The Bahamas has a GDP of $15.8B compared to $15.5B for Brunei, ranking 140/197 and 142/197 by economy size, respectively.
The Bahamas has $12.3B in government debt (78.3% of GDP), compared to $354M (2.21% of GDP) in Brunei.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $169,736,027 | $2,184,283,332 | - | - |
| 1961 | $190,022,030 | $2,417,282,963 | - | - |
| 1962 | $212,170,034 | $2,669,936,699 | - | - |
| 1963 | $237,650,038 | $2,950,922,311 | - | - |
| 1964 | $266,560,043 | $3,260,815,401 | - | - |
| 1965 | $300,272,048 | $3,600,774,856 | $114,039,501 | - |
| 1966 | $346,800,000 | $3,927,434,584 | $132,757,528 | - |
| 1967 | $398,000,000 | $4,304,394,228 | $139,029,537 | - |
| 1968 | $453,800,000 | $4,666,900,132 | $160,818,236 | - |
| 1969 | $538,700,000 | $5,086,065,354 | $161,210,236 | - |
| 1970 | $539,500,000 | $4,798,720,488 | $179,078,929 | - |
| 1971 | $573,400,000 | $4,876,772,097 | $197,525,768 | - |
| 1972 | $590,900,000 | $4,706,214,993 | $270,822,782 | - |
| 1973 | $670,900,000 | $5,062,361,052 | $433,095,527 | - |
| 1974 | $632,400,000 | $4,214,201,484 | $2,319,576,214 | $9,912,272,228 |
| 1975 | $596,200,000 | $3,590,367,916 | $2,496,420,258 | $9,848,309,170 |
| 1976 | $642,100,000 | $3,776,535,134 | $3,054,765,590 | $11,904,058,997 |
| 1977 | $713,000,000 | $4,122,274,252 | $3,681,242,528 | $13,086,612,366 |
| 1978 | $832,400,000 | $4,706,792,960 | $4,100,423,674 | $14,005,179,258 |
| 1979 | $1,139,800,100 | $5,937,115,493 | $6,044,367,628 | $17,413,814,223 |
| 1980 | $1,335,300,000 | $6,322,747,882 | $10,795,432,294 | $15,723,288,076 |
| 1981 | $1,426,500,000 | $5,739,385,550 | $9,367,218,664 | $12,203,657,713 |
| 1982 | $1,578,300,000 | $6,123,861,119 | $8,932,198,186 | $12,484,528,554 |
| 1983 | $1,732,800,000 | $6,344,139,580 | $7,927,590,750 | $12,534,388,934 |
| 1984 | $2,041,100,000 | $7,243,177,030 | $7,632,788,075 | $12,236,497,439 |
| 1985 | $2,320,699,900 | $7,592,963,094 | $6,967,623,884 | $11,880,752,592 |
| 1986 | $2,472,500,000 | $7,729,408,658 | $4,190,280,003 | $11,238,334,124 |
| 1987 | $2,713,999,900 | $7,960,094,355 | $4,918,010,080 | $11,472,489,786 |
| 1988 | $2,817,900,000 | $8,143,949,264 | $4,535,130,305 | $11,296,288,038 |
| 1989 | $3,062,000,000 | $8,691,819,590 | $4,983,622,881 | $10,988,327,005 |
| 1990 | $3,166,000,000 | $8,553,076,499 | $6,039,881,087 | $11,278,756,571 |
| 1991 | $3,111,160,000 | $8,195,405,227 | $6,284,497,300 | $11,607,042,399 |
| 1992 | $3,109,000,000 | $7,881,883,256 | $6,327,966,445 | $11,244,830,849 |
| 1993 | $3,092,000,000 | $7,906,144,212 | $6,203,339,925 | $11,173,577,998 |
| 1994 | $3,259,000,000 | $8,155,102,050 | $6,467,782,521 | $11,284,501,978 |
| 1995 | $3,429,000,000 | $8,512,193,747 | $7,700,144,057 | $11,436,537,377 |
| 1996 | $3,609,000,000 | $8,871,708,834 | $7,663,377,277 | $11,433,413,458 |
| 1997 | $6,332,360,000 | $8,985,954,549 | $7,793,034,390 | $12,158,742,942 |
| 1998 | $6,833,220,000 | $9,409,803,923 | $5,550,846,025 | $11,349,316,036 |
| 1999 | $7,683,870,000 | $10,082,050,093 | $6,309,070,375 | $11,832,878,892 |
| 2000 | $8,076,470,000 | $10,500,295,806 | $6,570,999,060 | $12,244,033,124 |
| 2001 | $8,317,830,000 | $10,776,034,606 | $6,096,155,748 | $12,423,538,059 |
| 2002 | $8,881,160,000 | $11,067,521,627 | $6,333,082,879 | $12,915,688,955 |
| 2003 | $8,870,090,000 | $10,927,526,700 | $7,167,725,265 | $13,378,513,489 |
