The latest officially reported population of Estonia was 1,372,341 in 2024 vs 31,964,956 people in Madagascar in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Estonia's population is 1,339,590 people compared to 33,750,171 in Madagascar.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 25.2 times bigger than Estonia's.
- Estonia is ranked the 155th most populous country in the world, while Madagascar is the 49th.
- The countries together account for 0.42% of the world: 0.02% for Estonia vs 0.41% for Madagascar.
- For the last 10 years, Estonia has had an average growth rate of +0.37% per year vs +2.6% in Madagascar.
- Since 2006, the population of Estonia has decreased from 1.35M people to 1.34M (0.54% decline), while Madagascar has grown from 19.7M to 33.8M (71.1% growth).
Estonia vs Madagascar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Estonia
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 831,394 | 86,197,674 |
| 2099 | 836,965 | 85,808,382 |
| 2098 | 842,414 | 85,404,097 |
| 2097 | 847,873 | 84,987,607 |
| 2096 | 853,472 | 84,559,113 |
| 2095 | 859,044 | 84,119,392 |
| 2094 | 864,547 | 83,665,834 |
| 2093 | 870,136 | 83,200,140 |
| 2092 | 875,676 | 82,723,075 |
| 2091 | 881,282 | 82,233,465 |
| 2090 | 887,028 | 81,734,626 |
| 2089 | 892,857 | 81,223,857 |
| 2088 | 898,736 | 80,700,261 |
| 2087 | 904,914 | 80,164,903 |
| 2086 | 911,254 | 79,619,760 |
| 2085 | 917,722 | 79,064,003 |
| 2084 | 924,458 | 78,499,094 |
| 2083 | 931,259 | 77,922,946 |
| 2082 | 938,110 | 77,337,305 |
| 2081 | 944,978 | 76,740,524 |
| 2080 | 952,018 | 76,133,028 |
| 2079 | 959,194 | 75,513,518 |
| 2078 | 966,496 | 74,881,435 |
| 2077 | 973,883 | 74,236,865 |
| 2076 | 981,283 | 73,582,256 |
| 2075 | 988,735 | 72,914,884 |
| 2074 | 996,352 | 72,235,202 |
| 2073 | 1,004,078 | 71,545,378 |
| 2072 | 1,011,873 | 70,843,401 |
| 2071 | 1,019,779 | 70,130,366 |
| 2070 | 1,027,821 | 69,409,326 |
| 2069 | 1,035,828 | 68,677,859 |
| 2068 | 1,043,819 | 67,936,195 |
| 2067 | 1,051,892 | 67,185,066 |
| 2066 | 1,059,940 | 66,425,210 |
| 2065 | 1,068,064 | 65,658,016 |
| 2064 | 1,076,199 | 64,881,253 |
| 2063 | 1,084,303 | 64,097,223 |
| 2062 | 1,092,418 | 63,305,402 |
| 2061 | 1,100,514 | 62,506,578 |
| 2060 | 1,108,650 | 61,701,267 |
| 2059 | 1,116,534 | 60,889,495 |
| 2058 | 1,124,375 | 60,073,702 |
| 2057 | 1,132,033 | 59,254,008 |
| 2056 | 1,139,610 | 58,428,653 |
| 2055 | 1,147,117 | 57,600,579 |
| 2054 | 1,154,317 | 56,769,869 |
| 2053 | 1,161,452 | 55,935,411 |
| 2052 | 1,168,381 | 55,097,962 |
| 2051 | 1,175,291 | 54,258,057 |
| 2050 | 1,182,029 | 53,415,029 |
| 2049 | 1,188,633 | 52,570,680 |
| 2048 | 1,194,960 | 51,725,320 |
| 2047 | 1,201,294 | 50,879,659 |
| 2046 | 1,207,577 | 50,033,785 |
| 2045 | 1,213,815 | 49,188,703 |
| 2044 | 1,220,042 | 48,344,009 |
| 2043 | 1,226,162 | 47,499,657 |
| 2042 | 1,232,282 | 46,656,643 |
| 2041 | 1,238,386 | 45,815,621 |
| 2040 | 1,244,441 | 44,976,152 |
| 2039 | 1,250,581 | 44,140,155 |
| 2038 | 1,256,780 | 43,305,683 |
