The United Arab Emirates has a GDP of $537B compared to $476B for Vietnam, ranking 29/197 and 34/197 by economy size, respectively.
The United Arab Emirates has $172B in government debt (32.8% of GDP), compared to $157B (33.6% of GDP) in Vietnam.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1970 | $685,986,701 | $14,070,592,924 | - | - |
| 1971 | $939,893,600 | $19,222,171,572 | - | - |
| 1972 | $1,415,086,929 | $26,734,126,559 | - | - |
| 1973 | $4,231,243,616 | $47,217,855,776 | - | - |
| 1974 | $11,651,505,689 | $54,063,519,993 | - | - |
| 1975 | $14,720,728,249 | $57,430,272,387 | - | - |
| 1976 | $19,213,158,779 | $66,921,691,096 | - | - |
| 1977 | $24,871,775,165 | $81,269,253,405 | - | - |
| 1978 | $23,775,764,225 | $79,977,394,655 | - | - |
| 1979 | $31,225,659,621 | $96,711,523,271 | - | - |
| 1980 | $43,599,160,050 | $119,801,181,765 | - | - |
| 1981 | $49,333,424,135 | $125,382,930,480 | - | - |
| 1982 | $46,622,718,605 | $116,958,054,939 | - | - |
| 1983 | $42,803,323,345 | $111,407,435,357 | - | - |
| 1984 | $41,807,954,236 | $115,882,617,757 | - | $34,363,462,780 |
| 1985 | $40,603,650,232 | $111,717,244,274 | $14,094,687,821 | $35,671,286,576 |
| 1986 | $33,943,612,095 | $95,006,426,309 | $26,336,616,250 | $36,666,262,767 |
| 1987 | $36,384,908,744 | $98,219,526,270 | $36,658,108,850 | $37,980,187,158 |
| 1988 | $36,275,674,203 | $95,647,247,530 | $25,423,812,649 | $39,930,474,201 |
| 1989 | $41,464,995,914 | $107,448,100,944 | $6,293,304,975 | $42,871,159,123 |
| 1990 | $50,701,443,748 | $127,141,173,341 | $6,471,740,806 | $45,057,981,855 |
| 1991 | $51,552,165,622 | $128,234,691,621 | $9,613,369,520 | $47,743,817,832 |
| 1992 | $54,239,171,888 | $132,524,071,346 | $9,866,990,236 | $51,871,770,981 |
| 1993 | $55,625,170,253 | $134,195,452,934 | $13,180,953,598 | $56,059,239,339 |
| 1994 | $59,305,093,980 | $143,449,770,720 | $16,286,433,533 | $61,014,304,827 |
| 1995 | $65,743,666,576 | $153,043,528,513 | $20,736,164,459 | $66,835,362,482 |
| 1996 | $73,571,233,996 | $161,917,610,698 | $24,657,470,575 | $73,077,797,034 |
| 1997 | $78,839,008,445 | $175,179,308,497 | $26,843,700,442 | $79,035,160,538 |
| 1998 | $75,674,336,283 | $175,690,822,167 | $27,209,602,050 | $83,591,107,164 |
| 1999 | $84,445,473,111 | $180,789,745,171 | $28,683,659,007 | $87,581,401,292 |
| 2000 | $104,337,372,362 | $200,410,321,466 | $31,172,518,403 | $93,525,828,109 |
| 2001 | $103,311,640,572 | $203,214,232,287 | $32,685,198,809 | $99,317,782,863 |
| 2002 | $109,816,201,498 | $208,159,362,863 | $35,064,105,501 | $105,595,482,131 |
| 2003 | $124,346,358,067 | $226,478,512,549 | $39,552,513,232 | $112,880,581,486 |
| 2004 | $147,824,370,320 | $248,144,435,950 | $45,427,854,693 | $121,387,725,605 |
| 2005 | $180,617,467,965 | $260,192,198,684 | $57,633,255,738 | $130,549,157,968 |
| 2006 | $222,116,541,865 | $285,788,137,283 | $66,371,664,817 | $139,658,819,217 |
| 2007 | $257,916,133,424 | $294,888,746,643 | $77,414,425,532 | $149,615,800,998 |
| 2008 | $315,474,615,739 | $304,301,112,625 | $99,130,304,099 | $158,086,705,343 |
| 2009 | $253,547,358,747 | $288,346,842,937 | $106,014,659,565 | $166,620,063,722 |
| 2010 | $300,189,052,689 | $292,968,610,444 | $147,201,173,197 | $177,322,478,338 |
| 2011 | $360,832,739,551 | $311,179,896,154 | $172,595,049,184 | $188,694,468,366 |
| 2012 | $384,610,125,391 | $316,857,313,566 | $195,590,661,129 | $199,081,239,732 |
| 2013 | $400,218,529,748 | $332,876,224,084 | $213,708,811,665 | $210,137,237,901 |