| 2004 | $9,055,290,000 | $11,023,948,327 | $8,619,178,799 | $13,392,499,179 |
| 2005 | $9,836,200,000 | $11,398,330,895 | $10,547,202,612 | $13,391,973,498 |
| 2006 | $10,167,250,000 | $11,685,180,403 | $12,644,616,446 | $13,940,831,828 |
| 2007 | $10,618,340,000 | $11,854,159,786 | $13,432,029,496 | $13,416,151,409 |
| 2008 | $10,526,000,000 | $11,578,710,831 | $15,926,456,492 | $12,892,826,139 |
| 2009 | $9,981,960,000 | $11,095,250,091 | $11,912,904,529 | $12,647,829,712 |
| 2010 | $10,095,760,000 | $11,265,968,542 | $13,707,121,031 | $12,994,552,805 |
| 2011 | $10,070,450,000 | $11,335,048,164 | $18,524,791,071 | $13,481,121,671 |
| 2012 | $10,720,400,000 | $11,847,406,408 | $19,048,443,340 | $13,604,222,555 |
| 2013 | $10,475,300,000 | $11,508,181,986 | $18,094,148,099 | $13,315,162,321 |
| 2014 | $11,139,100,000 | $11,720,773,316 | $17,097,797,372 | $12,981,233,068 |
| 2015 | $11,837,600,000 | $11,837,600,000 | $12,930,296,852 | $12,930,296,852 |
| 2016 | $11,880,900,000 | $11,700,725,733 | $11,400,266,055 | $12,609,894,730 |
| 2017 | $12,446,900,000 | $12,095,184,868 | $12,128,168,047 | $12,777,445,744 |
| 2018 | $12,819,200,000 | $12,385,290,297 | $13,566,908,401 | $12,784,137,427 |
| 2019 | $13,277,000,000 | $12,281,371,358 | $13,469,235,348 | $13,278,735,782 |
| 2020 | $10,363,200,000 | $9,814,098,451 | $12,005,799,664 | $13,429,260,000 |
| 2021 | $12,037,000,000 | $11,540,093,873 | $14,006,496,614 | $13,215,632,370 |
| 2022 | $13,896,800,000 | $12,795,362,393 | $16,681,536,443 | $13,000,438,060 |
| 2023 | $15,271,300,000 | $13,185,464,198 | $15,095,084,686 | $13,147,036,745 |
| 2024 | $15,832,800,000 | $13,630,935,977 | $15,463,134,387 | $13,699,261,291 |
Economic indicators
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$15.8B
2024 |
$15.5B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
140/197
2024 |
142/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.68%
2023-2024 |
2.44%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$39,455
2024 |
$33,418
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
30/197
2024 |
35/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$41,198
2024 |
$90,007
2024 |
| Government debt |
$12.3B
2024 |
$354M
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
78.3%
2025 |
2.21%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$30,693
2024 |
$765
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
24/185
2024 |
151/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$25,682
2025 |
$22,191
2025 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
23.8%
2025 |
30%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
0.41%
2023-2024 |
-0.39%
2023-2024 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4%
2016 |
n/a |
| Unemployment rate |
8.65%
2023 |
5.3%
2023 |
| Population |
404321
|
469088
|
GDP per capita in Bahamas vs Brunei
The Bahamas' GDP per capita is $39,455, ranking 30/197, compared to $33,418 in Brunei, ranking 35/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Bahamas ranks 56th at $41,198, while Brunei ranks 9th at $90,007.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $1,459 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $1,555 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $1,651 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $1,759 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $1,883 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $2,030 | - | $1,029 | - |