| 2037 | 1,263,149 | 42,474,372 |
| 2036 | 1,269,700 | 41,645,556 |
| 2035 | 1,276,331 | 40,819,415 |
| 2034 | 1,283,159 | 39,997,842 |
| 2033 | 1,290,037 | 39,178,430 |
| 2032 | 1,297,036 | 38,361,932 |
| 2031 | 1,304,102 | 37,547,484 |
| 2030 | 1,311,189 | 36,737,238 |
| 2029 | 1,318,225 | 35,930,925 |
| 2028 | 1,325,354 | 35,128,136 |
| 2027 | 1,332,492 | 34,329,429 |
| 2026 | 1,339,590 | 33,535,391 |
| 2025 | 1,358,931 | 32,747,552 |
| 2024 | 1,372,341 | 31,964,956 |
| 2023 | 1,370,286 | 31,195,932 |
| 2022 | 1,348,840 | 30,437,261 |
| 2021 | 1,330,932 | 29,691,083 |
| 2020 | 1,329,522 | 28,953,556 |
| 2019 | 1,326,898 | 28,219,554 |
| 2018 | 1,321,977 | 27,494,926 |
| 2017 | 1,317,384 | 26,788,375 |
| 2016 | 1,315,790 | 26,099,952 |
| 2015 | 1,315,407 | 25,426,702 |
| 2014 | 1,314,545 | 24,764,348 |
| 2013 | 1,317,997 | 24,109,290 |
| 2012 | 1,322,696 | 23,462,438 |
| 2011 | 1,327,439 | 22,822,300 |
| 2010 | 1,331,475 | 22,183,340 |
| 2009 | 1,334,515 | 21,547,280 |
| 2008 | 1,337,090 | 20,923,840 |
| 2007 | 1,340,680 | 20,318,583 |
| 2006 | 1,346,810 | 19,730,909 |
| 2005 | 1,354,775 | 19,159,707 |
| 2004 | 1,362,550 | 18,606,608 |
| 2003 | 1,370,720 | 18,071,854 |
| 2002 | 1,379,350 | 17,549,913 |
| 2001 | 1,388,115 | 17,032,939 |
| 2000 | 1,396,985 | 16,516,338 |
| 1999 | 1,390,244 | 16,000,506 |
| 1998 | 1,386,156 | 15,489,364 |
| 1997 | 1,399,535 | 14,990,814 |
| 1996 | 1,415,594 | 14,510,711 |
| 1995 | 1,436,634 | 14,051,275 |
| 1994 | 1,462,514 | 13,613,850 |
| 1993 | 1,494,128 | 13,197,345 |
| 1992 | 1,533,091 | 12,800,870 |
| 1991 | 1,561,314 | 12,421,412 |
| 1990 | 1,569,174 | 12,055,639 |
| 1989 | 1,568,131 | 11,704,998 |
| 1988 | 1,561,900 | 11,369,462 |
| 1987 | 1,552,221 | 11,047,291 |
| 1986 | 1,540,190 | 10,736,857 |
| 1985 | 1,528,781 | 10,433,142 |
| 1984 | 1,518,617 | 10,134,550 |
| 1983 | 1,508,745 | 9,843,044 |
| 1982 | 1,498,414 | 9,557,671 |
| 1981 | 1,487,666 | 9,279,011 |
| 1980 | 1,477,219 | 9,006,032 |
| 1979 | 1,468,333 | 8,737,581 |
| 1978 | 1,460,188 | 8,475,864 |
| 1977 | 1,450,211 | 8,222,240 |
| 1976 | 1,439,576 | 7,976,831 |
| 1975 | 1,429,352 | 7,739,336 |
| 1974 | 1,418,169 | 7,509,726 |
| 1973 | 1,405,951 | 7,288,048 |
| 1972 | 1,392,518 | 7,074,398 |
| 1971 | 1,376,955 | 6,868,868 |
| 1970 | 1,360,076 | 6,672,003 |
| 1969 | 1,345,249 | 6,484,716 |
| 1968 | 1,331,214 | 6,306,493 |
| 1967 | 1,318,946 | 6,136,486 |
| 1966 | 1,308,597 | 5,974,279 |
| 1965 | 1,294,566 | 5,819,116 |
| 1964 | 1,277,086 | 5,669,863 |
| 1963 | 1,258,857 | 5,525,185 |
| 1962 | 1,241,623 | 5,384,150 |
| 1961 | 1,225,077 | 5,246,158 |
| 1960 | 1,211,537 | 5,111,029 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/estonia/madagascar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Estonia decreased by 31,020 people (a 2.3% decline), while Madagascar gained 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Estonia gained 23,800 people (a 1.81% growth), while Madagascar's population increased by 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth).
