GDP, while Kazakhstan's spent $60.7B, or 20.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 78.3% in the Bahamas and 25.4% in Kazakhstan, ranking 45/185 and 169/185, respectively.

Bahamas
Government spending

Government debt
Kazakhstan
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Bahamas Kazakhstan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1990 11.4% 13.2% - -
1991 12% 15.4% - -
1992 11.8% 17.9% - -
1993 11.5% 19.8% - -
1994 11.4% 20.4% - -
1995 11.2% 20.5% - -
1996 11.2% 20.2% - -
1997 12.5% 20.8% - -
1998 11.6% 20% - -
1999 8.78% 18.7% - -
2000 11.3% 18.7% - -
2001 11.2% 18.2% - -
2002 11.3% 18.8% 20.5% 17.6%
2003 11.8% 20.9% 21.4% 15%
2004 12.4% 21.4% 21.3% 11.4%
2005 12.3% 22% 22% 8.1%
2006 13% 22.8% 19.8% 6.68%
2007 13.3% 23% 23.7% 4.09%
2008 14.4% 25.5% 27.1% 6.77%
2009 15.6% 30.9% 23.5% 10.2%
2010 15.3% 33.7% 22.5% 10.7%
2011 17.1% 35.3% 21.2% 10.2%
2012 16.5% 36.4% 21.9% 12.1%
2013 18.5% 45.1% 19.8% 12.6%
2014 17.8% 47% 21.3% 14.5%
2015 18.1% 49.2% 22.9% 21.9%
2016 19.6% 51.6% 21.5% 19.7%
2017 22.9% 54.3% 24.1% 19.9%
2018 19.5% 61.6% 18.8% 20.3%
2019 20.3% 60.5% 20.2% 19.9%
2020 29.3% 85.2% 24.5% 26.4%
2021 28.5% 89.4% 22.1% 25.1%
2022 25.3% 83.7% 21.7% 23.5%
2023 23.6% 79.7% 23.4% 23%
2024 22.1% 77.8% 21% 24.8%
2025 23.8% 78.3% 20.6% 25.4%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, the Bahamas' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$200M, equivalent to -1.27% of GDP. This compares to Kazakhstan's deficit of -$4.68B, or -1.62% of GDP.

Over the past 23 years, the Bahamas recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Kazakhstan ran a deficit in 9 years. On average, the Bahamas posted an annual deficit equal to -3.33% of GDP, compared to surplus of +0.83% of GDP for Kazakhstan.

Deficit/surplus
Bahamas

Kazakhstan
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bahamas Kazakhstan
1990 -2.64% -
1991 -2.29% -
1992 -2.23% -
1993 -1.05% -
1994 -0.39% -
1995 0.18% -
1996 -0.15% -
1997 -1.56% -
1998 -0.41% -
1999 1.68% -
2000 0.09% -
2001 0.3% -
2002 -1.62% 1.92%
2003 -1.63% 4%
2004 -1.93% 3.29%
2005 -1.11% 6.08%
2006 -0.43% 7.65%
2007 -0.76% 5.13%
2008 -0.83% 1.23%
2009 -2.45% -1.33%
2010 -2.56% 1.47%
2011 -2.87% 5.81%
2012 -3.15% 4.43%
2013 -5.2% 4.95%
2014 -4.44% 2.48%
2015 -3.28% -6.26%
2016 -2.64% -4.5%
2017 -6.02% -4.27%
2018 -3.29% 2.58%
2019 -1.68% -0.57%
2020 -8.42% -7.04%
2021 -11.7% -4.97%
2022 -5.46% 0.11%
2023 -3.72% -1.52%
2024 -1.27% -1.62%
2025 -1.53% -3.15%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, the Bahamas has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.93%, compared with 10% in Kazakhstan. In 2024, inflation was 0.41% in the Bahamas and 11.4% in Kazakhstan.