| 1966 | $2,239 | - | $1,146 | - |
| 1967 | $2,453 | - | $1,149 | - |
| 1968 | $2,668 | - | $1,274 | - |
| 1969 | $3,027 | - | $1,226 | - |
| 1970 | $2,916 | - | $1,325 | - |
| 1971 | $3,004 | - | $1,432 | - |
| 1972 | $3,014 | - | $1,905 | - |
| 1973 | $3,341 | - | $2,939 | - |
| 1974 | $3,080 | - | $15,195 | - |
| 1975 | $2,841 | - | $15,793 | - |
| 1976 | $2,993 | - | $18,671 | - |
| 1977 | $3,253 | - | $21,747 | - |
| 1978 | $3,720 | - | $23,447 | - |
| 1979 | $4,994 | - | $33,501 | - |
| 1980 | $5,743 | - | $58,005 | - |
| 1981 | $6,029 | - | $48,793 | - |
| 1982 | $6,559 | - | $45,075 | - |
| 1983 | $7,081 | - | $38,720 | - |
| 1984 | $8,202 | - | $36,061 | - |
| 1985 | $9,167 | - | $31,827 | - |
| 1986 | $9,601 | - | $18,501 | - |
| 1987 | $10,361 | - | $21,030 | - |
| 1988 | $10,576 | - | $18,825 | - |
| 1989 | $11,291 | - | $20,090 | - |
| 1990 | $11,473 | $19,817 | $23,659 | $70,201 |
| 1991 | $11,082 | $19,296 | $23,932 | $72,610 |
| 1992 | $10,873 | $18,636 | $23,451 | $70,016 |
| 1993 | $10,613 | $18,781 | $22,397 | $69,387 |
| 1994 | $10,991 | $19,441 | $22,767 | $69,779 |
| 1995 | $11,375 | $20,377 | $26,443 | $70,440 |
| 1996 | $11,784 | $21,287 | $25,692 | $70,008 |
| 1997 | $20,368 | $21,606 | $25,522 | $73,980 |
| 1998 | $21,667 | $22,556 | $17,769 | $68,257 |
| 1999 | $24,041 | $24,184 | $19,752 | $70,585 |
| 2000 | $24,940 | $25,422 | $20,130 | $73,087 |
| 2001 | $25,372 | $26,351 | $18,288 | $74,254 |
| 2002 | $26,782 | $27,171 | $18,621 | $76,838 |
| 2003 | $26,429 | $27,031 | $20,678 | $79,632 |
| 2004 | $26,650 | $27,660 | $24,423 | $80,404 |
| 2005 | $28,602 | $29,143 | $29,386 | $81,534 |
| 2006 | $29,185 | $30,401 | $34,675 | $86,114 |
| 2007 | $30,052 | $31,232 | $36,217 | $83,693 |
| 2008 | $29,392 | $30,679 | $42,157 | $80,477 |
| 2009 | $27,513 | $29,197 | $30,946 | $77,957 |
| 2010 | $27,473 | $29,625 | $34,938 | $79,543 |
| 2011 | $27,091 | $30,074 | $46,383 | $82,735 |
| 2012 | $28,552 | $31,036 | $46,969 | $87,256 |
| 2013 | $27,643 | $30,294 | $44,003 | $83,237 |
| 2014 | $29,137 | $31,726 | $41,027 | $81,226 |
| 2015 | $30,719 | $32,138 | $30,625 | $62,708 |
| 2016 | $30,617 | $32,285 | $26,663 | $56,680 |
| 2017 | $31,875 | $34,282 | $28,024 | $61,658 |
| 2018 | $32,642 | $35,228 | $30,988 | $65,149 |
| 2019 | $33,640 | $36,116 | $30,427 | $69,354 |
| 2020 | $26,179 | $27,205 | $26,834 | $69,788 |
| 2021 | $30,368 | $31,065 | $31,007 | $78,249 |
| 2022 | $34,957 | $36,791 | $36,633 | $81,802 |
| 2023 | $38,232 | $39,090 | $32,891 | $85,033 |
| 2024 | $39,455 | $41,198 | $33,418 | $90,007 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, the Bahamas' government spending was $3.5B, accounting for 23.8% of its GDP, while Brunei's spent $4.6B, or 30% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 78.3% in the Bahamas and 2.21% in Brunei, ranking 45/185 and 185/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1990 | 11.4% | 13.2% | 28.2% | 0% |
| 1991 | 12% | 15.4% | 27.1% | 0% |
| 1992 | 11.8% | 17.9% | 30.1% | 0% |
| 1993 | 11.5% | 19.8% | 33.5% | 0% |
| 1994 | 11.4% | 20.4% | 41.6% | 0% |
| 1995 | 11.2% | 20.5% | 38.8% | 0% |
| 1996 | 11.2% | 20.2% | 32.6% | 0% |
| 1997 | 12.5% | 20.8% | 34.4% | 0% |