Estonia was ranked 149th most populous country in 2006 and is 155th in 2026. Madagascar was ranked 57th in 2006 and ranked 49th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Estonia's population will shrink by 11.8% to 1,182,029 people with a rank change from 155th to 159th. The population of Madagascar will increase by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people and rank change from 49th to 37th.
Madagascar is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 86.2M people, while Estonia's population already peaked in 1990 at 1.57M people and is projected to decrease to 831K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | -0.67% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | -0.65% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | -0.64% | 0.49% |
| 2097 | -0.66% | 0.51% |
| 2096 | -0.65% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | -0.64% | 0.54% |
| 2094 | -0.64% | 0.56% |
| 2093 | -0.63% | 0.58% |
| 2092 | -0.64% | 0.6% |
| 2091 | -0.65% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | -0.65% | 0.63% |
| 2089 | -0.65% | 0.65% |
| 2088 | -0.68% | 0.67% |
| 2087 | -0.7% | 0.68% |
| 2086 | -0.7% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | -0.73% | 0.72% |
| 2084 | -0.73% | 0.74% |
| 2083 | -0.73% | 0.76% |
| 2082 | -0.73% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | -0.74% | 0.8% |
| 2080 | -0.75% | 0.82% |
| 2079 | -0.76% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | -0.76% | 0.87% |
| 2077 | -0.75% | 0.89% |
| 2076 | -0.75% | 0.92% |
| 2075 | -0.76% | 0.94% |
| 2074 | -0.77% | 0.96% |
| 2073 | -0.77% | 0.99% |
| 2072 | -0.78% | 1.02% |
| 2071 | -0.78% | 1.04% |
| 2070 | -0.77% | 1.07% |
| 2069 | -0.77% | 1.09% |
| 2068 | -0.77% | 1.12% |
| 2067 | -0.76% | 1.14% |
| 2066 | -0.76% | 1.17% |
| 2065 | -0.76% | 1.2% |
| 2064 | -0.75% | 1.22% |
| 2063 | -0.74% | 1.25% |
| 2062 | -0.74% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | -0.73% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | -0.71% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | -0.7% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | -0.68% | 1.38% |
| 2057 | -0.66% | 1.41% |
| 2056 | -0.65% | 1.44% |
| 2055 | -0.62% | 1.46% |
| 2054 | -0.61% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | -0.59% | 1.52% |
| 2052 | -0.59% | 1.55% |
| 2051 | -0.57% | 1.58% |
| 2050 | -0.56% | 1.61% |
| 2049 | -0.53% | 1.63% |
| 2048 | -0.53% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | -0.52% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | -0.51% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | -0.51% | 1.75% |
| 2044 | -0.5% | 1.78% |
| 2043 | -0.5% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | -0.49% | 1.84% |
| 2041 | -0.49% | 1.87% |
| 2040 | -0.49% | 1.89% |
| 2039 | -0.49% | 1.93% |
| 2038 | -0.5% | 1.96% |
| 2037 | -0.52% | 1.99% |
| 2036 | -0.52% | 2.02% |
| 2035 | -0.53% | 2.05% |
| 2034 | -0.53% | 2.09% |
| 2033 | -0.54% | 2.13% |
| 2032 | -0.54% | 2.17% |
| 2031 | -0.54% | 2.21% |
| 2030 | -0.53% | 2.24% |
| 2029 | -0.54% | 2.29% |
| 2028 | -0.54% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | -0.53% | 2.37% |
| 2026 | -1.42% | 2.41% |
| 2025 | -0.98% | 2.45% |
| 2024 | 0.15% | 2.47% |
| 2023 | 1.59% | 2.49% |
| 2022 | 1.35% | 2.51% |
| 2021 | 0.11% | 2.55% |
| 2020 | 0.2% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 0.37% | 2.64% |
| 2018 | 0.35% | 2.64% |
| 2017 | 0.12% | 2.64% |
| 2016 | 0.03% | 2.65% |
| 2015 | 0.07% | 2.67% |
| 2014 | -0.26% | 2.72% |
| 2013 | -0.36% | 2.76% |
| 2012 | -0.36% | 2.8% |
