Estonia has a GDP of $43.1B compared to $552B for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 100/197 and 27/197 by economy size, respectively.
Estonia has $10.2B in government debt (27.3% of GDP), compared to $177B (32.6% of GDP) in the United Arab Emirates.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1970 | - | - | $685,986,701 | $13,966,072,153 |
| 1971 | - | - | $939,893,600 | $19,079,383,260 |
| 1972 | - | - | $1,415,086,929 | $26,535,537,093 |
| 1973 | - | - | $4,231,243,616 | $46,867,106,753 |
| 1974 | - | - | $11,651,505,689 | $53,661,919,231 |
| 1975 | - | - | $14,720,728,249 | $57,003,662,335 |
| 1976 | - | - | $19,213,158,779 | $66,424,575,812 |
| 1977 | - | - | $24,871,775,165 | $80,665,559,934 |
| 1978 | - | - | $23,775,764,225 | $79,383,297,516 |
| 1979 | - | - | $31,225,659,621 | $95,993,119,782 |
| 1980 | - | - | $43,599,160,050 | $118,911,261,060 |
| 1981 | - | - | $49,333,424,135 | $124,451,546,798 |
| 1982 | - | - | $46,622,718,605 | $116,089,253,871 |
| 1983 | - | - | $42,803,323,345 | $110,579,866,030 |
| 1984 | - | - | $41,807,954,236 | $115,021,805,373 |
| 1985 | - | - | $40,603,650,232 | $110,887,373,589 |
| 1986 | - | - | $33,943,612,095 | $94,300,688,815 |
| 1987 | - | - | $36,384,908,744 | $97,489,920,862 |
| 1988 | - | - | $36,275,674,203 | $94,936,749,814 |
| 1989 | - | - | $41,464,995,914 | $106,649,942,793 |
| 1990 | - | $14,658,008,363 | $50,701,443,748 | $126,196,728,880 |
| 1991 | - | $13,485,390,620 | $51,552,165,622 | $127,282,124,164 |
| 1992 | - | $10,630,714,641 | $54,239,171,888 | $131,539,641,032 |
| 1993 | $4,013,091,682 | $10,020,459,082 | $55,625,170,253 | $133,198,607,074 |
| 1994 | $4,123,011,420 | $9,855,880,594 | $59,305,093,980 | $142,384,180,889 |
| 1995 | $4,502,970,889 | $10,302,024,947 | $65,743,666,576 | $151,906,673,244 |
| 1996 | $4,786,018,988 | $10,811,255,303 | $73,571,233,996 | $160,714,835,967 |
| 1997 | $5,154,420,649 | $12,222,126,358 | $78,839,008,445 | $173,878,021,721 |
| 1998 | $5,674,080,543 | $12,752,545,573 | $75,674,336,283 | $174,385,735,706 |
| 1999 | $5,756,912,266 | $12,698,344,019 | $84,445,473,111 | $179,446,782,313 |
| 2000 | $5,686,579,748 | $13,979,307,069 | $104,337,372,362 | $198,921,610,822 |
| 2001 | $6,250,218,423 | $14,801,394,596 | $103,311,640,572 | $201,704,693,314 |
| 2002 | $7,370,119,619 | $15,827,575,405 | $109,816,201,498 | $206,613,089,912 |
| 2003 | $9,876,595,528 | $17,029,885,802 | $124,346,358,067 | $224,796,159,216 |
| 2004 | $12,148,595,031 | $18,188,037,435 | $147,824,370,320 | $246,301,141,351 |
| 2005 | $14,109,491,357 | $19,920,094,036 | $180,617,467,965 | $258,259,409,530 |
| 2006 | $17,025,671,810 | $21,864,807,422 | $222,116,541,865 | $283,665,213,479 |
| 2007 | $22,450,264,166 | $23,520,174,236 | $257,916,133,424 | $292,698,220,662 |
| 2008 | $24,342,935,404 | $22,314,692,031 | $315,474,615,739 | $302,040,668,641 |
| 2009 | $19,633,984,440 | $19,050,002,927 | $253,547,358,747 | $286,204,912,266 |
| 2010 | $19,524,355,419 | $19,516,680,413 | $307,736,419,333 | $290,792,347,836 |
| 2011 | $23,303,915,795 | $21,001,309,333 | $368,881,143,635 | $310,381,480,914 |
| 2012 | $23,237,406,116 | $21,772,481,344 | $392,793,464,942 | $324,917,470,355 |
| 2013 | $25,451,032,781 | $22,154,913,628 | $409,632,675,289 | $340,898,464,871 |
| 2014 | $27,055,689,003 | $22,891,074,857 | $424,935,874,745 | $356,691,886,613 |
| 2015 | $23,311,847,751 | $23,311,847,751 | $381,973,042,886 | $381,973,042,886 |
| 2016 | $24,561,027,788 | $24,032,887,680 | $381,717,086,453 | $403,584,822,847 |