| 1998 | 11.6% | 20% | 40.1% | 0% |
| 1999 | 8.78% | 18.7% | 39% | 0% |
| 2000 | 11.3% | 18.7% | 37.5% | 0% |
| 2001 | 11.2% | 18.2% | 35.5% | 0% |
| 2002 | 11.3% | 18.8% | 41.4% | 0% |
| 2003 | 11.8% | 20.9% | 30.9% | 0% |
| 2004 | 12.4% | 21.4% | 33.2% | 0% |
| 2005 | 12.3% | 22% | 29.1% | 0% |
| 2006 | 13% | 22.8% | 28% | 0.59% |
| 2007 | 13.3% | 23% | 29.3% | 0.68% |
| 2008 | 14.4% | 25.5% | 27.2% | 0.94% |
| 2009 | 15.6% | 30.9% | 34.8% | 1.11% |
| 2010 | 15.3% | 33.7% | 36.2% | 1.11% |
| 2011 | 17.1% | 35.3% | 29.7% | 2.13% |
| 2012 | 16.5% | 36.4% | 31% | 2.1% |
| 2013 | 18.5% | 45.1% | 33.6% | 2.21% |
| 2014 | 17.8% | 47% | 34.1% | 3.23% |
| 2015 | 18.1% | 49.2% | 38.7% | 2.95% |
| 2016 | 19.6% | 51.6% | 39.4% | 3% |
| 2017 | 22.9% | 54.3% | 36.6% | 2.83% |
| 2018 | 19.5% | 61.6% | 32.2% | 2.59% |
| 2019 | 20.3% | 60.5% | 32.4% | 2.58% |
| 2020 | 29.3% | 85.2% | 33.2% | 2.86% |
| 2021 | 28.5% | 89.4% | 29.3% | 2.51% |
| 2022 | 25.3% | 83.7% | 26.4% | 2.06% |
| 2023 | 23.6% | 79.7% | 29.4% | 2.33% |
| 2024 | 22.1% | 77.8% | 29.8% | 2.29% |
| 2025 | 23.8% | 78.3% | 30% | 2.21% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, the Bahamas' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$200M, equivalent to -1.27% of GDP. This compares to Brunei's deficit of -$1.57B, or -10.2% of GDP.
Over the past 35 years, the Bahamas recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Brunei ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, the Bahamas posted an annual deficit equal to -2.43% of GDP, compared to deficit of -1.27% of GDP for Brunei.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|
| 1990 | -2.64% | -1.44% |
| 1991 | -2.29% | -0.94% |
| 1992 | -2.23% | -7.31% |
| 1993 | -1.05% | -11.3% |
| 1994 | -0.39% | -19.9% |
| 1995 | 0.18% | -17.5% |
| 1996 | -0.15% | -7.69% |
| 1997 | -1.56% | -10.4% |
| 1998 | -0.41% | -21.2% |
| 1999 | 1.68% | -16.1% |
| 2000 | 0.09% | 6.86% |
| 2001 | 0.3% | 2.59% |
| 2002 | -1.62% | -4.61% |
| 2003 | -1.63% | 8.06% |
| 2004 | -1.93% | 8.57% |
| 2005 | -1.11% | 16% |
| 2006 | -0.43% | 19.8% |
| 2007 | -0.76% | 3.12% |
| 2008 | -0.83% | 36.1% |
| 2009 | -2.45% | 3.61% |
| 2010 | -2.56% | 7.61% |
| 2011 | -2.87% | 25.6% |
| 2012 | -3.15% | 15.8% |
| 2013 | -5.2% | 13% |
| 2014 | -4.44% | 3.58% |
| 2015 | -3.28% | -14.5% |
| 2016 | -2.64% | -21.7% |
| 2017 | -6.02% | -10.4% |
| 2018 | -3.29% | -3.59% |
| 2019 | -1.68% | -3.69% |
| 2020 | -8.42% | -15.8% |
| 2021 | -11.7% | -8.16% |
| 2022 | -5.46% | 2.53% |
| 2023 | -3.72% | -10.9% |
| 2024 | -1.27% | -10.2% |
| 2025 | -1.53% | -10.3% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, the Bahamas has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.93%, compared with 0.55% in Brunei. In 2024, inflation was 0.41% in the Bahamas and -0.39% in Brunei.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
| 1996 | 1.38% | 2% | |
| 1997 | 0.54% | 1.71% | |
| 1998 | 1.34% | -0.44% | |
| 1999 | 1.25% | -0.42% | |
| 2000 | 1.61% | 1.56% | |
| 2001 | 2.04% | 0.6% | |
| 2002 | 2.17% | -2.31% | |
| 2003 | 3.03% | 0.3% | |
| 2004 | 0.98% | 0.81% | |
| 2005 | 1.59% | 1.24% | |
| 2006 | 2.39% | 0.16% | |
| 2007 | 2.49% | 0.97% | |
| 2008 | 4.49% | 2.08% | |
| 2009 | 2.06% | 1.04% | |
| 2010 | 1.34% | 0.36% | |
| 2011 | 3.2% | 0.14% | |
| 2012 | 1.97% | 0.11% | |
| 2013 | 0.72% | 0.39% | |
