Cameroon has a GDP of $53.3B compared to $19.9B for Niger, ranking 91/197 and 130/197 by economy size, respectively.
Cameroon has $22.8B in government debt (42.8% of GDP), compared to $9.39B (47.2% of GDP) in Niger.
Cameroon vs Niger GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
| 2024 | $53,296,694,320 | $19,876,128,486 |
| 2023 | $48,814,501,547 | $16,698,786,978 |
| 2022 | $44,347,206,073 | $15,433,852,712 |
| 2021 | $45,011,937,347 | $14,915,002,436 |
| 2020 | $40,773,241,177 | $13,744,653,103 |
| 2019 | $39,667,757,528 | $12,889,555,561 |
| 2018 | $39,955,552,190 | $12,837,307,497 |
| 2017 | $36,098,547,033 | $11,185,104,252 |
| 2016 | $33,814,337,044 | $10,398,861,982 |
| 2015 | $32,210,233,020 | $9,683,867,926 |
| 2014 | $36,386,544,706 | $10,862,943,544 |
| 2013 | $33,728,621,180 | $10,224,897,438 |
| 2012 | $30,155,062,329 | $9,426,912,648 |
| 2011 | $30,630,910,495 | $8,772,950,778 |
| 2010 | $27,507,501,821 | $7,851,192,502 |
| 2009 | $27,932,970,317 | $7,352,131,310 |
| 2008 | $27,715,142,033 | $7,297,600,226 |
| 2007 | $23,928,250,433 | $5,731,485,052 |
| 2006 | $20,910,512,975 | $4,756,361,252 |
| 2005 | $19,509,852,207 | $4,383,315,965 |
| 2004 | $18,826,214,136 | $3,760,443,738 |
| 2003 | $15,970,315,035 | $3,394,084,732 |
| 2002 | $12,417,251,350 | $2,782,192,879 |
| 2001 | $10,953,485,349 | $2,448,714,704 |
| 2000 | $10,566,579,295 | $2,241,753,193 |
| 1999 | $11,565,826,465 | $2,537,789,821 |
| 1998 | $11,298,144,990 | $2,643,363,519 |
| 1997 | $10,789,458,433 | $2,290,318,910 |
| 1996 | $11,093,538,846 | $2,405,686,940 |
| 1995 | $10,864,772,471 | $2,302,537,562 |
| 1994 | $8,902,446,252 | $1,938,058,175 |
| 1993 | $16,181,814,713 | $3,052,673,849 |
| 1992 | $12,071,775,335 | $3,386,232,579 |
| 1991 | $11,840,192,296 | $3,285,796,875 |
| 1990 | $12,314,482,628 | $3,512,356,508 |
| 1989 | $11,012,566,195 | $2,179,567,114 |
| 1988 | $12,236,057,362 | $2,280,356,193 |
| 1987 | $13,049,659,981 | $2,233,006,105 |
| 1986 | $11,857,056,199 | $1,904,096,998 |
| 1985 | $8,544,810,498 | $1,440,581,652 |
| 1984 | $7,311,938,026 | $1,461,243,326 |
| 1983 | $6,870,200,010 | $1,803,099,561 |
| 1982 | $6,611,255,964 | $2,017,612,216 |
| 1981 | $6,610,938,617 | $2,170,893,414 |
| 1980 | $6,674,569,047 | $2,508,524,721 |
| 1979 | $5,919,002,983 | $2,109,277,666 |
| 1978 | $4,662,852,583 | $1,774,365,590 |
| 1977 | $3,394,664,024 | $1,291,458,041 |
| 1976 | $2,898,090,002 | $1,064,517,601 |
| 1975 | $2,857,037,371 | $1,048,690,933 |
| 1974 | $2,157,415,533 | $1,026,137,111 |
| 1973 | $1,901,393,361 | $946,385,105 |
| 1972 | $1,498,251,890 | $742,779,661 |
| 1971 | $1,236,941,394 | $693,573,704 |
| 1970 | $1,151,216,993 | $649,916,621 |
| 1969 | $1,100,551,489 | $625,867,985 |
| 1968 | $1,046,191,218 | $641,214,226 |
| 1967 | $936,175,260 | $665,586,872 |
| 1966 | $851,112,535 | $702,296,079 |
| 1965 | $814,083,266 | $673,383,511 |
| 1964 | $776,650,177 | $582,816,396 |
| 1963 | $718,320,845 | $586,294,879 |
