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Economy of Japan vs Togo compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Japan has a GDP of $4.44T compared to $11.9B for Togo, ranking 4/197 and 152/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.16T in government debt (206.5% of GDP), compared to $7.49B (63% of GDP) in Togo.

Japan vs Togo GDP by year

Japan
Togo
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Togo
2025 $4,435,162,999,977 $11,889,949,067
2024 $4,190,008,188,359 $10,643,440,332
2023 $4,384,854,269,962 $9,723,300,577
2022 $4,447,976,207,315 $8,646,453,099
2021 $5,225,933,520,753 $8,541,668,141
2020 $5,189,197,543,645 $7,486,031,562
2019 $5,245,755,000,479 $6,992,942,459
2018 $5,154,293,721,630 $7,029,215,766
2017 $5,038,231,631,661 $6,387,424,240
2016 $5,110,357,383,254 $6,071,167,584
2015 $4,534,438,580,495 $5,755,457,836
2014 $4,985,763,289,561 $6,393,314,708
2013 $5,272,297,037,397 $6,021,729,630
2012 $6,333,803,928,788 $5,413,541,649
2011 $6,279,422,550,219 $5,422,439,152
2010 $5,811,578,109,447 $4,746,386,893
2009 $5,336,765,697,589 $4,721,888,275
2008 $5,160,197,175,876 $4,578,847,113
2007 $4,624,670,179,655 $3,759,962,853
2006 $4,648,058,930,707 $3,320,907,722
2005 $4,875,648,486,366 $3,221,910,408
2004 $4,941,485,123,807 $3,191,561,509
2003 $4,573,413,206,709 $2,987,984,051
2002 $4,245,946,980,572 $2,410,199,032
2001 $4,438,792,748,062 $2,093,498,674
2000 $5,042,381,838,343 $2,106,848,752
1999 $4,688,983,449,627 $2,226,577,204
1998 $4,150,359,076,370 $2,241,650,112
1997 $4,579,780,793,432 $2,116,818,623
1996 $5,021,441,618,840 $2,069,506,014
1995 $5,639,649,753,986 $1,849,110,468
1994 $5,104,063,486,348 $1,387,662,121
1993 $4,632,480,515,091 $1,741,944,426
1992 $4,064,529,567,505 $2,390,796,916
1991 $3,724,887,648,862 $2,262,767,860
1990 $3,252,994,239,867 $2,299,665,506
1989 $3,174,934,735,896 $1,910,635,575
1988 $3,191,546,727,316 $1,947,208,354
1987 $2,635,094,473,494 $1,763,978,066
1986 $2,164,729,071,349 $1,498,219,579
1985 $1,457,070,301,468 $1,076,604,520
1984 $1,374,165,212,365 $1,014,170,069
1983 $1,297,622,008,229 $1,081,387,265
1982 $1,183,132,285,328 $1,160,337,039
1981 $1,271,443,597,067 $1,359,026,709
1980 $1,153,159,955,513 $1,604,836,916
1979 $1,100,608,979,757 $1,259,365,712
1978 $1,057,419,758,047 $1,164,025,637
1977 $752,590,681,822 $1,097,893,826
1976 $611,495,350,304 $874,681,612
1975 $544,082,569,364 $871,781,687
1974 $500,355,087,138 $791,450,308
1973 $450,756,970,744 $574,030,984
1972 $331,776,379,992 $474,043,922
1971 $250,530,994,765 $404,648,368
1970 $221,798,003,144 $358,665,754
1969 $188,179,852,753 $378,091,810
1968 $160,201,483,788 $341,691,567
1967 $135,265,319,098 $327,215,844
1966 $115,427,351,851 $305,227,595
1965 $99,387,878,008 $264,505,506
1964 $89,332,989,729 $234,572,186
1963 $75,945,582,324 $202,305,865
1962 $66,356,388,224 $186,745,758
1961 $58,472,696,006 $178,497,098
1960 $48,417,804,545 $171,057,069

