Togo has a GDP of $9.93B compared to $191B for Ukraine, ranking 154/197 and 57/197 by economy size, respectively.
Togo has $7.01B in government debt (69.5% of GDP), compared to $171B (110% of GDP) in Ukraine.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | $171,057,069 | $751,799,549 | - | - |
| 1961 | $178,497,098 | $843,288,422 | - | - |
| 1962 | $186,745,758 | $875,111,200 | - | - |
| 1963 | $202,305,865 | $918,864,084 | - | - |
| 1964 | $234,572,186 | $1,050,133,111 | - | - |
| 1965 | $264,505,506 | $1,212,480,673 | - | - |
| 1966 | $305,227,595 | $1,326,559,573 | - | - |
| 1967 | $327,215,844 | $1,399,525,279 | - | - |
| 1968 | $341,691,567 | $1,469,833,116 | - | - |
| 1969 | $378,091,810 | $1,629,028,806 | - | - |
| 1970 | $358,665,754 | $1,670,150,423 | - | - |
| 1971 | $404,648,368 | $1,670,150,423 | - | - |
| 1972 | $474,043,922 | $1,797,502,024 | - | - |
| 1973 | $574,030,984 | $1,866,480,877 | - | - |
| 1974 | $791,450,308 | $1,956,685,082 | - | - |
| 1975 | $871,781,687 | $2,004,438,787 | - | - |
| 1976 | $874,681,612 | $1,963,317,272 | - | - |
| 1977 | $1,097,893,826 | $2,099,946,197 | - | - |
| 1978 | $1,164,025,637 | $2,331,894,379 | - | - |
| 1979 | $1,259,365,712 | $2,211,388,079 | - | - |
| 1980 | $1,604,836,916 | $2,533,741,149 | - | - |
| 1981 | $1,359,026,709 | $2,449,742,915 | - | - |
| 1982 | $1,160,337,039 | $2,361,983,262 | - | - |
| 1983 | $1,081,387,265 | $2,234,105,305 | - | - |
| 1984 | $1,014,170,069 | $2,358,222,255 | - | - |
| 1985 | $1,076,604,520 | $2,489,234,522 | - | - |
| 1986 | $1,498,219,579 | $2,528,726,335 | - | - |
| 1987 | $1,763,978,066 | $2,541,626,941 | $64,087,694,038 | $161,845,930,096 |
| 1988 | $1,947,208,354 | $2,710,451,200 | $74,703,517,903 | $165,999,646,445 |
| 1989 | $1,910,635,575 | $2,820,496,107 | $82,709,161,099 | $172,428,984,083 |
| 1990 | $2,299,665,506 | $2,813,623,795 | $81,393,558,423 | $161,487,959,613 |
| 1991 | $2,262,767,860 | $2,793,929,343 | $77,350,733,982 | $147,438,507,127 |
| 1992 | $2,390,796,916 | $2,682,711,766 | $73,945,908,384 | $132,842,094,919 |
| 1993 | $1,741,944,426 | $2,277,734,226 | $65,648,559,903 | $113,978,517,441 |
| 1994 | $1,387,662,121 | $2,618,993,805 | $52,549,580,265 | $87,877,436,948 |
| 1995 | $1,849,110,468 | $2,824,475,668 | $48,213,856,469 | $77,156,389,640 |
| 1996 | $2,069,506,014 | $3,074,052,315 | $44,558,831,005 | $69,440,750,676 |
| 1997 | $2,116,818,623 | $3,516,020,423 | $50,151,531,592 | $67,357,528,157 |
| 1998 | $2,241,650,112 | $3,435,156,293 | $41,882,523,345 | $66,077,735,120 |
| 1999 | $2,226,577,204 | $3,520,408,334 | $31,580,639,554 | $65,945,579,650 |
| 2000 | $2,106,848,752 | $3,492,826,653 | $32,375,083,935 | $69,836,368,849 |
| 2001 | $2,093,498,674 | $3,521,587,941 | $39,309,580,983 | $75,981,969,311 |
| 2002 | $2,410,199,032 | $3,656,345,820 | $43,956,163,612 | $80,039,138,413 |
| 2003 | $2,987,984,051 | $3,902,058,527 | $52,010,355,753 | $87,656,150,954 |
| 2004 | $3,191,561,509 | $3,863,870,433 | $67,220,154,164 | $97,995,502,972 |
| 2005 | $3,221,910,408 | $3,683,570,671 | $89,238,865,119 | $101,005,170,643 |
| 2006 | $3,320,907,722 | $3,781,190,160 | $111,884,752,475 | $108,652,697,105 |
| 2007 | $3,759,964,943 | $3,736,756,623 | $148,733,861,386 | $117,579,433,691 |
| 2008 | $4,578,849,658 | $3,887,558,865 | $188,110,390,660 | $120,217,318,405 |
| 2009 | $4,721,890,900 | $4,099,579,483 | $121,552,153,444 | $102,020,662,582 |
| 2010 | $4,746,389,532 | $4,339,583,325 | $141,209,170,427 | $106,195,352,550 |