| 2014 | $414,105,366,753 | $346,742,821,790 | $233,451,469,643 | $223,632,762,208 |
| 2015 | $370,275,469,571 | $370,275,469,571 | $239,258,328,382 | $239,258,328,382 |
| 2016 | $369,255,326,236 | $390,868,305,597 | $257,096,001,178 | $255,264,731,908 |
| 2017 | $390,516,804,030 | $393,741,456,224 | $281,353,605,987 | $272,980,590,259 |
| 2018 | $427,049,432,158 | $398,914,879,875 | $310,106,478,395 | $293,358,610,037 |
| 2019 | $417,989,721,743 | $403,336,245,504 | $334,365,270,497 | $314,947,640,806 |
| 2020 | $349,473,015,330 | $383,342,656,333 | $346,615,738,538 | $323,972,192,107 |
| 2021 | $415,178,792,757 | $400,036,290,964 | $366,474,752,771 | $332,245,562,395 |
| 2022 | $502,731,935,194 | $430,077,804,445 | $413,445,230,669 | $360,611,028,838 |
| 2023 | $514,130,432,648 | $445,641,058,044 | $433,857,681,378 | $378,876,063,687 |
| 2024 | $537,078,829,135 | $462,404,360,915 | $476,388,230,307 | $405,742,875,628 |
Economic indicators
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$537B
2024 |
$476B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
29/197
2024 |
34/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
4.46%
2023-2024 |
9.8%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$49,378
2024 |
$4,717
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
24/197
2024 |
123/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$77,959
2024 |
$16,386
2024 |
| Government debt |
$172B
2024 |
$157B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
32.8%
2025 |
33.6%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$15,857
2024 |
$1,550
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
39/185
2024 |
127/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$40,921
2025 |
$4,107
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$1.05T
2024 |
$205B
2024 |
| Number of millionaires |
202,201
2024 |
n/a |
| Number of billionaires |
6
2025 |
5
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
20.5%
2018 |
28.1%
2022 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.8%
2018 |
2.6%
2022 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
24%
2025 |
22%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
1.6%
2024-2025 |
3.4%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
4.15%
2025 |
4.5%
2023 |
| Unemployment rate |
1.88%
2024 |
1.65%
2023 |
| Population |
11372700
|
102063551
|
GDP per capita in United Arab Emirates vs Vietnam
The United Arab Emirates' GDP per capita is $49,378, ranking 24/197, compared to $4,717 in Vietnam, ranking 123/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the United Arab Emirates ranks 16th at $77,959, while Vietnam ranks 108th at $16,386.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1970 | $2,394 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $2,805 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $3,675 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $9,696 | - | - | - |
| 1974 | $23,823 | - | - | - |
| 1975 | $27,117 | - | - | - |
| 1976 | $31,197 | - | - | - |
| 1977 | $35,020 | - | - | - |
| 1978 | $29,379 | - | - | - |
| 1979 | $34,238 | - | - | - |
| 1980 | $42,925 | - | - | - |
| 1981 | $44,854 | - | - | - |
| 1982 | $39,972 | - | - | - |
| 1983 | $34,650 | - | - | - |
| 1984 | $32,012 | - | - | - |
| 1985 | $29,468 | - | $238.6 | - |
| 1986 | $23,132 | - | $436 | - |
| 1987 | $23,113 | - | $595 | - |
| 1988 | $21,570 | - | $405 | - |
| 1989 | $23,167 | - | $98.1 | - |
| 1990 | $26,710 | $86,949 | $98.8 | $1,210 |
| 1991 | $25,691 | $85,765 | $143.7 | $1,298 |