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/togo | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Togo by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Togo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Togo
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $35,951 - $1,384 -
2024 $33,797 $52,039 $1,266 $3,365
2023 $35,215 $50,662 $1,182 $3,154
2022 $35,548 $47,192 $1,072 $2,935
2021 $41,581 $44,355 $1,076 $2,639
2020 $41,099 $42,426 $961 $2,384
2019 $41,425 $42,678 $918 $2,215
2018 $40,645 $42,142 $942 $2,067
2017 $39,680 $41,444 $872 $1,986
2016 $40,215 $40,597 $843 $1,933
2015 $35,665 $40,899 $814 $1,880
2014 $39,173 $39,555 $922 $1,803
2013 $41,369 $39,402 $886 $1,715
2012 $49,627 $37,606 $814 $1,645
2011 $49,122 $36,214 $834 $1,616
2010 $45,378 $35,336 $750 $1,537
2009 $41,678 $33,543 $770 $1,474
2008 $40,294 $35,274 $771 $1,429
2007 $36,130 $35,015 $654 $1,387
2006 $36,354 $33,632 $596 $1,407
2005 $38,159 $32,170 $595 $1,368
2004 $38,678 $30,832 $604 $1,427
2003 $35,809 $29,392 $580 $1,440
2002 $33,316 $28,624 $479 $1,357
2001 $34,910 $27,943 $427 $1,320
2000 $39,753 $27,288 $440 $1,315
1999 $37,029 $25,736 $477 $1,332
1998 $32,835 $25,508 $492 $1,318
1997 $36,331 $25,619 $477 $1,373
1996 $39,930 $24,999 $482 $1,218
1995 $44,947 $23,858 $450 $1,140
1994 $40,774 $22,823 $355 $1,082
1993 $37,111 $22,168 $448 $925
1992 $32,667 $21,825 $608 $1,057
1991 $30,048 $21,227 $592 $1,107
1990 $26,345 $19,912 $619 $1,110
1989 $25,798 - $530 -
1988 $26,037 - $556 -
1987 $21,587 - $519 -
1986 $17,819 - $455 -
1985 $12,058 - $337 -
1984 $11,443 - $327 -
1983 $10,876 - $357 -
1982 $9,986 - $392 -
1981 $10,806 - $472 -
1980 $9,872 - $575 -
1979 $9,497 - $464 -
1978 $9,202 - $440 -
1977 $6,609 - $425 -
1976 $5,422 - $347 -
1975 $4,876 - $354 -
1974 $4,542 - $329 -
1973 $4,147 - $244.8 -
1972 $3,095 - $207.6 -
1971 $2,370 - $182.3 -
1970 $2,145 - $166.9 -
1969 $1,841 - $185 -
1968 $1,586 - $174.9 -
1967 $1,354 - $171.1 -
1966 $1,168 - $162.9 -
1965 $1,015 - $144.1 -
1964 $922 - $130.4 -
1963 $792 - $114.6 -
1962 $699 - $107.8 -
1961 $622 - $104.8 -
1960 $519 - $102.2 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/togo | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $35,951, ranking 34/197, compared to $1,384 in Togo, ranking 167/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while Togo ranks 173rd at $3,365.

Economic indicators

Japan Togo
Gross domestic product
$4.44T
2025
$11.9B
2025
GDP rank
4/197
2025
152/197
2025
GDP growth
1.19%
2024-2025
6.31%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$35,951
2025
$1,384
2025
GDP per capita rank
34/197
2025
167/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$3,365
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
173/197
2024
Government debt
$9.16T
2025
$7.49B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
206.5%
2025
63%
2025
Government debt per person
$74,248
2025
$872
2025
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2025
148/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,962
2026
$1,719
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$7.61T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,902,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
41
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.3%
2020
29.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.3%
2020
2.8%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.9%
2025
19.8%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.17%
2024-2025
0.43%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.5%
2025
1.97%
2022
Population
122704252
8873660

