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Economy of Belgium vs Tajikistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Belgium has a GDP of $725B compared to $17.7B for Tajikistan, ranking 23/197 and 140/197 by economy size, respectively.

Belgium has $771B in government debt (106.3% of GDP), compared to $3.82B (21.6% of GDP) in Tajikistan.

Belgium vs Tajikistan GDP by year

Belgium
Tajikistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Belgium Tajikistan
2025 $725,466,462,860 $17,660,626,562
2024 $670,983,130,619 $14,425,113,700
2023 $650,779,364,364 $12,244,169,293
2022 $591,474,463,579 $10,713,525,200
2021 $598,522,422,242 $8,937,805,347
2020 $529,694,473,502 $8,133,963,551
2019 $536,726,344,405 $8,300,813,599
2018 $542,638,913,428 $7,764,999,999
2017 $500,908,767,352 $7,536,402,853
2016 $474,271,566,740 $6,992,416,097
2015 $461,044,767,545 $8,271,431,485
2014 $537,987,419,164 $9,112,605,459
2013 $524,097,026,599 $8,448,411,318
2012 $498,414,364,945 $7,633,036,903
2011 $527,196,649,049 $6,522,756,255
2010 $481,556,503,720 $5,642,221,099
2009 $485,014,525,992 $4,979,472,364
2008 $517,328,087,920 $5,161,299,725
2007 $470,922,156,309 $3,719,524,541
2006 $408,259,840,869 $2,830,213,849
2005 $385,714,762,230 $2,312,352,021
2004 $369,214,712,443 $2,076,176,869
2003 $318,082,528,507 $1,555,318,261
2002 $258,383,599,375 $1,221,106,220
2001 $236,746,141,604 $1,080,772,551
2000 $236,792,460,312 $860,541,842
1999 $258,245,733,221 $1,086,612,290
1998 $258,528,339,631 $1,320,199,582
1997 $252,708,051,421 $921,518,033
1996 $279,201,433,225 $1,043,654,822
1995 $288,025,588,396 $1,231,561,860
1994 $244,884,129,491 $1,522,001,206
1993 $224,721,795,709 $1,646,623,195
1992 $234,781,652,447 $1,908,554,572
1991 $210,510,999,409 $2,536,585,366
1990 $205,331,747,948 $2,629,395,066
1989 $164,221,056,511 -
1988 $162,299,103,675 -
1987 $149,394,404,106 -
1986 $120,018,787,249 -
1985 $86,268,264,148 -
1984 $83,349,530,159 -
1983 $87,184,239,053 -
1982 $92,095,926,188 -
1981 $104,730,018,470 -
1980 $126,829,314,388 -
1979 $116,315,456,797 -
1978 $101,246,526,194 -
1977 $82,839,905,459 -
1976 $71,113,882,968 -
1975 $65,678,189,097 -
1974 $56,033,077,879 -
1973 $47,743,801,490 -
1972 $37,209,418,019 -
1971 $29,821,661,870 -
1970 $26,706,196,047 -
1969 $24,019,653,475 -
1968 $21,654,856,965 -
1967 $20,252,508,995 -
1966 $18,894,891,312 -
1965 $17,597,783,297 -
1964 $16,168,044,450 -
1963 $14,445,805,381 -
1962 $13,436,827,167 -
1961 $12,561,701,694 -
1960 $11,810,619,368 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/tajikistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Belgium vs Tajikistan by year