| 1962 | $694,247,864 | $531,736,599 |
| 1961 | $652,777,608 | $485,785,231 |
| 1960 | $614,206,068 | $449,526,873 |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Cameroon vs Niger by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2024 | $1,830 | $5,589 | $735 | $2,050 |
| 2023 | $1,720 | $5,411 | $638 | $1,875 |
| 2022 | $1,605 | $5,189 | $610 | $1,840 |
| 2021 | $1,672 | $4,794 | $609 | $1,586 |
| 2020 | $1,556 | $4,365 | $580 | $1,497 |
| 2019 | $1,555 | $4,241 | $562 | $1,419 |
| 2018 | $1,611 | $4,011 | $579 | $1,276 |
| 2017 | $1,496 | $3,767 | $522 | $1,208 |
| 2016 | $1,442 | $3,627 | $503 | $1,189 |
| 2015 | $1,415 | $3,498 | $486 | $1,172 |
| 2014 | $1,649 | $3,422 | $565 | $1,161 |
| 2013 | $1,576 | $3,239 | $552 | $1,138 |
| 2012 | $1,449 | $3,060 | $529 | $1,162 |
| 2011 | $1,514 | $2,989 | $511 | $1,064 |
| 2010 | $1,399 | $2,914 | $474 | $1,058 |
| 2009 | $1,461 | $2,879 | $461 | $999 |
| 2008 | $1,492 | $2,870 | $475 | $1,010 |
| 2007 | $1,326 | $2,818 | $387 | $955 |
| 2006 | $1,191 | $2,704 | $333 | $935 |
| 2005 | $1,143 | $2,598 | $319 | $888 |
| 2004 | $1,133 | $2,533 | $283.5 | $832 |
| 2003 | $988 | $2,368 | $265.2 | $837 |
| 2002 | $790 | $2,263 | $225.3 | $832 |
| 2001 | $715 | $2,191 | $205.4 | $809 |
| 2000 | $709 | $2,108 | $194.8 | $764 |
| 1999 | $796 | $2,039 | $228.3 | $783 |
| 1998 | $799 | $1,975 | $246.1 | $801 |
| 1997 | $783 | $1,915 | $220.6 | $745 |
| 1996 | $827 | $1,850 | $239.5 | $746 |
| 1995 | $832 | $1,790 | $237 | $757 |
| 1994 | $701 | $1,752 | $206.2 | $748 |
| 1993 | $1,310 | $1,731 | $335 | $742 |
| 1992 | $1,005 | $1,890 | $384 | $746 |
| 1991 | $1,015 | $1,963 | $384 | $738 |
| 1990 | $1,087 | $2,032 | $424 | $739 |
| 1989 | $1,001 | - | $271.3 | - |
| 1988 | $1,145 | - | $292.6 | - |
| 1987 | $1,258 | - | $295.3 | - |
| 1986 | $1,179 | - | $259.6 | - |
| 1985 | $875 | - | $202.4 | - |
| 1984 | $772 | - | $211.5 | - |
| 1983 | $746 | - | $268.8 | - |
| 1982 | $732 | - | $310 | - |
| 1981 | $750 | - | $343 | - |
| 1980 | $784 | - | $409 | - |
| 1979 | $718 | - | $354 | - |
| 1978 | $582 | - | $307 | - |
| 1977 | $435 | - | $229.8 | - |
| 1976 | $381 | - | $194.8 | - |
| 1975 | $386 | - | $197.2 | - |
| 1974 | $299.9 | - | $198.3 | - |
| 1973 | $271.8 | - | $187.9 | - |
| 1972 | $220.1 | - | $151.4 | - |
| 1971 | $186.7 | - | $145.2 | - |
| 1970 | $178.5 | - | $139.8 | - |
| 1969 | $175.2 | - | $138.3 | - |
| 1968 | $170.8 | - | $145.6 | - |
| 1967 | $156.6 | - | $155.4 | - |
| 1966 | $145.8 | - | $168.6 | - |
| 1965 | $142.7 | - | $166.3 | - |
| 1964 | $139.2 | - | $148.1 | - |
| 1963 | $131.6 | - | $153.3 | - |
| 1962 | $130 | - | $143.2 | - |
| 1961 | $124.6 | - | $134.6 | - |
| 1960 | $119.1 | - | $128.3 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY
Cameroon's GDP per capita is $1,830, ranking 158/197, compared to $735 in Niger, ranking 187/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cameroon ranks 156th at $5,589, while Niger ranks 186th at $2,050.