| 2014 | 1.51% | -0.21% | |
| 2015 | 1.86% | -0.49% | |
| 2016 | -0.35% | -0.28% | |
| 2017 | 1.52% | -1.26% | |
| 2018 | 2.27% | 1.03% | |
| 2019 | 2.49% | -0.39% | |
| 2020 | 0.04% | 1.94% | |
| 2021 | 2.9% | 1.73% | |
| 2022 | 5.61% | 3.68% | |
| 2023 | 3.05% | 0.36% | |
| 2024 | 0.41% | -0.39% | |
Balance of trade
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$1.05B
2024 |
$2.23B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
126/189
2024 |
43/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-6.65%
2024 |
+14.4%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$4.6B
2024 |
$7.36B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$874M
2024 |
$11.1B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$2.47B
2024 |
$1.75B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$5.9B
2024 |
$410M
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
41.5%
2024 |
58.9%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
37.8%
2024 |
74.3%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 63.2 | 67 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 79/197 | 52/197 |
| Property rights | 61.8 | 69.7 |
| Government integrity | 66.2 | 34.2 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 78.6 | 52.8 |
| Tax burden | 97.2 | 95 |
| Government spending | 77.2 | 75.9 |
| Fiscal health | 6.7 | 51.7 |
| Business freedom | 70 | 77.1 |
| Labor freedom | 68.8 | 75.1 |
| Monetary freedom | 72.9 | 72.8 |
| Trade freedom | 49 | 84.8 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 65 |
| Financial freedom | 60 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for the Bahamas is 63.2, ranking 79/197, compared to 67 for Brunei, ranking 52/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|
| 1995 | 71.8 | - |
| 1996 | 74 | - |
| 1997 | 74.5 | - |
| 1998 | 74.5 | - |
| 1999 | 74.7 | - |
| 2000 | 73.9 | - |
| 2001 | 74.8 | - |
| 2002 | 74.4 | - |
| 2003 | 73.5 | - |
| 2004 | 72.1 | - |
| 2005 | 72.6 | - |
| 2006 | 72.3 | - |
| 2007 | 72 | - |
| 2008 | 71.1 | - |
| 2009 | 70.3 | - |
| 2010 | 67.3 | - |
| 2011 | 68 | - |
| 2012 | 68 | - |
| 2013 | 70.1 | - |
| 2014 | 69.8 | 69 |
| 2015 | 68.7 | 68.9 |
| 2016 | 70.9 | 67.3 |
| 2017 | 61.1 | 69.8 |
| 2018 | 63.3 | 64.2 |
| 2019 | 62.9 | 65.1 |
| 2020 | 64.5 | 66.6 |
| 2021 | 64.6 | 66.6 |
| 2022 | 68.7 | 64.8 |
| 2023 | 62.6 | 65.7 |
| 2024 | 62.5 | 65.9 |
| 2025 | 63.2 | 67 |
More economic indicators
|
Bahamas
|
Brunei
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
77.2%
2024 |
38.7%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
9.63%
2024 |
61.7%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
0.51%
2024 |
1.18%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$14.2B
2023 |
$16.7B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$37,560
2023 |
$92,860
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$2.51B
2023 |
$4.41B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
122/177
2023 |
105/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$77.6M
2024 |
-$29.1M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$241M
2024 |
$29.1M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$163M
2024 |
$17.5M
2006 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
9.3%
2020 |
n/a |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
26.8%
2024 |
28.4%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.