Inflation
Bahamas

Kazakhstan
Year Inflation
Bahamas Kazakhstan Bahamas Kazakhstan
1996 1.38% 39.2%
1997 0.54% 17.4%
1998 1.34% 7.1%
1999 1.25% 8.3%
2000 1.61% 13.2%
2001 2.04% 8.4%
2002 2.17% 6%
2003 3.03% 6.4%
2004 0.98% 7%
2005 1.59% 7.4%
2006 2.39% 8.6%
2007 2.49% 10.8%
2008 4.49% 17.2%
2009 2.06% 7.3%
2010 1.34% 7.1%
2011 3.2% 8.4%
2012 1.97% 5.1%
2013 0.72% 5.8%
2014 1.51% 6.6%
2015 1.86% 6.8%
2016 -0.35% 14.6%
2017 1.52% 7.5%
2018 2.27% 6%
2019 2.49% 5.3%
2020 0.04% 6.8%
2021 2.9% 8%
2022 5.61% 15%
2023 3.05% 14.5%
2024 0.41% 8.7%
2025 - 11.4%

Top exports between countries

Bahamas
Export category Export value
Kazakhstan
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $51M
Machinery & equipment $5.35M
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

Bahamas Kazakhstan
Current account balance
-$1.05B
2024
-$4.98B
2024
Current account balance ranking
126/189
2024
166/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-6.65%
2024
-1.73%
2024
Goods imports
$4.6B
2024
$61.2B
2024
Goods exports
$874M
2024
$78.8B
2024
Service imports
$2.47B
2024
$13B
2024
Service exports
$5.9B
2024
$11.8B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
41.5%
2024
27.5%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
37.8%
2024
34.5%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bahamas Kazakhstan
Economic freedom 63.2 63.8
Economic freedom ranking 79/197 74/197
Property rights 61.8 54.7
Government integrity 66.2 39.9
Judicial effectiveness 78.6 34.8
Tax burden 97.2 91.7
Government spending 77.2 85.1
Fiscal health 6.7 91.8
Business freedom 70 69.3
Labor freedom 68.8 63.2
Monetary freedom 72.9 61.3
Trade freedom 49 73.2
Investment freedom 50 50
Financial freedom 60 50

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for the Bahamas is 63.2, ranking 79/197, compared to 63.8 for Kazakhstan, ranking 74/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Bahamas
Kazakhstan
Year Economic freedom index
Bahamas Kazakhstan
1995 71.8 -
1996 74 -
1997 74.5 -
1998 74.5 41.7
1999 74.7 47.3
2000 73.9 50.4
2001 74.8 51.8
2002 74.4 52.4
2003 73.5 52.3
2004 72.1 49.7
2005 72.6 53.9
2006 72.3 60.2
2007 72 59.6
2008 71.1 61.1
2009 70.3 60.1
2010 67.3 61
2011 68 62.1
2012 68 63.6
2013 70.1 63
2014 69.8 63.7
2015 68.7 63.3
2016 70.9 63.6
2017 61.1 69
2018 63.3 69.1
2019 62.9 65.4
2020 64.5 69.6
2021 64.6 71.1
2022 68.7 64.4
2023 62.6 62.1
2024 62.5 62
2025 63.2 63.8

More economic indicators

Bahamas Kazakhstan
Services, % of GDP
77.2%
2024
58.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
9.63%
2024
31.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.51%
2024
3.94%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$14.2B
2023
$250B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$37,560
2023
$37,870
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.51B
2023
$45.8B
2024
Total reserves ranking
122/177
2023
43/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$77.6M
2024
-$1.21B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$241M
2024
-$682M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$163M
2024
-$1.89B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
19%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
9.3%
2020
5%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
29.8%
2023

