The Bahamas has a GDP of $15.8B compared to $288B for Kazakhstan, ranking 140/197 and 50/197 by economy size, respectively.
The Bahamas has $12.3B in government debt (78.3% of GDP), compared to $71.5B (25.4% of GDP) in Kazakhstan.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $169,736,027 | $2,184,283,332 | - | - |
| 1961 | $190,022,030 | $2,417,282,963 | - | - |
| 1962 | $212,170,034 | $2,669,936,699 | - | - |
| 1963 | $237,650,038 | $2,950,922,311 | - | - |
| 1964 | $266,560,043 | $3,260,815,401 | - | - |
| 1965 | $300,272,048 | $3,600,774,856 | - | - |
| 1966 | $346,800,000 | $3,927,434,584 | - | - |
| 1967 | $398,000,000 | $4,304,394,228 | - | - |
| 1968 | $453,800,000 | $4,666,900,132 | - | - |
| 1969 | $538,700,000 | $5,086,065,354 | - | - |
| 1970 | $539,500,000 | $4,798,720,488 | - | - |
| 1971 | $573,400,000 | $4,876,772,097 | - | - |
| 1972 | $590,900,000 | $4,706,214,993 | - | - |
| 1973 | $670,900,000 | $5,062,361,052 | - | - |
| 1974 | $632,400,000 | $4,214,201,484 | - | - |
| 1975 | $596,200,000 | $3,590,367,916 | - | - |
| 1976 | $642,100,000 | $3,776,535,134 | - | - |
| 1977 | $713,000,000 | $4,122,274,252 | - | - |
| 1978 | $832,400,000 | $4,706,792,960 | - | - |
| 1979 | $1,139,800,100 | $5,937,115,493 | - | - |
| 1980 | $1,335,300,000 | $6,322,747,882 | - | - |
| 1981 | $1,426,500,000 | $5,739,385,550 | - | - |
| 1982 | $1,578,300,000 | $6,123,861,119 | - | - |
| 1983 | $1,732,800,000 | $6,344,139,580 | - | - |
| 1984 | $2,041,100,000 | $7,243,177,030 | - | - |
| 1985 | $2,320,699,900 | $7,592,963,094 | - | - |
| 1986 | $2,472,500,000 | $7,729,408,658 | - | - |
| 1987 | $2,713,999,900 | $7,960,094,355 | - | - |
| 1988 | $2,817,900,000 | $8,143,949,264 | - | - |
| 1989 | $3,062,000,000 | $8,691,819,590 | - | - |
| 1990 | $3,166,000,000 | $8,553,076,499 | $26,932,016,270 | $95,326,487,410 |
| 1991 | $3,111,160,000 | $8,195,405,227 | $24,923,076,923 | $84,840,573,793 |
| 1992 | $3,109,000,000 | $7,881,883,256 | $24,917,355,372 | $80,344,023,383 |
| 1993 | $3,092,000,000 | $7,906,144,212 | $23,409,260,880 | $72,952,373,230 |
| 1994 | $3,259,000,000 | $8,155,102,050 | $21,250,792,886 | $63,760,374,204 |
| 1995 | $3,429,000,000 | $8,512,193,747 | $20,374,302,652 | $58,532,023,519 |
| 1996 | $3,609,000,000 | $8,871,708,834 | $21,035,357,937 | $58,824,683,638 |
| 1997 | $6,332,360,000 | $8,985,954,549 | $22,165,932,063 | $59,824,703,259 |
| 1998 | $6,833,220,000 | $9,409,803,923 | $22,135,245,507 | $58,688,033,898 |
| 1999 | $7,683,870,000 | $10,082,050,093 | $16,870,817,182 | $60,272,610,812 |
| 2000 | $8,076,470,000 | $10,500,295,806 | $18,291,990,662 | $66,179,326,673 |
| 2001 | $8,317,830,000 | $10,776,034,606 | $22,152,689,180 | $75,113,535,772 |
| 2002 | $8,881,160,000 | $11,067,521,627 | $24,636,598,527 | $82,474,662,278 |
| 2003 | $8,870,090,000 | $10,927,526,700 | $30,833,692,900 | $90,144,805,870 |
| 2004 | $9,055,290,000 | $11,023,948,327 | $43,151,647,003 | $98,798,707,234 |
| 2005 | $9,836,200,000 | $11,398,330,895 | $57,123,671,734 | $108,382,181,835 |
| 2006 | $10,167,250,000 | $11,685,180,403 | $81,003,864,630 | $119,979,075,292 |
| 2007 | $10,618,340,000 | $11,854,159,786 | $104,849,915,058 | $130,657,212,993 |
| 2008 | $10,526,000,000 | $11,578,710,831 | $133,441,648,852 | $134,968,901,022 |
| 2009 | $9,981,960,000 | $11,095,250,091 | $115,308,686,941 | $136,588,527,833 |
| 2010 | $10,095,760,000 | $11,265,968,542 | $148,047,348,241 | $146,559,490,370 |