| 1992 | $25,648 | $86,019 | $144.5 | $1,413 |
| 1993 | $25,033 | $84,860 | $189.4 | $1,534 |
| 1994 | $25,473 | $88,427 | $229.9 | $1,674 |
| 1995 | $27,003 | $92,107 | $287.8 | $1,841 |
| 1996 | $28,323 | $93,009 | $337 | $2,019 |
| 1997 | $27,983 | $94,374 | $362 | $2,189 |
| 1998 | $24,889 | $88,693 | $361 | $2,308 |
| 1999 | $25,856 | $86,165 | $376 | $2,421 |
| 2000 | $29,866 | $91,318 | $404 | $2,614 |
| 2001 | $27,745 | $88,832 | $419 | $2,809 |
| 2002 | $27,754 | $86,960 | $445 | $3,002 |
| 2003 | $29,660 | $91,059 | $497 | $3,240 |
| 2004 | $33,377 | $96,982 | $565 | $3,543 |
| 2005 | $38,719 | $99,577 | $711 | $3,894 |
| 2006 | $44,343 | $104,995 | $808 | $4,237 |
| 2007 | $45,855 | $99,097 | $926 | $4,581 |
| 2008 | $50,054 | $93,017 | $1,164 | $4,844 |
| 2009 | $37,803 | $83,337 | $1,226 | $5,061 |
| 2010 | $43,697 | $83,671 | $1,683 | $5,389 |
| 2011 | $50,789 | $87,709 | $1,951 | $5,786 |
| 2012 | $52,034 | $87,340 | $2,185 | $6,377 |
| 2013 | $52,024 | $85,515 | $2,360 | $6,758 |
| 2014 | $51,381 | $85,248 | $2,546 | $7,297 |
| 2015 | $43,535 | $71,720 | $2,578 | $7,672 |
| 2016 | $41,326 | $67,702 | $2,735 | $8,375 |
| 2017 | $42,341 | $68,043 | $2,956 | $9,170 |
| 2018 | $45,690 | $75,071 | $3,222 | $10,010 |
| 2019 | $44,251 | $76,885 | $3,441 | $11,029 |
| 2020 | $37,174 | $65,353 | $3,534 | $11,609 |
| 2021 | $43,360 | $67,401 | $3,704 | $12,049 |
| 2022 | $49,899 | $73,778 | $4,148 | $13,905 |
| 2023 | $49,041 | $76,110 | $4,323 | $15,034 |
| 2024 | $49,378 | $77,959 | $4,717 | $16,386 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, the United Arab Emirates' government spending was $125B, accounting for 24% of its GDP, while Vietnam's spent $95.2B, or 22% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 32.8% in the United Arab Emirates and 33.6% in Vietnam, ranking 156/185 and 154/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1991 | 36% | 4.97% | - | - |
| 1992 | 29.6% | 5.31% | - | - |
| 1993 | 31.5% | 6.01% | - | - |
| 1994 | 30.1% | 5.58% | - | - |
| 1995 | 26.1% | 5.06% | - | - |
| 1996 | 27.6% | 3.48% | - | - |
| 1997 | 22.6% | 2.86% | - | - |
| 1998 | 25.8% | 4.18% | 16% | - |
| 1999 | 24.3% | 4.73% | 16.7% | - |
| 2000 | 21.8% | 3.12% | 17.8% | 24.8% |
| 2001 | 25.2% | 2.69% | 19.2% | 25.4% |
| 2002 | 21.3% | 3.43% | 19.7% | 27.7% |
| 2003 | 20% | 3.33% | 22.2% | 29.8% |
| 2004 | 17.7% | 4.08% | 19.4% | 29.4% |
| 2005 | 15.7% | 4.48% | 20.6% | 28.7% |
| 2006 | 15.6% | 5.05% | 20.5% | 30.2% |
| 2007 | 17.7% | 8.89% | 22.3% | 32.2% |
| 2008 | 22% | 8.95% | 21.4% | 31% |
| 2009 | 35% | 21.1% | 25% | 36.2% |
| 2010 | 31.1% | 18.8% | 23.7% | 37.3% |
| 2011 | 30.3% | 20.9% | 21.2% | 36.2% |
| 2012 | 28.4% | 20.7% | 23.5% | 38.3% |
| 2013 | 29.6% | 15.6% | 24.5% | 41.4% |
| 2014 | 32.2% | 13.8% | 22.8% | 43.6% |
| 2015 | 27.2% | 16.1% | 24.2% | 46.1% |
| 2016 | 32.8% | 19.3% | 22.2% | 47.9% |
| 2017 | 28.1% | 21.9% | 21.5% | 46.6% |
| 2018 | 26.7% | 21.3% | 20.5% | 43.8% |
| 2019 | 28.4% | 26.8% | 19.8% | 41% |
| 2020 | 31.1% | 41.3% | 21.3% | 41.3% |
| 2021 | 26.4% | 36.3% | 20.1% | 39.2% |
| 2022 | 23.1% | 32.1% | 18.2% | 34.9% |
| 2023 | 23% | 32.4% | 19.3% | 34.4% |
| 2024 | 23.2% | 32.1% | 20% | 32.9% |
| 2025 | 24% | 32.8% | 22% | 33.6% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, the United Arab Emirates' government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $25.9B, equivalent to 4.83% of GDP. This compares to Vietnam's deficit of -$7.43B, or -1.56% of GDP.