| 2011 | $5,422,442,166 | $4,592,288,208 | $169,333,835,202 | $111,977,987,704 |
| 2012 | $5,413,544,658 | $4,881,726,147 | $182,591,753,828 | $112,148,546,939 |
| 2013 | $6,021,732,977 | $5,166,050,855 | $190,498,811,460 | $112,199,506,223 |
| 2014 | $6,393,318,262 | $5,457,066,909 | $133,503,871,862 | $100,891,035,819 |
| 2015 | $5,755,461,035 | $5,755,461,035 | $91,030,967,789 | $91,030,967,789 |
| 2016 | $6,071,170,959 | $5,998,047,710 | $93,355,869,404 | $93,253,017,277 |
| 2017 | $6,387,422,518 | $6,238,457,455 | $112,090,505,082 | $95,453,762,636 |
| 2018 | $7,029,300,383 | $6,537,595,250 | $130,891,088,294 | $98,783,535,744 |
| 2019 | $6,992,700,101 | $6,859,436,221 | $153,883,047,510 | $101,944,118,787 |
| 2020 | $7,400,284,168 | $6,996,086,824 | $156,617,722,013 | $98,118,341,608 |
| 2021 | $8,342,243,646 | $7,415,213,718 | $199,765,859,571 | $101,499,127,458 |
| 2022 | $8,169,476,149 | $7,842,296,104 | $161,989,520,721 | $72,309,415,410 |
| 2023 | $9,171,261,838 | $8,344,824,334 | $181,221,517,869 | $76,311,548,882 |
| 2024 | $9,925,732,120 | $8,787,100,467 | $190,741,263,732 | $78,535,131,746 |
Economic indicators
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$9.93B
2024 |
$191B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
154/197
2024 |
57/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
8.23%
2023-2024 |
5.25%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$1,043
2024 |
$5,038
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
174/197
2024 |
118/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$3,239
2024 |
$18,550
2024 |
| Government debt |
$7.01B
2024 |
$171B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
69.5%
2025 |
110%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$737
2024 |
$4,526
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
153/185
2024 |
85/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$1,736
2025 |
$5,178
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$4.42B
2018 |
| Number of billionaires | n/a |
7
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
29.6%
2021 |
21.7%
2020 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.8%
2021 |
4.3%
2020 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
21.6%
2025 |
58%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
2.86%
2023-2024 |
12.6%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
15.5%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
1.97%
2022 |
9.83%
2021 |
| Population |
9889741
|
39426577
|
GDP per capita in Togo vs Ukraine
Togo's GDP per capita is $1,043, ranking 174/197, compared to $5,038 in Ukraine, ranking 118/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Togo ranks 176th at $3,239, while Ukraine ranks 99th at $18,550.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | $102.2 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $104.8 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $107.8 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $114.6 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $130.1 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $142.7 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $159.1 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $163.9 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $164.3 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $174.7 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $159.8 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $174.6 