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Bahamas vs Kazakhstan
Afghanistan Compare Compare
Albania Compare Compare
Algeria Compare Compare
Andorra Compare Compare
Angola Compare Compare
Antigua Compare Compare
Argentina Compare Compare
Armenia Compare Compare
Australia Compare Compare
Austria Compare Compare
Azerbaijan Compare Compare
Bahrain Compare Compare
Bangladesh Compare Compare
Barbados Compare Compare
Belarus Compare Compare
Belgium Compare Compare
Belize Compare Compare
Benin Compare Compare
Bhutan Compare Compare
Bolivia Compare Compare
Bosnia Compare Compare
Botswana Compare Compare
Brazil Compare Compare
Brunei Compare Compare
Bulgaria Compare Compare
Burkina Faso Compare Compare
Burundi Compare Compare
Cambodia Compare Compare
Cameroon Compare Compare
Canada Compare Compare
Cape Verde Compare Compare
Cayman Islands Compare Compare
CAR Compare Compare
Chad Compare Compare
Chile Compare Compare
China Compare Compare
Colombia Compare Compare
Comoros Compare Compare
Congo Compare Compare
Costa Rica Compare Compare
Croatia Compare Compare
Cuba Compare Compare
Curacao Compare Compare
Cyprus Compare Compare
Czech Republic Compare Compare
DR Congo Compare Compare
Denmark Compare Compare
Djibouti Compare Compare
Dominica Compare Compare
Dominican Republic Compare Compare
East Timor Compare Compare
Ecuador Compare Compare
Egypt Compare Compare
El Salvador Compare Compare
Equatorial Guinea Compare Compare
Eritrea Compare Compare
Estonia Compare Compare
Eswatini Compare Compare
Ethiopia Compare Compare
Fiji Compare Compare
Finland Compare Compare
France Compare Compare
Gabon Compare Compare
Gambia Compare Compare
Georgia Compare Compare
Germany Compare Compare
Ghana Compare Compare
Greece Compare Compare
Grenada Compare Compare
Guatemala Compare Compare
Guinea Compare Compare
Guinea-Bissau Compare Compare
Guyana Compare Compare
Haiti Compare Compare
Honduras Compare Compare
Hungary Compare Compare
Iceland Compare Compare
India Compare Compare
Indonesia Compare Compare
Iran Compare Compare
Iraq Compare Compare
Ireland Compare Compare
Israel Compare Compare
Italy Compare Compare
Ivory Coast Compare Compare
Jamaica Compare Compare
Japan Compare Compare
Jordan Compare Compare
Kenya Compare Compare
Kiribati Compare Compare
Kuwait Compare Compare
Kyrgyzstan Compare Compare
Laos Compare Compare
Latvia Compare Compare
Lebanon Compare Compare
Lesotho Compare Compare
Liberia Compare Compare
Libya Compare Compare
Liechtenstein Compare Compare
Lithuania Compare Compare
Luxembourg Compare Compare
Madagascar Compare Compare
Malawi Compare Compare
Malaysia Compare Compare
Maldives Compare Compare
Mali Compare Compare
Malta Compare Compare
Marshall Islands Compare Compare
Mauritania Compare Compare
Mauritius Compare Compare
Mexico Compare Compare
Moldova Compare Compare
Monaco Compare Compare
Mongolia Compare Compare
Montenegro Compare Compare
Morocco Compare Compare
Mozambique Compare Compare
Myanmar Compare Compare
Namibia Compare Compare
Nauru Compare Compare
Nepal Compare Compare
Netherlands Compare Compare
New Zealand Compare Compare
Nicaragua Compare Compare
Niger Compare Compare
Nigeria Compare Compare
North Korea Compare Compare
North Macedonia Compare Compare
Norway Compare Compare
Oman Compare Compare
Pakistan Compare Compare
Palau Compare Compare
Palestine Compare Compare
Panama Compare Compare
Papua New Guinea Compare Compare
Paraguay Compare Compare
Peru Compare Compare
Philippines Compare Compare
Poland Compare Compare
Portugal Compare Compare
Qatar Compare Compare
Romania Compare Compare
Russia Compare Compare
Rwanda Compare Compare
Saint Kitts Compare Compare
Saint Lucia Compare Compare
Saint Vincent Compare Compare
Samoa Compare Compare
San Marino Compare Compare
Sao Tome Compare Compare
Saudi Arabia Compare Compare
Senegal Compare Compare
Serbia Compare Compare
Seychelles Compare Compare
Sierra Leone Compare Compare
Singapore Compare Compare
Slovakia Compare Compare
Slovenia Compare Compare
Solomon Islands Compare Compare
Somalia Compare Compare
South Africa Compare Compare
South Korea Compare Compare
South Sudan Compare Compare
Spain Compare Compare
Sri Lanka Compare Compare
Sudan Compare Compare
Suriname Compare Compare
Sweden Compare Compare
Switzerland Compare Compare
Syria Compare Compare
Taiwan Compare Compare
Tajikistan Compare Compare
Tanzania Compare Compare
Thailand Compare Compare
Togo Compare Compare
Tonga Compare Compare
Trinidad Compare Compare
Tunisia Compare Compare
Turkey Compare Compare
Turkmenistan Compare Compare
Tuvalu Compare Compare
Uganda Compare Compare
Ukraine Compare Compare
UAE Compare Compare
United Kingdom Compare Compare
United States Compare Compare
Uruguay Compare Compare
Uzbekistan Compare Compare
Vanuatu Compare Compare
Vatican Compare Compare
Venezuela Compare Compare
Vietnam Compare Compare
Yemen Compare Compare
Zambia Compare Compare
Zimbabwe Compare Compare

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.