Over the past 27 years, the United Arab Emirates recorded a fiscal deficit in 6 of those years, while Vietnam ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, the United Arab Emirates posted an annual surplus equal to +4.81% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.08% of GDP for Vietnam.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|
| 1991 | 3.89% | - |
| 1992 | 3.34% | - |
| 1993 | -2.89% | - |
| 1994 | -1.78% | - |
| 1995 | 3.58% | - |
| 1996 | 0.92% | - |
| 1997 | 6.71% | - |
| 1998 | 1% | -0.1% |
| 1999 | 1.31% | -1.25% |
| 2000 | 10.7% | -1.61% |
| 2001 | 1.21% | -2.19% |
| 2002 | -1.24% | -1.85% |
| 2003 | 2.35% | -2.56% |
| 2004 | 6.4% | -0.15% |
| 2005 | 16% | -0.95% |
| 2006 | 20.2% | 0.2% |
| 2007 | 17.1% | -1.74% |
| 2008 | 17.6% | -0.45% |
| 2009 | -6.13% | -4.82% |
| 2010 | 0.53% | -2.25% |
| 2011 | 5.17% | -0.9% |
| 2012 | 8.77% | -5.46% |
| 2013 | 8.18% | -5.96% |
| 2014 | 1.79% | -5.02% |
| 2015 | -6.56% | -4.98% |
| 2016 | -3.05% | -3.16% |
| 2017 | -0.16% | -1.96% |
| 2018 | 3.77% | -1.02% |
| 2019 | 2.59% | -0.4% |
| 2020 | -2.47% | -2.86% |
| 2021 | 4.03% | -1.43% |
| 2022 | 9.97% | 0.67% |
| 2023 | 5.91% | -2.44% |
| 2024 | 4.83% | -1.56% |
| 2025 | 2.89% | -3.39% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 30 years, the United Arab Emirates has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.72%, compared with 5.57% in Vietnam. In 2025, inflation was 1.6% in the United Arab Emirates and 3.4% in Vietnam.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
| 1996 | 3% | 5.6% | |
| 1997 | 3% | 3.1% | |
| 1998 | 2% | 8.1% | |
| 1999 | 2.1% | 4.1% | |
| 2000 | 1.3% | -1.8% | |
| 2001 | 2.8% | -0.4% | |
| 2002 | 2.9% | 3.8% | |
| 2003 | 3.1% | 3.1% | |
| 2004 | 5% | 7.8% | |
| 2005 | 6.2% | 8.3% | |
| 2006 | 9.3% | 7.7% | |
| 2007 | 11.1% | 8.4% | |
| 2008 | 12.3% | 23.3% | |
| 2009 | -4.7% | 6.7% | |
| 2010 | 0.9% | 9.1% | |
| 2011 | 0.9% | 18.7% | |
| 2012 | 0.7% | 9.1% | |
| 2013 | 1.1% | 6.6% | |
| 2014 | 2.3% | 4.1% | |
| 2015 | 4.1% | 0.6% | |
| 2016 | 1.6% | 2.7% | |
| 2017 | 2% | 3.5% | |
| 2018 | 3.1% | 3.5% | |
| 2019 | -1.9% | 2.8% | |
| 2020 | -2.1% | 3.2% | |
| 2021 | -0.1% | 1.8% | |
| 2022 | 4.8% | 3.2% | |
| 2023 | 1.6% | 3.3% | |
| 2024 | 1.7% | 3.6% | |
| 2025 | 1.6% | 3.4% | |
Top exports between countries
|
UAE
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $563M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $277M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $101M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $38.8M |
| Metals | $38.2M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $23M |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $20.4M |
| Wood & paper products | $7.26M |
| Precious metals & jewellery | $2.33M |
| Animal & marine products | $599K |
|
Vietnam
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $2.96B |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $410M |
| Raw agricultural goods | $268M |
| Raw materials & minerals | $173M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $49.9M |
| Chemicals & pharma | $49.6M |
| Metals | $38.4M |