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $198.8 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $234.4 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $315 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $339 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $332 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $406 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $421 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $443 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $549 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $451 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $372 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $336 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $304 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $313 | - | - | - |
| 1986 | $422 | - | - | - |
| 1987 | $482 | - | $1,244 | - |
| 1988 | $517 | - | $1,444 | - |
| 1989 | $492 | - | $1,593 | - |
| 1990 | $575 | $1,110 | $1,564 | $7,591 |
| 1991 | $550 | $1,107 | $1,483 | $7,148 |
| 1992 | $565 | $1,057 | $1,413 | $6,568 |
| 1993 | $414 | $925 | $1,254 | $5,766 |
| 1994 | $329 | $1,082 | $1,009 | $4,565 |
| 1995 | $419 | $1,140 | $933 | $4,124 |
| 1996 | $452 | $1,218 | $870 | $3,812 |
| 1997 | $448 | $1,373 | $987 | $3,794 |
| 1998 | $461 | $1,318 | $831 | $3,794 |
| 1999 | $445 | $1,332 | $632 | $3,871 |
| 2000 | $410 | $1,315 | $653 | $4,228 |
| 2001 | $397 | $1,320 | $800 | $4,747 |
| 2002 | $445 | $1,357 | $903 | $5,123 |
| 2003 | $538 | $1,440 | $1,076 | $5,764 |
| 2004 | $560 | $1,427 | $1,401 | $6,663 |
| 2005 | $551 | $1,368 | $1,875 | $7,142 |
| 2006 | $553 | $1,407 | $2,366 | $7,971 |
| 2007 | $608 | $1,387 | $3,160 | $8,900 |
| 2008 | $719 | $1,429 | $4,018 | $9,324 |
| 2009 | $721 | $1,474 | $2,607 | $7,995 |
| 2010 | $705 | $1,537 | $3,040 | $8,453 |
| 2011 | $784 | $1,616 | $3,657 | $9,127 |
| 2012 | $762 | $1,645 | $3,951 | $9,552 |
| 2013 | $827 | $1,715 | $4,130 | $10,904 |
| 2014 | $856 | $1,803 | $2,904 | $10,494 |
| 2015 | $751 | $1,880 | $1,988 | $9,922 |
| 2016 | $773 | $1,933 | $2,047 | $10,865 |
| 2017 | $793 | $1,986 | $2,467 | $11,536 |
| 2018 | $851 | $2,067 | $2,895 | $12,555 |
| 2019 | $826 | $2,215 | $3,423 | $14,217 |
| 2020 | $854 | $2,357 | $3,505 | $15,541 |
| 2021 | $940 | $2,577 | $4,510 | $17,846 |
| 2022 | $899 | $2,852 | $3,946 | $14,770 |
| 2023 | $986 | $3,072 | $4,803 | $17,665 |
| 2024 | $1,043 | $3,239 | $5,038 | $18,550 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Togo's government spending was $2.35B, accounting for 21.6% of its GDP, while Ukraine's spent $136B, or 58% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 69.5% in Togo and 110% in Ukraine, ranking 56/185 and 15/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1989 | 16.9% | 46.3% | - | - |
| 1990 | 16.8% | 44.7% | - | - |
| 1991 | 14.6% | 46.9% | - | - |
| 1992 | 12.6% | 45% | - | - |
| 1993 | 14.8% | 58.3% | - | - |
| 1994 | 13.2% | 79% | - | - |
| 1995 | 12.7% | 64.8% | 41.3% | 30.2% |
| 1996 | 12.4% | 60.4% | 36.9% | 24.4% |
| 1997 | 10.6% | 54.4% | 40.8% | 28.9% |
| 1998 | 12.8% | 62.8% | 37.1% | 46.5% |
| 1999 | 11.9% | 59.9% | 25.8% | 59% |
| 2000 | 11.9% | 66.5% | 35.5% | 43.8% |
| 2001 | 10.9% | 68.5% | 36.7% | 36.7% |
| 2002 | 8.42% | 54.8% | 37.9% | 33.6% |
| 2003 | 8.88% | 50% | 38.9% | 29.4% |
| 2004 | 10.6% | 48.7% | 41.6% | 24.8% |
| 2005 | 13.3% | 63.1% | 44.2% | 17.7% |
| 2006 | 14.7% | 67.7% | 44.6% | 14.8% |
| 2007 | 13.7% | 70.5% | 43.7% | 12.3% |