| 2011 | $10,070,450,000 | $11,335,048,164 | $192,626,464,617 | $157,404,892,659 |
| 2012 | $10,720,400,000 | $11,847,406,408 | $207,998,568,866 | $164,960,327,499 |
| 2013 | $10,475,300,000 | $11,508,181,986 | $236,634,603,409 | $174,857,947,144 |
| 2014 | $11,139,100,000 | $11,720,773,316 | $221,415,613,595 | $182,201,980,934 |
| 2015 | $11,837,600,000 | $11,837,600,000 | $184,388,404,706 | $184,388,404,706 |
| 2016 | $11,880,900,000 | $11,700,725,733 | $137,278,320,084 | $186,416,677,156 |
| 2017 | $12,446,900,000 | $12,095,184,868 | $166,805,788,827 | $194,059,760,924 |
| 2018 | $12,819,200,000 | $12,385,290,297 | $179,339,977,690 | $202,016,211,109 |
| 2019 | $13,277,000,000 | $12,281,371,358 | $181,667,184,855 | $211,106,940,611 |
| 2020 | $10,363,200,000 | $9,814,098,451 | $171,082,365,861 | $205,829,267,103 |
| 2021 | $12,037,000,000 | $11,540,093,873 | $197,112,255,361 | $214,679,925,583 |
| 2022 | $13,896,800,000 | $12,795,362,393 | $225,496,328,925 | $221,549,683,201 |
| 2023 | $15,271,300,000 | $13,185,464,198 | $261,840,101,060 | $232,848,717,044 |
| 2024 | $15,832,800,000 | $13,630,935,977 | $288,406,138,231 | $244,025,455,462 |
Economic indicators
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$15.8B
2024 |
$288B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
140/197
2024 |
50/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.68%
2023-2024 |
10.1%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$39,455
2024 |
$14,005
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
30/197
2024 |
72/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$41,198
2024 |
$40,813
2024 |
| Government debt |
$12.3B
2024 |
$71.5B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
78.3%
2025 |
25.4%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$30,693
2024 |
$3,474
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
24/185
2024 |
96/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$25,682
2025 |
$7,117
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$62.8B
2024 |
| Number of millionaires | n/a |
44,307
2024 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
6
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% | n/a |
24.8%
2021 |
| Income share by poorest 10% | n/a |
4.3%
2021 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
23.8%
2025 |
20.6%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.41%
2023-2024 |
11.4%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4%
2016 |
16.5%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
8.65%
2023 |
4.86%
2022 |
| Population |
404321
|
21036432
|
GDP per capita in Bahamas vs Kazakhstan
The Bahamas' GDP per capita is $39,455, ranking 30/197, compared to $14,005 in Kazakhstan, ranking 72/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Bahamas ranks 56th at $41,198, while Kazakhstan ranks 58th at $40,813.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $1,459 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $1,555 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $1,651 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $1,759 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $1,883 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $2,030 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $2,239 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $2,453 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $2,668 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $3,027 