Economic indicators
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$53.3B
2024 |
$19.9B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
91/197
2024 |
130/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
3.52%
2023-2024 |
10.3%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$1,830
2024 |
$735
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
158/197
2024 |
187/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$5,589
2024 |
$2,050
2024 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
156/197
2024 |
186/197
2024 |
| Government debt |
$22.8B
2024 |
$9.39B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
42.8%
2024 |
47.2%
2024 |
| Government debt per person |
$784
2024 |
$347
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
152/185
2024 |
173/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$1,578
2026 |
$1,163
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
31.1%
2021 |
27.8%
2021 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.1%
2021 |
3.8%
2021 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
16.7%
2024 |
13.4%
2024 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
4.53%
2023-2024 |
9.07%
2023-2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
3.28%
2021 |
0.4%
2022 |
| Population |
30864115
|
29080898
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2024 | 16.7% | 42.8% | 13.4% | 47.2% |
| 2023 | 17.1% | 43.1% | 15.8% | 51.8% |
| 2022 | 17.1% | 45.6% | 21.6% | 50.6% |
| 2021 | 17.1% | 47.2% | 24.3% | 51.3% |
| 2020 | 16.6% | 44.9% | 22.4% | 45% |
| 2019 | 18.7% | 41.6% | 21.6% | 39.8% |
| 2018 | 18% | 38.3% | 21.2% | 37% |
| 2017 | 19.2% | 36.5% | 19.5% | 36.5% |
| 2016 | 20.2% | 32.1% | 19.4% | 32.8% |
| 2015 | 20.1% | 31.6% | 24.2% | 29.9% |
| 2014 | 20.1% | 20.7% | 23.6% | 22.1% |
| 2013 | 19.2% | 17.5% | 20.4% | 19.6% |
| 2012 | 17.2% | 14.9% | 16.6% | 18.1% |
| 2011 | 17.8% | 15.9% | 15.3% | 14.7% |
| 2010 | 15.2% | 14% | 14.3% | 15.1% |
| 2009 | 14.7% | 11.3% | 17.7% | 15.9% |
| 2008 | 15.9% | 11.2% | 16.9% | 14.2% |
| 2007 | 13.5% | 13.8% | 17.4% | 17.8% |
| 2006 | 12.5% | 18.4% | 15.2% | 18.3% |
| 2005 | 12.4% | 43.8% | 15.6% | 49.5% |
| 2004 | 13.4% | 51.7% | 16.1% | 55% |
| 2003 | 13.2% | 51.5% | 14% | 60.6% |
| 2002 | 13.9% | 56.6% | 14.4% | 69% |
| 2001 | 14.6% | 62.2% | 13.7% | 74% |
| 2000 | 14.6% | 75.9% | 13.5% | 82.1% |
| 1999 | - | 68.4% | 15% | 63.3% |
| 1998 | - | 67.8% | 13.6% | 61.3% |
| 1997 | - | - | 12.9% | 69.1% |
| 1996 | - | - | 10.9% | 63.5% |
| 1995 | - | - | 12.5% | 69.4% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY
In 2024, Cameroon's government spending was $8.91B, accounting for 16.7% of its GDP, while Niger spent $2.67B, or 13.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 42.8% in Cameroon and 47.2% in Niger, ranking 125/185 and 114/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
| 2024 | -1.48% | -4.27% |
| 2023 | -0.63% | -5.37% |
| 2022 | -1.11% | -6.77% |
| 2021 | -3.01% | -6.1% |
| 2020 | -3.19% | -4.82% |
| 2019 | -3.24% | -3.56% |
| 2018 | -2.41% | -3.01% |
| 2017 | -4.72% | -4.12% |
| 2016 | -5.88% | -4.46% |
| 2015 | -4.25% | -6.75% |
| 2014 | -4.09% | -6.12% |
| 2013 | -3.55% | -1.93% |
| 2012 | -1.4% | -0.83% |
| 2011 | -2.26% | -2.19% |
| 2010 | -0.93% | -0.99% |
| 2009 | -0.04% | -3.93% |
| 2008 | 2% | 1.11% |
| 2007 | 3.87% | -0.75% |
| 2006 | 28.2% | 31% |
| 2005 | 3.03% | -1.53% |
| 2004 | -0.46% | -2.76% |
| 2003 | 0.56% | -2.17% |
| 2002 | 1.51% | -2.21% |
| 2001 | 0.86% | -2.59% |
| 2000 | 1.54% | -2.83% |
| 1999 | - | -4.27% |
| 1998 | - | -2.23% |
| 1997 | - | -2.39% |
| 1996 | - | -0.36% |
| 1995 | - | -3.19% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY
In 2024, Cameroon's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $789M, equivalent to 1.48% of GDP. This compares to Niger's deficit of $848M, or 4.27% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Cameroon recorded a fiscal deficit in 17 of those years, while Niger ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Cameroon posted an annual deficit equal to 0.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.92% of GDP for Niger.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
| 2024 | 4.53% | 9.07% |
| 2023 | 7.38% | 3.7% |
| 2022 | 6.25% | 4.23% |
| 2021 | 2.27% | 3.84% |
| 2020 | 2.44% | 2.9% |
| 2019 | 2.45% | -2.49% |
| 2018 | 1.07% | 2.97% |
| 2017 | 0.64% | 2.8% |
| 2016 | 0.87% | 1.65% |
| 2015 | 2.68% | -0.58% |
| 2014 | 1.85% | -0.93% |
| 2013 | 2.05% | 2.3% |
| 2012 | 2.74% | 0.46% |
| 2011 | 2.94% | 2.94% |
| 2010 | 1.28% | 0.8% |
| 2009 | 3.04% | 0.58% |
| 2008 | 5.34% | 11.3% |
| 2007 | 0.92% | 0.05% |
| 2006 | 5.12% | 0.04% |
| 2005 | 2.01% | 7.8% |
| 2004 | 0.23% | 0.26% |
| 2003 | 0.62% | -1.61% |
| 2002 | 2.83% | 2.63% |
| 2001 | 4.42% | 4.01% |
| 2000 | 1.23% | 2.9% |
| 1999 | 1.87% | -2.3% |
| 1998 | 3.17% | 4.55% |
| 1997 | 4.79% | 2.93% |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY
Over the past 28 years, Cameroon has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.75%, compared with 2.39% in Niger. In 2024, inflation was 4.53% in Cameroon and 9.07% in Niger.