| 2008 | 12.4% | 67.3% | 47.1% | 20.4% |
| 2009 | 14.3% | 57.6% | 48.6% | 35.4% |
| 2010 | 15.1% | 33.5% | 49.2% | 40.6% |
| 2011 | 18.2% | 33.8% | 45.7% | 36.9% |
| 2012 | 19.1% | 34.3% | 49% | 37.5% |
| 2013 | 20.5% | 41.1% | 48.1% | 40.5% |
| 2014 | 21.9% | 44.9% | 44.8% | 70.3% |
| 2015 | 22.9% | 52.4% | 43% | 79.3% |
| 2016 | 22.9% | 59.9% | 40.8% | 79.5% |
| 2017 | 16.3% | 57.1% | 41.7% | 71.6% |
| 2018 | 18.8% | 58% | 41.9% | 60.4% |
| 2019 | 16.6% | 54.9% | 41.5% | 50.5% |
| 2020 | 23.7% | 62.2% | 45.6% | 60.5% |
| 2021 | 21.8% | 64.9% | 40.5% | 48.9% |
| 2022 | 26% | 67.4% | 65.4% | 77.7% |
| 2023 | 26.6% | 68% | 74.4% | 82.3% |
| 2024 | 23.7% | 70.6% | 71.4% | 89.8% |
| 2025 | 21.6% | 69.5% | 58% | 110% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Togo's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$484M, equivalent to -4.88% of GDP. This compares to Ukraine's deficit of -$32.9B, or -17.2% of GDP.
Over the past 30 years, Togo recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Ukraine ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Togo posted an annual deficit equal to -3.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.46% of GDP for Ukraine.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 1989 | -2.18% | - |
| 1990 | -1.65% | - |
| 1991 | -3.52% | - |
| 1992 | -2.27% | - |
| 1993 | -8.46% | - |
| 1994 | -5.37% | - |
| 1995 | -2.97% | -4.72% |
| 1996 | -3.26% | -3.09% |
| 1997 | -0.98% | -5.37% |
| 1998 | -3.25% | -2.69% |
| 1999 | -1.76% | 4.95% |
| 2000 | -3.45% | -3.19% |
| 2001 | -0.72% | -3.03% |
| 2002 | -0.28% | -1.84% |
| 2003 | 1.43% | -0.89% |
| 2004 | 0.61% | -4.41% |
| 2005 | -1.67% | -2.28% |
| 2006 | -1.94% | -1.36% |
| 2007 | -1.83% | -1.97% |
| 2008 | -0.59% | -3.14% |
| 2009 | -2.63% | -6.27% |
| 2010 | -1.66% | -5.77% |
| 2011 | -4.48% | -2.76% |
| 2012 | -4.63% | -4.31% |
| 2013 | -5.08% | -4.78% |
| 2014 | -7.11% | -4.46% |
| 2015 | -7.04% | -1.16% |
| 2016 | -7.02% | -2.46% |
| 2017 | -0.21% | -2.36% |
| 2018 | -0.59% | -2.12% |
| 2019 | 1.67% | -2.08% |
| 2020 | -7.05% | -5.92% |
| 2021 | -4.65% | -3.97% |
| 2022 | -8.33% | -15.6% |
| 2023 | -6.73% | -19.6% |
| 2024 | -4.88% | -17.2% |
| 2025 | -2.97% | -18.8% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Togo has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.79%, compared with 15.1% in Ukraine. In 2024, inflation was 2.86% in Togo and 12.6% in Ukraine.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
| 1996 | 4.69% | 80.2% | |
| 1997 | 8.25% | 15.9% | |
| 1998 | 0.98% | 10.6% | |
| 1999 | -0.05% | 22.7% | |
| 2000 | 1.86% | 28.2% | |
| 2001 | 3.92% | 12% | |
| 2002 | 3.06% | 0.8% | |
| 2003 | -0.93% | 5.2% | |
| 2004 | 0.39% | 9% | |
| 2005 | 6.78% | 13.5% | |
| 2006 | 2.23% | 9.1% | |
| 2007 | 0.95% | 12.8% | |
| 2008 | 8.69% | 25.2% | |
| 2009 | 3.71% | 15.9% | |
| 2010 | 1.45% | 9.4% | |
| 2011 | 3.56% | 8% | |
| 2012 | 2.58% | 0.6% | |
| 2013 | 1.83% | -0.3% | |
| 2014 | 0.19% | 12.1% | |
| 2015 | 2.59% | 48.7% | |
| 2016 | 1.29% | 13.9% | |
| 2017 | -0.98% | 14.4% | |
| 2018 | 0.93% | 10.9% | |
| 2019 | 0.67% | 7.9% | |
| 2020 | 1.7% | 2.7% | |
| 2021 | 4.19% | 9.4% | |
| 2022 | 7.97% | 20.2% | |
| 2023 | 5.49% | 12.9% | |
| 2024 | 2.86% | 6.5% | |
| 2025 | - | 12.6% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $110K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $1K |
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $11.6M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $3.72M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $1.66M |