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $2,916 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $3,004 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $3,014 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $3,341 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $3,080 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $2,841 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $2,993 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $3,253 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $3,720 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $4,994 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $5,743 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $6,029 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $6,559 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $7,081 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $8,202 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $9,167 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $9,601 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $10,361 | - | - | - |
| 1988 | $10,576 | - | - | - |
| 1989 | $11,291 | - | - | - |
| 1990 | $11,473 | $19,817 | $1,570 | $7,874 |
| 1991 | $11,082 | $19,296 | $1,442 | $7,193 |
| 1992 | $10,873 | $18,636 | $1,438 | $6,945 |
| 1993 | $10,613 | $18,781 | $1,355 | $6,477 |
| 1994 | $10,991 | $19,441 | $1,247 | $5,860 |
| 1995 | $11,375 | $20,377 | $1,218 | $5,595 |
| 1996 | $11,784 | $21,287 | $1,281 | $5,836 |
| 1997 | $20,368 | $21,606 | $1,382 | $6,178 |
| 1998 | $21,667 | $22,556 | $1,415 | $6,284 |
| 1999 | $24,041 | $24,184 | $1,092 | $6,626 |
| 2000 | $24,940 | $25,422 | $1,180 | $7,418 |
| 2001 | $25,372 | $26,351 | $1,422 | $8,568 |
| 2002 | $26,782 | $27,171 | $1,574 | $9,504 |
| 2003 | $26,429 | $27,031 | $1,958 | $10,532 |
| 2004 | $26,650 | $27,660 | $2,722 | $11,777 |
| 2005 | $28,602 | $29,143 | $3,577 | $13,226 |
| 2006 | $29,185 | $30,401 | $5,030 | $14,966 |
| 2007 | $30,052 | $31,232 | $6,449 | $16,581 |
| 2008 | $29,392 | $30,679 | $8,124 | $17,278 |
| 2009 | $27,513 | $29,197 | $6,938 | $17,389 |
| 2010 | $27,473 | $29,625 | $8,793 | $18,642 |
| 2011 | $27,091 | $30,074 | $11,287 | $20,160 |
| 2012 | $28,552 | $31,036 | $12,019 | $21,367 |
| 2013 | $27,643 | $30,294 | $13,478 | $23,754 |
| 2014 | $29,137 | $31,726 | $12,428 | $23,958 |
| 2015 | $30,719 | $32,138 | $10,196 | $22,484 |
| 2016 | $30,617 | $32,285 | $7,476 | $23,023 |
| 2017 | $31,875 | $34,282 | $8,943 | $23,973 |
| 2018 | $32,642 | $35,228 | $9,472 | $25,096 |
| 2019 | $33,640 | $36,116 | $9,457 | $28,689 |
| 2020 | $26,179 | $27,205 | $8,782 | $29,040 |
| 2021 | $30,368 | $31,065 | $9,984 | $32,946 |
| 2022 | $34,957 | $36,791 | $11,255 | $35,895 |
| 2023 | $38,232 | $39,090 | $12,879 | $38,515 |
| 2024 | $39,455 | $41,198 | $14,005 | $40,813 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, the Bahamas' government spending was $3.5B, accounting for 23.8% of its GDP, while Kazakhstan's spent $60.7B, or 20.6% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 78.3% in the Bahamas and 25.4% in Kazakhstan, ranking 45/185 and 169/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 11.4% | 13.2% | - | - |
| 1991 | 12% | 15.4% | - | - |
| 1992 | 11.8% | 17.9% | - | - |
| 1993 | 11.5% | 19.8% | - | - |
| 1994 | 11.4% | 20.4% | - | - |
| 1995 | 11.2% | 20.5% | - | - |
| 1996 | 11.2% | 20.2% | - | - |
| 1997 | 12.5% | 20.8% | - | - |
| 1998 | 11.6% | 20% | - | - |
| 1999 | 8.78% | 18.7% | - | - |