| 2017 | $27,469,461,919 | $25,387,062,190 | $403,365,010,211 | $399,301,267,917 |
| 2018 | $31,222,632,741 | $26,326,306,711 | $440,560,108,918 | $405,439,194,566 |
| 2019 | $31,873,748,770 | $27,307,395,871 | $433,926,208,305 | $410,593,714,984 |
| 2020 | $31,820,771,494 | $26,519,903,137 | $357,161,878,829 | $374,899,053,477 |
| 2021 | $37,201,101,171 | $28,709,089,435 | $422,441,388,700 | $391,967,404,019 |
| 2022 | $38,226,641,740 | $28,357,067,289 | $511,403,403,676 | $421,421,732,891 |
| 2023 | $41,470,344,395 | $27,578,887,219 | $522,622,191,967 | $439,547,849,791 |
| 2024 | $43,130,419,829 | $27,554,054,399 | $552,324,846,835 | $457,093,751,869 |
Economic indicators
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$43.1B
2024 |
$552B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
100/197
2024 |
27/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
4%
2023-2024 |
5.68%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$31,428
2024 |
$50,274
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
40/197
2024 |
24/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$49,321
2024 |
$79,229
2024 |
| Government debt |
$10.2B
2024 |
$177B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
27.3%
2026 |
32.6%
2026 |
| Government debt per person |
$7,423
2024 |
$16,145
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
65/185
2024 |
38/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$21,368
2026 |
$40,921
2026 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies | n/a |
$1.05T
2024 |
| Number of millionaires | n/a |
202,201
2024 |
| Number of billionaires |
2
2025 |
6
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
23.7%
2023 |
20.5%
2018 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
3.1%
2023 |
2.8%
2018 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
44.6%
2026 |
24%
2026 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
4.3%
2025-2026 |
2%
2025-2026 |
| Central bank interest rate | n/a |
4.15%
2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
7.5%
2024 |
1.88%
2024 |
| Population |
1342600
|
11533895
|
GDP per capita in Estonia vs United Arab Emirates
Estonia's GDP per capita is $31,428, ranking 40/197, compared to $50,274 in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 24/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Estonia ranks 45th at $49,321, while the United Arab Emirates ranks 16th at $79,229.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1970 | - | - | $2,394 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $2,805 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $3,675 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $9,696 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $23,823 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $27,117 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $31,197 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $35,020 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $29,379 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $34,238 | - |
| 1980 | - | - | $42,925 | - |
| 1981 | - | - | $44,854 | - |
| 1982 | - | - | $39,972 | - |
| 1983 | - | - | $34,650 | - |
| 1984 | - | - | $32,012 | - |
| 1985 | - | - | $29,468 | - |
| 1986 | - | - | $23,132 | - |
| 1987 | - | - | $23,113 | - |
| 1988 | - | - | $21,570 | - |
| 1989 | - | - | $23,167 | - |
| 1990 | - | $7,476 | $26,710 | $88,455 |
| 1991 | - | $7,146 | $25,691 | $87,250 |
| 1992 | - | $5,868 | $25,648 | $87,509 |
| 1993 | $2,686 | $5,810 | $25,033 | $86,330 |