| 2011 | -0.3% | 2.88% |
| 2010 | -0.23% | 2.95% |
| 2009 | -0.19% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | -0.27% | 2.98% |
| 2007 | -0.46% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | -0.59% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | -0.57% | 2.97% |
| 2004 | -0.6% | 2.96% |
| 2003 | -0.63% | 2.97% |
| 2002 | -0.63% | 3.04% |
| 2001 | -0.63% | 3.13% |
| 2000 | 0.48% | 3.22% |
| 1999 | 0.29% | 3.3% |
| 1998 | -0.96% | 3.33% |
| 1997 | -1.13% | 3.31% |
| 1996 | -1.46% | 3.27% |
| 1995 | -1.77% | 3.21% |
| 1994 | -2.12% | 3.16% |
| 1993 | -2.54% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | -1.81% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | -0.5% | 3.03% |
| 1990 | 0.07% | 3% |
| 1989 | 0.4% | 2.95% |
| 1988 | 0.62% | 2.92% |
| 1987 | 0.78% | 2.89% |
| 1986 | 0.75% | 2.91% |
| 1985 | 0.67% | 2.95% |
| 1984 | 0.65% | 2.96% |
| 1983 | 0.69% | 2.99% |
| 1982 | 0.72% | 3% |
| 1981 | 0.71% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 0.61% | 3.07% |
| 1979 | 0.56% | 3.09% |
| 1978 | 0.69% | 3.08% |
| 1977 | 0.74% | 3.08% |
| 1976 | 0.72% | 3.07% |
| 1975 | 0.79% | 3.06% |
| 1974 | 0.87% | 3.04% |
| 1973 | 0.96% | 3.02% |
| 1972 | 1.13% | 2.99% |
| 1971 | 1.24% | 2.95% |
| 1970 | 1.1% | 2.89% |
| 1969 | 1.05% | 2.83% |
| 1968 | 0.93% | 2.77% |
| 1967 | 0.79% | 2.72% |
| 1966 | 1.08% | 2.67% |
| 1965 | 1.37% | 2.63% |
| 1964 | 1.45% | 2.62% |
| 1963 | 1.39% | 2.62% |
| 1962 | 1.35% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 1.12% | 2.64% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/estonia/madagascar | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Estonia grew by 0.15%, while Madagascar's population grew by 2.47%.
Live population counters
|
Estonia
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1339590
|
33750171
|
| Population rank | 155/197 | 49/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.41% |
| One net population change |
4.26 hours
|
41 seconds
|
| One birth every |
47.9 minutes
|
31.5 seconds
|
| One death every |
32.8 minutes
|
2.24 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +6 | +2,107 |
| Annual growth/decline | +2,055 | +769,024 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.15% | +2.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 158/197 | 29/197 |
| One migration net change every |
39.5 minutes
|
3.94 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -13,350 | -2,227 |
| Net migration rank | 141/196 | 100/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 203,046 | 38,625 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 110/195 | 158/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 14.9% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 43/195 | 193/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Estonia
|
Madagascar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -13,350 | - | -2,227 |
| 2024 | - | -7,742 | - | -1,795 |
| 2023 | -5,070 | 5,717 | 766,391 | -1,487 |
| 2022 | -5,665 | 39,754 | 753,931 | -1,487 |
| 2021 | -5,324 | 7,043 | 741,416 | -1,480 |
| 2020 | -2,659 | 3,694 | 736,607 | -1,480 |
| 2019 | -1,327 | 5,386 | 735,853 | -2,976 |
| 2018 | -1,322 | 7,089 | 719,267 | -2,887 |
| 2017 | -1,713 | 5,202 | 699,498 | -2,784 |
| 2016 | -1,316 | 1,081 | 682,801 | -2,687 |
| 2015 | -1,315 | 4,261 | 668,977 | -2,594 |
| 2014 | -1,972 | -674 | 660,837 | -2,522 |
| 2013 | -1,713 | -2,688 | 654,230 | -2,445 |
| 2012 | -1,455 | -3,674 | 644,255 | -2,334 |
| 2011 | -531 | -3,941 | 640,577 | -2,219 |
| 2010 | 0 | -3,781 | 641,543 | -1,979 |