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Togo
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Togo
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 36.9% 206.5% 19.8% 63%
2024 37.3% 214.5% 24.3% 66.2%
2023 37.8% 220.3% 24.8% 64.1%
2022 40.2% 227.8% 24.4% 63%
2021 41.3% 222.7% 21.3% 63.3%
2020 43.6% 228.8% 23.4% 61.4%
2019 36.4% 206.3% 16.6% 54.9%
2018 36% 203.7% 18.8% 58%
2017 35.9% 203.1% 16.3% 57.1%
2016 36.5% 202.1% 22.9% 59.9%
2015 36.6% 200.1% 22.9% 52.4%
2014 37.8% 203.6% 21.9% 44.9%
2013 38.4% 201.2% 20.5% 41.1%
2012 38.4% 197.1% 19.1% 34.3%
2011 38.4% 190.6% 18.2% 37%
2010 37.4% 178.6% 15.1% 33.5%
2009 38.3% 172.9% 14.3% 57.6%
2008 33.7% 153.6% 12.4% 67.3%
2007 32.8% 150.4% 13.7% 70.5%
2006 32.7% 152.1% 14.7% 67.7%
2005 33.2% 153.4% 13.3% 63.1%
2004 33.3% 148.8% 10.6% 48.7%
2003 34.6% 140.2% 8.88% 50%
2002 34.9% 134.6% 8.42% 54.8%
2001 34.7% 126.8% 10.9% 68.5%
2000 35.4% 118.5% 11.9% 66.5%
1999 35.2% 113.5% 11.9% 59.9%
1998 38.1% 101.6% 12.8% 62.8%
1997 32.4% 91.3% 10.6% 54.4%
1996 33.1% 85.3% 12.4% 60.4%
1995 32.8% 80.7% 12.7% 64.8%
1994 32.1% 73.3% 13.2% 79%
1993 31.4% 63.2% 14.8% 58.3%
1992 29.6% 57.9% 12.6% 45%
1991 28.6% 54.1% 14.6% 46.9%
1990 28.8% 54.8% 16.8% 44.7%
1989 29.2% 65.7% 16.9% 46.3%
1988 29.9% 71.9% - -
1987 30.6% 75.8% - -
1986 30.4% 74.1% - -
1985 30.4% 68.3% - -
1984 31.2% 65.6% - -
1983 31.8% 63.5% - -
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–2004, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/togo | CC BY

In 2025, Japan's government spending was $1.63T, accounting for 36.9% of its GDP, while Togo spent $2.36B, or 19.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 206.5% in Japan and 63% in Togo, ranking 3/185 and 69/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Togo
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Togo
2025 -1.05% -3.23%
2024 -1.67% -6.82%
2023 -2.39% -6.28%
2022 -4.23% -7.83%
2021 -6.32% -4.54%
2020 -9.04% -6.96%
2019 -3.05% 1.67%
2018 -2.44% -0.59%
2017 -3.05% -0.21%
2016 -3.58% -7.02%
2015 -3.64% -7.04%
2014 -5.58% -7.11%
2013 -7.62% -5.08%
2012 -8.22% -4.63%
2011 -9.02% -4.48%
2010 -9.05% -1.66%
2009 -9.62% -2.63%
2008 -4.07% -0.59%
2007 -2.86% -1.83%
2006 -3% -1.94%
2005 -4.39% -1.67%
2004 -5.26% 0.61%
2003 -7.35% 1.43%
2002 -7.22% -0.28%
2001 -6.11% -0.72%
2000 -7.17% -3.45%
1999 -6.68% -1.76%
1998 -9.91% -3.25%
1997 -3.44% -0.98%
1996 -4.75% -3.26%
1995 -4.22% -2.97%
1994 -3.7% -5.37%
1993 -2.34% -8.46%
1992 0.56% -2.27%
1991 1.64% -3.52%
1990 1.91% -1.65%
1989 1.23% -2.18%
1988 0.49% -
1987 -0.36% -
1986 -1.36% -
1985 -1.37% -
1984 -2.62% -
1983 -3.95% -
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/togo | CC BY