| 1994 | $2,819 | $5,963 | $25,473 | $89,959 |
| 1995 | $3,134 | $6,475 | $27,003 | $93,702 |
| 1996 | $3,381 | $6,889 | $28,323 | $94,620 |
| 1997 | $3,683 | $7,978 | $27,983 | $96,009 |
| 1998 | $4,093 | $8,451 | $24,889 | $90,229 |
| 1999 | $4,141 | $8,412 | $25,856 | $87,658 |
| 2000 | $4,071 | $9,422 | $29,866 | $92,899 |
| 2001 | $4,503 | $10,310 | $27,745 | $90,370 |
| 2002 | $5,343 | $11,667 | $27,754 | $88,467 |
| 2003 | $7,205 | $13,137 | $29,660 | $92,636 |
| 2004 | $8,916 | $14,540 | $33,377 | $98,661 |
| 2005 | $10,415 | $16,638 | $38,719 | $101,301 |
| 2006 | $12,641 | $19,348 | $44,343 | $106,814 |
| 2007 | $16,745 | $22,201 | $45,855 | $100,813 |
| 2008 | $18,206 | $22,804 | $50,054 | $94,628 |
| 2009 | $14,712 | $20,478 | $37,803 | $84,780 |
| 2010 | $14,664 | $21,617 | $44,795 | $85,120 |
| 2011 | $17,556 | $24,652 | $51,922 | $89,665 |
| 2012 | $17,568 | $26,243 | $53,142 | $89,198 |
| 2013 | $19,310 | $27,831 | $53,247 | $87,526 |
| 2014 | $20,582 | $29,404 | $52,725 | $87,478 |
| 2015 | $17,722 | $29,721 | $44,910 | $73,986 |
| 2016 | $18,666 | $31,948 | $42,721 | $69,987 |
| 2017 | $20,852 | $34,507 | $43,734 | $70,282 |
| 2018 | $23,618 | $37,121 | $47,135 | $77,446 |
| 2019 | $24,021 | $40,586 | $45,939 | $79,816 |
| 2020 | $23,934 | $40,672 | $37,992 | $66,791 |
| 2021 | $27,951 | $44,252 | $44,119 | $68,580 |
| 2022 | $28,340 | $47,802 | $50,760 | $75,072 |
| 2023 | $30,264 | $46,790 | $49,851 | $77,955 |
| 2024 | $31,428 | $49,321 | $50,274 | $79,229 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Estonia's government spending was $19.1B, accounting for 44.6% of its GDP, while the United Arab Emirates' spent $128B, or 24% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 27.3% in Estonia and 32.6% in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 166/185 and 157/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1991 | - | - | 36% | 4.97% |
| 1992 | - | - | 29.6% | 5.31% |
| 1993 | - | - | 31.5% | 6.01% |
| 1994 | - | - | 30.1% | 5.58% |
| 1995 | 39.5% | 8.66% | 26.1% | 5.06% |
| 1996 | 38.6% | 7.3% | 27.6% | 3.48% |
| 1997 | 35.8% | 6.03% | 22.6% | 2.86% |
| 1998 | 38.9% | 5.4% | 25.8% | 4.18% |
| 1999 | 40.7% | 5.93% | 24.3% | 4.73% |
| 2000 | 36.4% | 5.11% | 21.8% | 3.12% |
| 2001 | 35.3% | 4.93% | 25.2% | 2.69% |
| 2002 | 35.9% | 5.66% | 21.3% | 3.43% |
| 2003 | 35% | 5.6% | 20% | 3.33% |
| 2004 | 34.1% | 5.16% | 17.7% | 4.08% |
| 2005 | 33.7% | 4.73% | 15.7% | 4.48% |
| 2006 | 33.5% | 4.72% | 15.6% | 5.05% |
| 2007 | 33.8% | 3.91% | 17.7% | 8.89% |
| 2008 | 39.5% | 4.67% | 22% | 8.95% |
| 2009 | 46.1% | 7.98% | 35% | 21.1% |
| 2010 | 40.7% | 7.99% | 31.1% | 18.8% |
| 2011 | 37.6% | 7.6% | 30.3% | 20.9% |
| 2012 | 39.4% | 11.1% | 28.4% | 20.7% |
| 2013 | 38.3% | 11.4% | 29.6% | 15.6% |
| 2014 | 37.6% | 11.6% | 32.2% | 13.8% |
| 2015 | 39.3% | 10.8% | 27.2% | 16.1% |
| 2016 | 38.9% | 10.2% | 32.8% | 19.3% |
| 2017 | 38.9% | 9.43% | 28.1% | 21.9% |
| 2018 | 38.8% | 8.51% | 26.7% | 21.3% |
| 2019 | 39.1% | 9.05% | 28.4% | 26.8% |
| 2020 | 44.7% | 19.1% | 31.1% | 41.3% |
| 2021 | 42.1% | 18.4% | 26.4% | 36.3% |
| 2022 | 40% | 19.1% | 23.1% | 32.1% |
| 2023 | 43.7% | 20.2% | 23% | 32.4% |
| 2024 | 44.2% | 23.6% | 23.2% | 32.1% |
| 2025 | 44.4% | 25.4% | 24% | 32.8% |
| 2026 | 44.6% | 27.3% | 24% | 32.6% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Estonia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$727M, equivalent to -1.69% of GDP. This compares to the United Arab Emirates' surplus of $26.7B, or 4.83% of GDP.