| Animal & marine products | $34.7M |
| Wood & paper products | $17.2M |
| Miscellaneous | $5.88M |
Balance of trade
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
n/a |
$28B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking | n/a |
18/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP | n/a |
+5.89%
2024 |
| Goods imports | n/a |
$362B
2024 |
| Goods exports | n/a |
$406B
2024 |
| Service imports | n/a |
$36.2B
2024 |
| Service exports | n/a |
$23.9B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
93.7%
2023 |
78.4%
2023 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
108.6%
2023 |
86.5%
2023 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 71.6 | 65.2 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 29/197 | 67/197 |
| Property rights | 65.4 | 49.9 |
| Government integrity | 65.9 | 39.1 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 35.2 | 35 |
| Tax burden | 96.9 | 81.8 |
| Government spending | 82.3 | 88.8 |
| Fiscal health | 97.9 | 95.8 |
| Business freedom | 84.2 | 73.9 |
| Labor freedom | 62.1 | 54.5 |
| Monetary freedom | 80.5 | 73.9 |
| Trade freedom | 78.4 | 79.8 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 60 |
| Financial freedom | 60 | 50 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for the United Arab Emirates is 71.6, ranking 29/197, compared to 65.2 for Vietnam, ranking 67/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|
| 1995 | - | 41.7 |
| 1996 | 71.6 | 40.2 |
| 1997 | 71.9 | 38.6 |
| 1998 | 72.2 | 40.4 |
| 1999 | 71.5 | 42.7 |
| 2000 | 74.2 | 43.7 |
| 2001 | 74.9 | 44.3 |
| 2002 | 73.6 | 45.6 |
| 2003 | 73.4 | 46.2 |
| 2004 | 67.2 | 46.1 |
| 2005 | 65.2 | 48.1 |
| 2006 | 62.2 | 50.5 |
| 2007 | 62.6 | 49.8 |
| 2008 | 62.6 | 50.4 |
| 2009 | 64.7 | 51 |
| 2010 | 67.3 | 49.8 |
| 2011 | 67.8 | 51.6 |
| 2012 | 69.3 | 51.3 |
| 2013 | 71.1 | 51 |
| 2014 | 71.4 | 50.8 |
| 2015 | 72.4 | 51.7 |
| 2016 | 72.6 | 54 |
| 2017 | 76.9 | 52.4 |
| 2018 | 77.6 | 53.1 |
| 2019 | 77.6 | 55.3 |
| 2020 | 76.2 | 58.8 |
| 2021 | 76.9 | 61.7 |
| 2022 | 70.2 | 60.6 |
| 2023 | 70.9 | 61.8 |
| 2024 | 71.1 | 62.8 |
| 2025 | 71.6 | 65.2 |
More economic indicators
|
UAE
|
Vietnam
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
51.6%
2023 |
42.4%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
47.7%
2023 |
37.6%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
0.7%
2023 |
11.9%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$538B
2024 |
$454B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$78,110
2024 |
$15,850
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$238B
2024 |
$83.1B
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
14/177
2024 |
30/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
n/a |
-$19.6B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$45.6B
2024 |
$20.2B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$23.4B
2024 |
$600M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
n/a |
6.96%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
19.5%
2020 |
4.2%
2022 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
27.1%
2023 |
31.6%
2023 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.