| Metals | $1.37M |
| Animal & marine products | $109K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $39K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $36K |
| Machinery & equipment | $31K |
| Wood & paper products | $3K |
| Weapons & explosives | $1K |
Balance of trade
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$20.7M
2020 |
-$15.9B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
75/189
2020 |
179/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-0.28%
2020 |
-8.35%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$1.95B
2020 |
$72.7B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$1.21B
2020 |
$38.9B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$438M
2020 |
$22.8B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$514M
2020 |
$17.2B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
38.1%
2024 |
48.3%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
24.4%
2024 |
29.4%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 52.3 | 54.1 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 147/197 | 138/197 |
| Property rights | 37 | 21.5 |
| Government integrity | 31.6 | 35.4 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 37.1 | 29.9 |
| Tax burden | 70.5 | 89.1 |
| Government spending | 81.6 | 44.5 |
| Fiscal health | 21.7 | 73.6 |
| Business freedom | 59.9 | 61.1 |
| Labor freedom | 51.9 | 60.7 |
| Monetary freedom | 69.8 | 71.2 |
| Trade freedom | 66.8 | 73.2 |
| Investment freedom | 60 | 35 |
| Financial freedom | 40 | 30 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Togo is 52.3, ranking 147/197, compared to 54.1 for Ukraine, ranking 138/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|
| 1995 | - | 39.9 |
| 1996 | - | 40.6 |
| 1997 | - | 43.5 |
| 1998 | - | 40.4 |
| 1999 | 48.2 | 43.7 |
| 2000 | 46.4 | 47.8 |
| 2001 | 45.3 | 48.5 |
| 2002 | 45.2 | 48.2 |
| 2003 | 46.8 | 51.1 |
| 2004 | 47 | 53.7 |
| 2005 | 48.2 | 55.8 |
| 2006 | 47.3 | 54.4 |
| 2007 | 49.7 | 51.5 |
| 2008 | 48.9 | 51 |
| 2009 | 48.7 | 48.8 |
| 2010 | 47.1 | 46.4 |
| 2011 | 49.1 | 45.8 |
| 2012 | 48.3 | 46.1 |
| 2013 | 48.8 | 46.3 |
| 2014 | 49.9 | 49.3 |
| 2015 | 53 | 46.9 |
| 2016 | 53.6 | 46.8 |
| 2017 | 53.2 | 48.1 |
| 2018 | 47.8 | 51.9 |
| 2019 | 50.3 | 52.3 |
| 2020 | 54.1 | 54.9 |
| 2021 | 57.5 | 56.2 |
| 2022 | 57.2 | 54.1 |
| 2023 | 55.3 | - |
| 2024 | 50.9 | - |
| 2025 | 52.3 | - |
More economic indicators
|
Togo
|
Ukraine
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
52%
2024 |
60.6%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
20%
2024 |
19%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
18%
2024 |
7.11%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$9.6B
2024 |
$185B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$3,250
2024 |
$18,580
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold | n/a |
$43.8B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking | n/a |
46/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$53.1M
2020 |
-$3.71B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$83.8M
2024 |
$4.02B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$73.4M
2024 |
$305M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
2.8%
2023 |
4.2%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
43.8%
2021 |
23.2%
2020 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
22.3%
2024 |
18.6%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.