Over the past 30 years, Estonia recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while the United Arab Emirates ran a deficit in 6 years. On average, Estonia posted an annual deficit equal to -0.52% of GDP, compared to surplus of +4.7% of GDP for the United Arab Emirates.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
| 1991 | - | 3.89% |
| 1992 | - | 3.34% |
| 1993 | - | -2.89% |
| 1994 | - | -1.78% |
| 1995 | -0.26% | 3.58% |
| 1996 | -0.93% | 0.92% |
| 1997 | 2.98% | 6.71% |
| 1998 | 0.65% | 1% |
| 1999 | -3.42% | 1.31% |
| 2000 | -0.11% | 10.7% |
| 2001 | 0.4% | 1.21% |
| 2002 | 0.29% | -1.24% |
| 2003 | 1.67% | 2.35% |
| 2004 | 2.29% | 6.4% |
| 2005 | 1.07% | 16% |
| 2006 | 2.71% | 20.2% |
| 2007 | 2.5% | 17.1% |
| 2008 | -2.92% | 17.6% |
| 2009 | -3.43% | -6.13% |
| 2010 | -1.09% | 0.53% |
| 2011 | 0.09% | 5.17% |
| 2012 | -0.86% | 8.77% |
| 2013 | -0.66% | 8.18% |
| 2014 | 0.42% | 1.79% |
| 2015 | -0.24% | -6.56% |
| 2016 | -0.62% | -3.05% |
| 2017 | -1.07% | -0.16% |
| 2018 | -1.15% | 3.77% |
| 2019 | -0.11% | 2.59% |
| 2020 | -5.42% | -2.47% |
| 2021 | -2.57% | 4.03% |
| 2022 | -1.07% | 9.97% |
| 2023 | -3.14% | 5.91% |
| 2024 | -1.69% | 4.83% |
| 2025 | -2.69% | 2.89% |
| 2026 | -2.89% | 2.93% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 30 years, Estonia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.54%, compared with 2.69% in the United Arab Emirates. In 2026, inflation was 4.3% in Estonia and 2% in the United Arab Emirates.