| 2000 | 11.3% | 18.7% | - | - |
| 2001 | 11.2% | 18.2% | - | - |
| 2002 | 11.3% | 18.8% | 20.5% | 17.6% |
| 2003 | 11.8% | 20.9% | 21.4% | 15% |
| 2004 | 12.4% | 21.4% | 21.3% | 11.4% |
| 2005 | 12.3% | 22% | 22% | 8.1% |
| 2006 | 13% | 22.8% | 19.8% | 6.68% |
| 2007 | 13.3% | 23% | 23.7% | 4.09% |
| 2008 | 14.4% | 25.5% | 27.1% | 6.77% |
| 2009 | 15.6% | 30.9% | 23.5% | 10.2% |
| 2010 | 15.3% | 33.7% | 22.5% | 10.7% |
| 2011 | 17.1% | 35.3% | 21.2% | 10.2% |
| 2012 | 16.5% | 36.4% | 21.9% | 12.1% |
| 2013 | 18.5% | 45.1% | 19.8% | 12.6% |
| 2014 | 17.8% | 47% | 21.3% | 14.5% |
| 2015 | 18.1% | 49.2% | 22.9% | 21.9% |
| 2016 | 19.6% | 51.6% | 21.5% | 19.7% |
| 2017 | 22.9% | 54.3% | 24.1% | 19.9% |
| 2018 | 19.5% | 61.6% | 18.8% | 20.3% |
| 2019 | 20.3% | 60.5% | 20.2% | 19.9% |
| 2020 | 29.3% | 85.2% | 24.5% | 26.4% |
| 2021 | 28.5% | 89.4% | 22.1% | 25.1% |
| 2022 | 25.3% | 83.7% | 21.7% | 23.5% |
| 2023 | 23.6% | 79.7% | 23.4% | 23% |
| 2024 | 22.1% | 77.8% | 21% | 24.8% |
| 2025 | 23.8% | 78.3% | 20.6% | 25.4% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, the Bahamas' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$200M, equivalent to -1.27% of GDP. This compares to Kazakhstan's deficit of -$4.68B, or -1.62% of GDP.
Over the past 23 years, the Bahamas recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Kazakhstan ran a deficit in 9 years. On average, the Bahamas posted an annual deficit equal to -3.33% of GDP, compared to surplus of +0.83% of GDP for Kazakhstan.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
| 1990 | -2.64% | - |
| 1991 | -2.29% | - |
| 1992 | -2.23% | - |
| 1993 | -1.05% | - |
| 1994 | -0.39% | - |
| 1995 | 0.18% | - |
| 1996 | -0.15% | - |
| 1997 | -1.56% | - |
| 1998 | -0.41% | - |
| 1999 | 1.68% | - |
| 2000 | 0.09% | - |
| 2001 | 0.3% | - |
| 2002 | -1.62% | 1.92% |
| 2003 | -1.63% | 4% |
| 2004 | -1.93% | 3.29% |
| 2005 | -1.11% | 6.08% |
| 2006 | -0.43% | 7.65% |
| 2007 | -0.76% | 5.13% |
| 2008 | -0.83% | 1.23% |
| 2009 | -2.45% | -1.33% |
| 2010 | -2.56% | 1.47% |
| 2011 | -2.87% | 5.81% |
| 2012 | -3.15% | 4.43% |
| 2013 | -5.2% | 4.95% |
| 2014 | -4.44% | 2.48% |
| 2015 | -3.28% | -6.26% |
| 2016 | -2.64% | -4.5% |
| 2017 | -6.02% | -4.27% |
| 2018 | -3.29% | 2.58% |
| 2019 | -1.68% | -0.57% |
| 2020 | -8.42% | -7.04% |
| 2021 | -11.7% | -4.97% |
| 2022 | -5.46% | 0.11% |
| 2023 | -3.72% | -1.52% |
| 2024 | -1.27% | -1.62% |
| 2025 | -1.53% | -3.15% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, the Bahamas has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.93%, compared with 10% in Kazakhstan. In 2024, inflation was 0.41% in the Bahamas and 11.4% in Kazakhstan.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
| 1996 | 1.38% | 39.2% | |
| 1997 | 0.54% | 17.4% | |
| 1998 | 1.34% | 7.1% | |
| 1999 | 1.25% | 8.3% | |
| 2000 | 1.61% | 13.2% | |
| 2001 | 2.04% | 8.4% | |
| 2002 | 2.17% | 6% | |
| 2003 | 3.03% | 6.4% | |
| 2004 | 0.98% | 7% | |
| 2005 | 1.59% | 7.4% | |
| 2006 | 2.39% | 8.6% | |
| 2007 | 2.49% | 10.8% | |
| 2008 | 4.49% | 17.2% | |
| 2009 | 2.06% | 7.3% | |
| 2010 | 1.34% | 7.1% | |
| 2011 | 3.2% | 8.4% | |
| 2012 | 1.97% | 5.1% | |
| 2013 | 0.72% | 5.8% | |
| 2014 | 1.51% | 6.6% | |
| 2015 | 1.86% | 6.8% | |
| 2016 | -0.35% | 14.6% | |
| 2017 | 1.52% | 7.5% | |
| 2018 | 2.27% | 6% | |
| 2019 | 2.49% | 5.3% | |
| 2020 | 0.04% | 6.8% | |
| 2021 | 2.9% | 8% | |
| 2022 | 5.61% | 15% | |
| 2023 | 3.05% | 14.5% | |