Belgium
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tajikistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Belgium Tajikistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $60,750 - $1,637 -
2024 $56,582 $73,514 $1,362 $5,406
2023 $55,245 $71,946 $1,178 $4,964
2022 $50,639 $69,128 $1,052 $4,514
2021 $51,658 $60,669 $897 $3,986
2020 $45,906 $56,120 $834 $3,654
2019 $46,717 $56,712 $871 $3,460
2018 $47,487 $52,467 $834 $3,069
2017 $44,035 $50,256 $829 $3,017
2016 $41,855 $48,415 $789 $2,914
2015 $40,894 $46,072 $957 $2,975
2014 $47,996 $45,148 $1,082 $3,152
2013 $46,965 $43,864 $1,028 $2,919
2012 $44,874 $42,484 $952 $2,679
2011 $47,761 $41,245 $834 $2,456
2010 $44,197 $39,840 $737 $2,291
2009 $44,923 $37,906 $665 $2,171
2008 $48,303 $37,883 $703 $2,120
2007 $44,319 $36,798 $517 $1,966
2006 $38,705 $35,251 $401 $1,810
2005 $36,810 $33,178 $334 $1,673
2004 $35,429 $32,060 $306 $1,550
2003 $30,655 $30,931 $233.6 $1,396
2002 $25,006 $30,282 $187 $1,257
2001 $23,015 $28,794 $168.7 $1,139
2000 $23,099 $27,794 $136.9 $1,036
1999 $25,253 $25,441 $175 $947
1998 $25,338 $24,370 $213.7 $905
1997 $24,821 $23,733 $150.1 $855
1996 $27,490 $22,745 $172 $836
1995 $28,414 $22,446 $207 $1,006
1994 $24,209 $21,518 $261.3 $1,148
1993 $22,284 $20,473 $287.6 $1,454
1992 $23,373 $20,272 $338 $1,721
1991 $21,042 $19,601 $458 $2,417
1990 $20,600 $18,688 $487 $2,583
1989 $16,525 - - -
1988 $16,391 - - -
1987 $15,136 - - -
1986 $12,170 - - -
1985 $8,751 - - -
1984 $8,457 - - -
1983 $8,846 - - -
1982 $9,344 - - -
1981 $10,623 - - -
1980 $12,864 - - -
1979 $11,811 - - -
1978 $10,290 - - -
1977 $8,427 - - -
1976 $7,243 - - -
1975 $6,701 - - -
1974 $5,734 - - -
1973 $4,901 - - -
1972 $3,832 - - -
1971 $3,083 - - -
1970 $2,766 - - -
1969 $2,490 - - -
1968 $2,251 - - -
1967 $2,114 - - -
1966 $1,983 - - -
1965 $1,860 - - -
1964 $1,724 - - -
1963 $1,555 - - -
1962 $1,457 - - -
1961 $1,368 - - -
1960 $1,290 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/tajikistan | CC BY

Belgium's GDP per capita is $60,750, ranking 17/197, compared to $1,637 in Tajikistan, ranking 163/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Belgium ranks 21st at $73,514, while Tajikistan ranks 157th at $5,406.

Economic indicators

Belgium Tajikistan
Gross domestic product
$725B
2025
$17.7B
2025
GDP rank
23/197
2025
140/197
2025
GDP growth
0.98%
2024-2025
8.4%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$60,750
2025
$1,637
2025
GDP per capita rank
17/197
2025
163/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,514
2024
$5,406
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
21/197
2024
157/197
2024
Government debt
$771B
2025
$3.82B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
106.3%
2025
21.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$64,598
2025
$354
2025
Government debt per person rank
4/185
2025
174/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,730
2026
$1,705
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$321B
2018
n/a
Number of millionaires
556,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
11
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.2%
2023
28.2%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.9%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55%
2025
29.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.47%
2024-2025
3.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
7%
2026
Unemployment rate
6.2%
2025
0.08%
2016
Population
11967185
11080415