| Year | Inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
| 1997 | 9.3% | 3% |
| 1998 | 8.8% | 2% |
| 1999 | 3.1% | 2.1% |
| 2000 | 3.9% | 1.3% |
| 2001 | 5.6% | 2.8% |
| 2002 | 3.6% | 2.9% |
| 2003 | 1.4% | 3.1% |
| 2004 | 3% | 5% |
| 2005 | 4.1% | 6.2% |
| 2006 | 4.4% | 9.3% |
| 2007 | 6.7% | 11.1% |
| 2008 | 10.6% | 12.3% |
| 2009 | 0.2% | -4.7% |
| 2010 | 2.7% | 0.9% |
| 2011 | 5.1% | 0.9% |
| 2012 | 4.2% | 0.7% |
| 2013 | 3.2% | 1.1% |
| 2014 | 0.5% | 2.3% |
| 2015 | 0.1% | 4.1% |
| 2016 | 0.8% | 1.6% |
| 2017 | 3.7% | 2% |
| 2018 | 3.4% | 3.1% |
| 2019 | 2.3% | -1.9% |
| 2020 | -0.6% | -2.1% |
| 2021 | 4.5% | -0.1% |
| 2022 | 19.4% | 4.8% |
| 2023 | 9.1% | 1.6% |
| 2024 | 3.7% | 1.7% |
| 2025 | 5.1% | 1.6% |
| 2026 | 4.3% | 2% |
Top exports between countries
|
Estonia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $50.3M |
| Wood & paper products | $5.76M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $2.67M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $2.25M |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $1.86M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $1.62M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $996K |
| Metals | $599K |
| Animal & marine products | $577K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $270K |
|
UAE
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $34.9M |
| Wood & paper products | $1.91M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $1.67M |
| Metals | $1.53M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $1.12M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $170K |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $143K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $106K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $42K |
| Miscellaneous | $5K |
Balance of trade
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$543M
2024 |
$80B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
107/190
2024 |
9/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-1.26%
2024 |
+14.5%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$22.1B
2024 |
$400B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$19B
2024 |
$467B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$10.4B
2024 |
$117B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$13.6B
2024 |
$181B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
75.4%
2024 |
92.2%
2023 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
75.7%
2024 |
106.8%
2023 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 78.9 | 71.6 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 9/197 | 29/197 |
| Property rights | 93.7 | 65.4 |
| Government integrity | 84.5 | 65.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 93.9 | 35.2 |
| Tax burden | 80.8 | 96.9 |
| Government spending | 48.8 | 82.3 |
| Fiscal health | 90.9 | 97.9 |
| Business freedom | 83.3 | 84.2 |
| Labor freedom | 62.2 | 62.1 |
| Monetary freedom | 68.8 | 80.5 |
| Trade freedom | 79.6 | 78.4 |
| Investment freedom | 90 | 50 |
| Financial freedom | 70 | 60 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Estonia is 78.9, ranking 9/197, compared to 71.6 for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 29/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
| 1995 | 65.2 | - |
| 1996 | 65.4 | 71.6 |
| 1997 | 69.1 | 71.9 |
| 1998 | 72.5 | 72.2 |
| 1999 | 73.8 | 71.5 |
| 2000 | 69.9 | 74.2 |
| 2001 | 76.1 | 74.9 |
| 2002 | 77.6 | 73.6 |
| 2003 | 77.7 | 73.4 |
| 2004 | 77.4 | 67.2 |
| 2005 | 75.2 | 65.2 |
| 2006 | 74.9 | 62.2 |
| 2007 | 78 | 62.6 |
| 2008 | 77.9 | 62.6 |
| 2009 | 76.4 | 64.7 |
| 2010 | 74.7 | 67.3 |
| 2011 | 75.2 | 67.8 |
| 2012 | 73.2 | 69.3 |
| 2013 | 75.3 | 71.1 |
| 2014 | 75.9 | 71.4 |
| 2015 | 76.8 | 72.4 |
| 2016 | 77.2 | 72.6 |
| 2017 | 79.1 | 76.9 |
| 2018 | 78.8 | 77.6 |
| 2019 | 76.6 | 77.6 |
| 2020 | 77.7 | 76.2 |
| 2021 | 78.2 | 76.9 |
| 2022 | 80 | 70.2 |
| 2023 | 78.6 | 70.9 |
| 2024 | 77.8 | 71.1 |
| 2025 | 78.9 | 71.6 |
More economic indicators
|
Estonia
|
UAE
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
65.7%
2024 |
54.9%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
20.1%
2024 |
44.3%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
1.77%
2024 |
0.77%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$39.6B
2024 |
$566B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$48,250
2024 |
$81,530
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$2.07B
2024 |
$238B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
125/177
2024 |
14/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$285M
2024 |
$31.5B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$3.44B
2024 |
$45.6B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
-$3.72B
2024 |
$77.2B
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
22.5%
2022 |
19.5%
2020 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
24.6%
2024 |
26.6%
2023 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.