Top exports between countries
|
Cameroon
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Machinery & equipment | $377K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $147K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $53K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $51K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $15K |
| Metals | $3K |
| Wood & paper products | $1K |
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $19K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $15K |
| Machinery & equipment | $5K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $4K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $3K |
Balance of trade
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$2.02B
2023 |
-$2.33B
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
144/190
2023 |
146/190
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-4.14%
2023 |
-14%
2023 |
| Goods imports |
$7.74B
2023 |
$2.59B
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$6.34B
2023 |
$992M
2023 |
| Service imports |
$2.55B
2023 |
$1.22B
2023 |
| Service exports |
$2.01B
2023 |
$231M
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
18.7%
2024 |
22.7%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
15.7%
2024 |
27.3%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 52 | 51 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 151/197 | 156/197 |
| Property rights | 28.1 | 16.6 |
| Government integrity | 21 | 33.9 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 10.1 | 28 |
| Tax burden | 72.2 | 78.2 |
| Government spending | 91.4 | 91.4 |
| Fiscal health | 94.5 | 47.6 |
| Business freedom | 48.6 | 32.4 |
| Labor freedom | 45.6 | 54.7 |
| Monetary freedom | 75.3 | 67.9 |
| Trade freedom | 57.2 | 65.8 |
| Investment freedom | 30 | 55 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 40 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
| 2026 | 52 | 51 |
| 2025 | 52.1 | 51.5 |
| 2024 | 53.6 | 52.3 |
| 2023 | 51.9 | 53.7 |
| 2022 | 52.9 | 54.9 |
| 2021 | 53.4 | 57.3 |
| 2020 | 53.6 | 54.7 |
| 2019 | 52.4 | 51.6 |
| 2018 | 51.9 | 49.5 |
| 2017 | 51.8 | 50.8 |
| 2016 | 54.2 | 54.3 |
| 2015 | 51.9 | 54.6 |
| 2014 | 52.6 | 55.1 |
| 2013 | 52.3 | 53.9 |
| 2012 | 51.8 | 54.3 |
| 2011 | 51.8 | 54.3 |
| 2010 | 52.3 | 52.9 |
| 2009 | 53 | 53.8 |
| 2008 | 54.3 | 52.9 |
| 2007 | 55.6 | 53.2 |
| 2006 | 54.6 | 52.5 |
| 2005 | 53 | 54.1 |
| 2004 | 52.3 | 54.6 |
| 2003 | 52.7 | 54.2 |
| 2002 | 52.8 | 48.2 |
| 2001 | 53.3 | 48.9 |
| 2000 | 49.9 | 45.9 |
| 1999 | 50.3 | 48.6 |
| 1998 | 48 | 47.5 |
| 1997 | 44.6 | 46.6 |
| 1996 | 45.7 | 45.8 |
| 1995 | 51.3 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for Cameroon is 52, ranking 151/197, compared to 51 for Niger, ranking 156/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
Cameroon
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
50.7%
2024 |
45%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
23.2%
2024 |
17.6%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
18.5%
2024 |
34.5%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$49.5B
2024 |
$18.3B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$5,490
2024 |
$2,030
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$4.88B
2023 |
n/a |
| Total reserves ranking |
103/177
2023 |
n/a |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$901M
2023 |
-$1.02B
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$888M
2024 |
$358M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$63.4M
2024 |
$20.7M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
3.2%
2024 |
1.94%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
37.7%
2021 |
41.2%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
18.9%
2024 |
22.1%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/cameroon/niger | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1995–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.