In 2025, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $46.7B, equivalent to 1.05% of GDP. This compares to Togo's deficit of $384M, or 3.23% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 33 of those years, while Togo ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 4.51% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.2% of GDP for Togo.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Togo
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Togo
2025 3.17% 0.43%
2024 2.74% 2.86%
2023 3.27% 5.49%
2022 2.5% 7.97%
2021 -0.23% 4.19%
2020 -0.02% 1.7%
2019 0.47% 0.67%
2018 0.99% 0.93%
2017 0.48% -0.98%
2016 -0.13% 1.29%
2015 0.8% 2.59%
2014 2.76% 0.19%
2013 0.34% 1.83%
2012 -0.04% 2.58%
2011 -0.27% 3.56%
2010 -0.73% 1.45%
2009 -1.35% 3.71%
2008 1.38% 8.69%
2007 0.06% 0.95%
2006 0.25% 2.23%
2005 -0.28% 6.78%
2004 -0.009% 0.39%
2003 -0.26% -0.93%
2002 -0.92% 3.06%
2001 -0.74% 3.92%
2000 -0.68% 1.86%
1999 -0.34% -0.05%
1998 0.66% 0.98%
1997 1.75% 8.25%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/togo | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.54%, compared with 2.64% in Togo. In 2025, inflation was 3.17% in Japan and 0.43% in Togo.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $28.7M
Machinery & equipment $8.52M
Chemicals & pharma $1.34M
Raw agricultural goods $1.02M
Miscellaneous $808K
Animal & marine products $412K
Raw materials & minerals $384K
Metals $37K
Wood & paper products $36K
Precious metals & jewellery $2K
Togo
Export category Export value
Metals $303K
Raw agricultural goods $289K
Machinery & equipment $283K
Animal & marine products $85K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $21K
Raw materials & minerals $15K
Precious metals & jewellery $11K
Textiles & consumer goods $2K

Balance of trade

Japan Togo
Current account balance
$216B
2025
-$20.7M
2020
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2025
72/190
2020
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.86%
2025
-0.28%
2020
Goods imports
$729B
2025
$1.95B
2020
Goods exports
$725B
2025
$1.21B
2020
Service imports
$269B
2025
$438M
2020
Service exports
$246B
2025
$514M
2020
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.9%
2024
38.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22%
2024
24.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Togo
Economic freedom 70.3 51.6
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 153/197
Property rights 94.2 43.6
Government integrity 81.1 33.3
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 34
Tax burden 63 68.9
Government spending 52 79.2
Fiscal health 41.7 9.6
Business freedom 77.8 60.1
Labor freedom 65.9 51.9
Monetary freedom 74.3 72.5
Trade freedom 76.2 65.8
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Togo
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Togo
2026 70.3 51.6
2025 70.2 52.3
2024 67.5 50.9
2023 69.3 55.3
2022 69.9 57.2
2021 74.1 57.5
2020 73.3 54.1
2019 72.1 50.3
2018 72.3 47.8
2017 69.6 53.2
2016 73.1 53.6
2015 73.3 53
2014 72.4 49.9
2013 71.8 48.8
2012 71.6 48.3
2011 72.8 49.1
2010 72.9 47.1
2009 72.8 48.7
2008 73 48.9
2007 72.7 49.7
2006 73.3 47.3
2005 67.3 48.2
2004 64.3 47
2003 67.6 46.8
2002 66.7 45.2
2001 70.9 45.3
2000 70.7 46.4
1999 69.1 48.2
1998 70.2 -
1997 70.3 -
1996 72.6 -
1995 75 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/togo | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 51.6 for Togo, ranking 153/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Togo
Services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
61.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
26.8%
2024
21%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.96%
2024
20.3%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.73T
2025
$11.6B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$58,920
2025
$4,090
2025
Total reserves including gold
$1.37T
2025
n/a
Total reserves ranking
3/177
2025
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$172B
2025
-$53.1M
2020
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.9B
2024
$83.8M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$207B
2024
-$73.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.22%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
43.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.7%
2024
20.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–2004, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.