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Belgium
Spending

Debt
Tajikistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Belgium Tajikistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55% 106.3% 29.3% 21.6%
2024 54.1% 103.9% 27.2% 24.9%
2023 52.8% 102.2% 28% 29.9%
2022 52.5% 103.1% 27.4% 31.8%
2021 54.9% 108.5% 27.6% 42%
2020 58.5% 111.2% 29.2% 50.9%
2019 51.8% 97.6% 28.8% 43.2%
2018 52.5% 100.1% 30.9% 46.3%
2017 52.3% 102.5% 33.8% 46.3%
2016 53.4% 105.5% 32.7% 42.2%
2015 53.9% 105.6% 31.9% 35%
2014 55.4% 106.6% 27.5% 27.9%
2013 55.9% 105% 27.7% 29.3%
2012 56.2% 104.3% 24.7% 32.5%
2011 55% 102.7% 24.3% 35.5%
2010 53.9% 100.2% 25.9% 36.8%
2009 54.5% 99.9% 23.6% 36.9%
2008 50.8% 93.2% 20.2% 30.2%
2007 48.6% 87.3% 20.3% 34.3%
2006 48.8% 91.5% 21.6% 36.8%
2005 51.9% 95.1% 22.9% 45.8%
2004 49.3% 97.2% 20.2% 49.4%
2003 51% 101.7% 19.1% 69.8%
2002 49.9% 105.4% 19.1% 98.3%
2001 49.4% 108.2% 17.3% 99.4%
2000 49.4% 109.6% 18.1% 111.4%
1999 50.5% 115.4% 17.5% 107.8%
1998 51% 119.2% 17.1% 96.6%
1997 51.6% 124.3% - -
1996 53.1% 129% - -
1995 52.6% 131.3% - -
1994 54.7% 137.1% - -
1993 57.1% 138.9% - -
1992 55.9% 134.7% - -
1991 55.6% 131.8% - -
1990 54.4% 130.3% - -
1989 52.3% 126.4% - -
1988 53.9% 129.7% - -
1987 55.8% 129.2% - -
1986 57.6% 124.7% - -
1985 58.4% 119.4% - -
1984 59.1% 114.6% - -
1983 62.2% 110.3% - -
1982 59.6% 99.6% - -
1981 61.5% 89.7% - -
1980 54.9% 76.8% - -
1979 54.8% 69.2% - -
1978 52.8% 65.2% - -
1977 52.2% 61.6% - -
1976 50.4% 61.4% - -
1975 50.2% 59.5% - -
1974 44.5% 61.7% - -
1973 45% 63.7% - -
1972 45% 64.9% - -
1971 43.9% 63.5% - -
1970 42.7% 66.6% - -
1969 26.5% 51.6% - -
1968 26.7% 54.5% - -
1967 25.5% 54.1% - -
1966 25.1% 55.6% - -
1965 23.4% 57.6% - -
1964 22.5% 59.4% - -
1963 23.1% 64.1% - -
1962 22.5% 65.3% - -
1961 22.1% 67.8% - -
1960 23.7% 69.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/tajikistan | CC BY

In 2025, Belgium's government spending was $399B, accounting for 55% of its GDP, while Tajikistan spent $5.17B, or 29.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 106.3% in Belgium and 21.6% in Tajikistan, ranking 17/185 and 171/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Belgium

Tajikistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Belgium Tajikistan
2025 -5.26% -1.79%
2024 -4.36% 0.32%
2023 -4.01% -0.92%
2022 -3.6% -0.23%
2021 -5.4% -0.64%
2020 -9.03% -4.34%
2019 -2.05% -2.04%
2018 -1.05% -2.69%
2017 -0.76% -5.65%
2016 -2.43% -2.91%
2015 -2.48% -1.96%
2014 -3.18% 0.92%
2013 -3.16% -0.73%
2012 -4.35% 0.41%
2011 -4.44% 0.6%
2010 -4.13% -2.71%
2009 -5.45% -0.2%
2008 -1.1% 1.94%
2007 0.07% 2.13%
2006 0.24% 2%
2005 -2.72% -2.83%
2004 -0.24% -2.32%
2003 -1.86% -1.74%
2002 -0.04% -2.4%
2001 0.23% -2.11%
2000 -0.08% -4.51%
1999 -0.65% -4.03%
1998 -1.03% -5.09%
1997 -2.15% -
1996 -4% -
1995 -4.51% -
1994 -5.29% -
1993 -7.71% -
1992 -8.42% -
1991 -7.67% -
1990 -6.99% -
1989 -7.58% -
1988 -7.28% -
1987 -7.89% -
1986 -9.96% -
1985 -10.1% -
1984 -10.8% -
1983 -14.5% -
1982 -12.3% -
1981 -15.5% -
1980 -9.43% -
1979 -8.33% -
1978 -6.51% -
1977 -6.51% -
1976 -6.61% -
1975 -6.45% -
1974 -3.87% -
1973 -5.02% -
1972 -6.07% -
1971 -4.45% -
1970 -3.51% -
1969 -3.34% -
1968 -3.69% -
1967 -2.76% -
1966 -3.08% -
1965 -2.9% -
1964 -2.27% -
1963 -2.8% -
1962 -2.12% -
1961 -2.34% -
1960 -4.89% -
1959 -5.21% -
1958 -4.33% -
1957 -1.27% -
1956 1.85% -
1955 -1.05% -
1954 2.34% -
1953 0.14% -
1952 -0.26% -
1951 0.59% -
1950 -2.01% -
1949 -2.05% -
1948 -2.29% -
1947 -14.5% -
1946 1.87% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 -5.81% -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -6.86% -
1938 -5.17% -
1937 -4.71% -
1936 -4.92% -
1935 -5.94% -
1934 -2.78% -
1933 -1.69% -
1932 - -
1931 - -
1930 -2.48% -
1929 - -
1928 - -
1927 3.06% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 -5.53% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -1.4% -
1912 -1.39% -
1911 -0.92% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 0.13% -
1908 -0.95% -
1907 -0.81% -
1906 -1.35% -
1905 1.23% -
1904 0.004% -
1903 0.08% -
1902 0.22% -
1901 0.55% -
1900 -0.54% -
1899 -1.64% -
1898 -0.28% -
1897 -0.25% -
1896 0.94% -
1895 -0.33% -
1894 0.06% -
1893 0.07% -
1892 0.17% -
1891 -0.005% -
1890 -0.83% -
1889 0.3% -
1888 -0.21% -
1887 -0.12% -
1886 0.54% -
1885 -0.43% -
1884 -0.26% -
1883 -0.54% -
1882 -0.3% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 0.12% -
1879 -1.51% -
1878 -1.78% -
1877 -2.52% -
1876 -0.77% -
1875 -0.88% -
1874 -1.02% -
1873 -2.08% -
1872 -0.7% -
1871 -0.64% -
1870 -0.58% -
1869 -0.35% -
1868 -0.39% -
1867 -0.49% -
1866 -0.87% -
1865 -0.55% -
1864 -0.62% -
1863 -0.72% -
1862 -0.49% -
1861 -0.22% -
1860 -0.13% -
1859 0.1% -
1858 0.35% -
1857 0% -
1856 -0.26% -
1855 -0.28% -
1854 -0.4% -
1853 -0.3% -
1852 -0.44% -
1851 -0.05% -
1850 -0.11% -
1849 0.11% -
1848 -1.41% -
1847 -0.69% -
1846 -0.52% -
1845 -1.17% -
1844 -4.92% -
1843 -0.86% -
1842 -0.89% -
1841 -0.75% -
1840 0.16% -
1839 -0.43% -
1838 0.23% -
1837 -0.11% -
1836 0.18% -
1835 0.27% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/tajikistan | CC BY

In 2025, Belgium's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $38.1B, equivalent to 5.26% of GDP. This compares to Tajikistan's deficit of $316M, or 1.79% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Belgium recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Tajikistan ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, Belgium posted an annual deficit equal to 2.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.55% of GDP for Tajikistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Belgium

Tajikistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Belgium Tajikistan
2025 2.47% 3.4%
2024 3.14% 3.5%
2023 4.05% 3.7%
2022 9.6% 6.6%
2021 2.44% 9%
2020 0.74% 8.6%
2019 1.44% 7.8%
2018 2.05% 3.8%
2017 2.13% 7.3%
2016 1.97% 5.9%
2015 0.56% 5.8%
2014 0.34% 6.1%
2013 1.11% 5%
2012 2.84% 5.8%
2011 3.53% 12.4%
2010 2.19% 6.5%
2009 -0.05% 6.4%
2008 4.49% 20.4%
2007 1.82% 13.2%
2006 1.79% 10%
2005 2.78% 7.3%
2004 2.1% 7.2%
2003 1.59% 16.4%
2002 1.65% 12.2%
2001 2.47% 38.6%
2000 2.54% 32.9%
1999 1.12% 27.5%
1998 0.95% 43.2%
1997 1.63% 88%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/tajikistan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Belgium has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.26%, compared with 14.6% in Tajikistan. In 2025, inflation was 2.47% in Belgium and 3.4% in Tajikistan.

Top exports between countries

Belgium
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $6.69M
Machinery & equipment $6.11M
Raw materials & minerals $1.06M
Raw agricultural goods $478K
Textiles & consumer goods $377K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $335K
Metals $218K
Wood & paper products $83K
Precious metals & jewellery $52K
Miscellaneous $45K
Tajikistan
Export category Export value
Metals $2.39M
Machinery & equipment $356K
Textiles & consumer goods $279K
Raw materials & minerals $17K

Balance of trade

Belgium Tajikistan
Current account balance
-$14B
2025
$3.02B
2025
Current account balance ranking
179/190
2025
38/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.93%
2025
+17.1%
2025
Goods imports
$386B
2025
$7.45B
2025
Goods exports
$387B
2025
$1.95B
2025
Service imports
$175B
2025
$1.14B
2025
Service exports
$160B
2025
$168M
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
77.5%
2025
47.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
75.5%
2025
11.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Belgium Tajikistan
Economic freedom 69.2 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 42/197 147/197
Property rights 91.1 28.4
Government integrity 78.2 18.5
Judicial effectiveness 91.6 10.1
Tax burden 50.6 94.2
Government spending 14.6 77
Fiscal health 53.4 98.6
Business freedom 82.5 60.6
Labor freedom 57.5 43.4
Monetary freedom 76.8 72.6
Trade freedom 79.4 72.2
Investment freedom 85 25
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Belgium
Tajikistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Belgium Tajikistan
2026 69.2 52.5
2025 69 51.5
2024 65.6 51.3
2023 67.1 50.6
2022 69.6 49.7
2021 70.1 55.2
2020 68.9 52.2
2019 67.3 55.6
2018 67.5 58.3
2017 67.8 58.2
2016 68.4 51.3
2015 68.8 52.7
2014 69.9 52
2013 69.2 53.4
2012 69 53.4
2011 70.2 53.5
2010 70.1 53
2009 72.1 54.6
2008 71.7 54.4
2007 72.5 53.6
2006 71.8 52.6
2005 69 50.4
2004 68.7 48.7
2003 68.1 46.5
2002 67.6 47.3
2001 63.8 46.8
2000 63.5 44.8
1999 62.9 41.2
1998 64.7 41.1
1997 64.6 -
1996 66 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/tajikistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Belgium is 69.2, ranking 42/197, compared to 52.5 for Tajikistan, ranking 147/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Belgium Tajikistan
Services, % of GDP
71.2%
2025
36.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
18.6%
2025
32.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.73%
2025
23.1%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$711B
2025
$22.4B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$75,620
2025
$8,240
2025
Total reserves including gold
$56.4B
2025
$4.31B
2025
Total reserves ranking
44/177
2025
109/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$9.47B
2025
$8.2M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$41.4B
2024
$291M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.71B
2024
$101M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.04%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.3%
2022
19.8%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
25.7%
2025
32.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.