| 2024 | 0.41% | 8.7% | |
| 2025 | - | 11.4% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Bahamas
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw materials & minerals | $51M |
| Machinery & equipment | $5.35M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $1K |
Balance of trade
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$1.05B
2024 |
-$4.98B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
126/189
2024 |
166/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-6.65%
2024 |
-1.73%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$4.6B
2024 |
$61.2B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$874M
2024 |
$78.8B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$2.47B
2024 |
$13B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$5.9B
2024 |
$11.8B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
41.5%
2024 |
27.5%
2023 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
37.8%
2024 |
34.5%
2023 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 63.2 | 63.8 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 79/197 | 74/197 |
| Property rights | 61.8 | 54.7 |
| Government integrity | 66.2 | 39.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 78.6 | 34.8 |
| Tax burden | 97.2 | 91.7 |
| Government spending | 77.2 | 85.1 |
| Fiscal health | 6.7 | 91.8 |
| Business freedom | 70 | 69.3 |
| Labor freedom | 68.8 | 63.2 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.9 | 61.3 |
| Trade freedom | 49 | 73.2 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 60 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for the Bahamas is 63.2, ranking 79/197, compared to 63.8 for Kazakhstan, ranking 74/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
| 1995 | 71.8 | - |
| 1996 | 74 | - |
| 1997 | 74.5 | - |
| 1998 | 74.5 | 41.7 |
| 1999 | 74.7 | 47.3 |
| 2000 | 73.9 | 50.4 |
| 2001 | 74.8 | 51.8 |
| 2002 | 74.4 | 52.4 |
| 2003 | 73.5 | 52.3 |
| 2004 | 72.1 | 49.7 |
| 2005 | 72.6 | 53.9 |
| 2006 | 72.3 | 60.2 |
| 2007 | 72 | 59.6 |
| 2008 | 71.1 | 61.1 |
| 2009 | 70.3 | 60.1 |
| 2010 | 67.3 | 61 |
| 2011 | 68 | 62.1 |
| 2012 | 68 | 63.6 |
| 2013 | 70.1 | 63 |
| 2014 | 69.8 | 63.7 |
| 2015 | 68.7 | 63.3 |
| 2016 | 70.9 | 63.6 |
| 2017 | 61.1 | 69 |
| 2018 | 63.3 | 69.1 |
| 2019 | 62.9 | 65.4 |
| 2020 | 64.5 | 69.6 |
| 2021 | 64.6 | 71.1 |
| 2022 | 68.7 | 64.4 |
| 2023 | 62.6 | 62.1 |
| 2024 | 62.5 | 62 |
| 2025 | 63.2 | 63.8 |
More economic indicators
|
Bahamas
|
Kazakhstan
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
77.2%
2024 |
58.2%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
9.63%
2024 |
31.4%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
0.51%
2024 |
3.94%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$14.2B
2023 |
$250B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$37,560
2023 |
$37,870
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$2.51B
2023 |
$45.8B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
122/177
2023 |
43/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$77.6M
2024 |
-$1.21B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$241M
2024 |
-$682M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$163M
2024 |
-$1.89B
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
19%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
9.3%
2020 |
5%
2024 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
26.8%
2024 |
29.8%
2023 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.