| 2009 | -400 | -2,089 | 634,008 | -1,429 |
| 2008 | -668 | -2,034 | 615,580 | -1,255 |
| 2007 | -1,608 | -2,941 | 597,772 | -1,563 |
| 2006 | -2,559 | -5,351 | 581,489 | -2,336 |
| 2005 | -2,981 | -5,208 | 568,143 | -4,869 |
| 2004 | -3,679 | -3,681 | 556,319 | -13,393 |
| 2003 | -5,072 | -3,705 | 544,903 | -18,345 |
| 2002 | -5,380 | -2,889 | 535,518 | -18,209 |
| 2001 | -5,830 | -3,280 | 529,656 | -13,014 |
| 2000 | -5,309 | -3,083 | 520,860 | -4,298 |
| 1999 | -6,117 | 1,419 | 516,976 | -1,891 |
| 1998 | -7,208 | -3,296 | 508,408 | -1,222 |
| 1997 | -6,018 | -4,066 | 490,905 | -986 |
| 1996 | -5,662 | -10,540 | 471,453 | -1,161 |
| 1995 | -7,327 | -12,655 | 450,259 | -1,670 |
| 1994 | -8,044 | -17,984 | 428,169 | -1,905 |
| 1993 | -5,976 | -25,501 | 408,801 | -2,063 |
| 1992 | -1,993 | -38,391 | 388,430 | -2,216 |
| 1991 | -312 | -9,712 | 375,040 | -2,330 |
| 1990 | 2,825 | -2,660 | 360,621 | -1,777 |
| 1989 | 5,803 | -368 | 344,279 | -1,848 |
| 1988 | 6,404 | 5,256 | 330,510 | -1,883 |
| 1987 | 6,829 | 5,389 | 317,621 | -1,896 |
| 1986 | 6,160 | 5,260 | 307,074 | -1,914 |
| 1985 | 4,281 | 5,097 | 304,199 | -1,947 |
| 1984 | 5,163 | 5,006 | 296,892 | -1,965 |
| 1983 | 5,884 | 4,986 | 290,085 | -1,979 |
| 1982 | 5,244 | 4,832 | 284,733 | -2,093 |
| 1981 | 4,612 | 4,789 | 277,535 | -2,864 |
| 1980 | 3,989 | 4,619 | 275,287 | -4,005 |
| 1979 | 3,818 | 4,521 | 270,752 | -5,126 |
| 1978 | 4,088 | 7,234 | 263,684 | -5,874 |
| 1977 | 4,931 | 7,189 | 255,399 | -5,957 |
| 1976 | 4,319 | 6,942 | 247,026 | -5,655 |
| 1975 | 4,717 | 6,737 | 238,774 | -5,173 |
| 1974 | 5,956 | 6,594 | 230,233 | -4,607 |
| 1973 | 5,623 | 6,488 | 221,768 | -4,037 |
| 1972 | 6,267 | 6,432 | 213,138 | -3,583 |
| 1971 | 7,160 | 6,392 | 204,617 | -3,118 |
| 1970 | 6,257 | 6,158 | 194,889 | -2,658 |
| 1969 | 5,515 | 8,650 | 184,562 | -2,216 |
| 1968 | 5,592 | 9,403 | 175,869 | -1,766 |
| 1967 | 5,012 | 9,115 | 167,287 | -1,383 |
| 1966 | 4,842 | 8,998 | 159,483 | -964 |
| 1965 | 5,437 | 8,851 | 152,362 | -550 |
| 1964 | 6,897 | 8,734 | 146,894 | -204 |
| 1963 | 6,043 | 8,410 | 142,666 | 0 |
| 1962 | 6,457 | 8,248 | 139,412 | 0 |
| 1961 | 7,228 | 7,991 | 136,578 | 0 |
| 1960 | 7,511 | 7,762 | 133,684 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/estonia/madagascar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 26.1% of the population change in Estonia is from natural causes (a loss of 27,683 people) and 73.9% is from migration (a gain of 78,553 people). In Madagascar 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people).
As of 2024, 203,046 residents or 14.9% of the population were not native-born in Estonia, compared to 38,625 people or 0.1% in Madagascar.
Biggest cities by population
|
Estonia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Tallinn | 458K |
| Tartu | 97.8K |
| Narva | 53.4K |
| Parnu | 41.5K |
| Kohtla-Jarve | 33.4K |
| Viljandi | 17.3K |
| Maardu | 17K |
| Rakvere | 15.7K |
| Kuressaare | 13.2K |
| Sillamae | 12.4K |
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Estonia and Madagascar
|
Estonia
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 79.6 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 43.1 years | 24.1 years |
| Median age | 43.3 years | 20 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 47.5:52.5 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 1.31 births per woman | 3.97 births per woman |
| Population density | 81.2 ppl/mi² | 149.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/estonia/madagascar | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.