The latest officially reported population of France was 68,551,653 in 2024 vs 31,964,956 people in Madagascar in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current France's population is 68,788,006 people compared to 33,750,171 in Madagascar.
Population statistics:
- France's population is 2.04 times bigger than Madagascar's.
- France is ranked the 23rd most populous country in the world, while Madagascar is the 49th.
- The countries together account for 1.24% of the world: 0.83% for France vs 0.41% for Madagascar.
- For the last 10 years, France has had an average growth rate of +0.35% per year vs +2.6% in Madagascar.
- Since 2006, the population of France has increased from 63.6M people to 68.8M (8.12% growth), while Madagascar has grown from 19.7M to 33.8M (71.1% growth).
France vs Madagascar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
France
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 70,613,012 | 86,197,674 |
| 2099 | 70,629,584 | 85,808,382 |
| 2098 | 70,639,488 | 85,404,097 |
| 2097 | 70,644,570 | 84,987,607 |
| 2096 | 70,651,179 | 84,559,113 |
| 2095 | 70,644,818 | 84,119,392 |
| 2094 | 70,628,949 | 83,665,834 |
| 2093 | 70,603,242 | 83,200,140 |
| 2092 | 70,580,656 | 82,723,075 |
| 2091 | 70,553,277 | 82,233,465 |
| 2090 | 70,520,528 | 81,734,626 |
| 2089 | 70,486,909 | 81,223,857 |
| 2088 | 70,447,851 | 80,700,261 |
| 2087 | 70,408,245 | 80,164,903 |
| 2086 | 70,365,710 | 79,619,760 |
| 2085 | 70,328,248 | 79,064,003 |
| 2084 | 70,285,895 | 78,499,094 |
| 2083 | 70,234,175 | 77,922,946 |
| 2082 | 70,193,367 | 77,337,305 |
| 2081 | 70,148,354 | 76,740,524 |
| 2080 | 70,107,021 | 76,133,028 |
| 2079 | 70,065,621 | 75,513,518 |
| 2078 | 70,025,358 | 74,881,435 |
| 2077 | 69,983,383 | 74,236,865 |
| 2076 | 69,940,036 | 73,582,256 |
| 2075 | 69,897,457 | 72,914,884 |
| 2074 | 69,862,353 | 72,235,202 |
| 2073 | 69,830,973 | 71,545,378 |
| 2072 | 69,804,981 | 70,843,401 |
| 2071 | 69,777,127 | 70,130,366 |
| 2070 | 69,764,791 | 69,409,326 |
| 2069 | 69,754,867 | 68,677,859 |
| 2068 | 69,756,896 | 67,936,195 |
| 2067 | 69,764,705 | 67,185,066 |
| 2066 | 69,773,902 | 66,425,210 |
| 2065 | 69,794,612 | 65,658,016 |
| 2064 | 69,818,938 | 64,881,253 |
| 2063 | 69,848,255 | 64,097,223 |
| 2062 | 69,886,879 | 63,305,402 |
| 2061 | 69,926,483 | 62,506,578 |
| 2060 | 69,968,809 | 61,701,267 |
| 2059 | 70,014,435 | 60,889,495 |
| 2058 | 70,057,256 | 60,073,702 |
| 2057 | 70,102,722 | 59,254,008 |
| 2056 | 70,146,920 | 58,428,653 |
| 2055 | 70,196,482 | 57,600,579 |
| 2054 | 70,236,369 | 56,769,869 |
| 2053 | 70,270,537 | 55,935,411 |
| 2052 | 70,295,830 | 55,097,962 |
| 2051 | 70,321,018 | 54,258,057 |
| 2050 | 70,335,872 | 53,415,029 |
| 2049 | 70,345,142 | 52,570,680 |
| 2048 | 70,343,943 | 51,725,320 |
| 2047 | 70,332,332 | 50,879,659 |
| 2046 | 70,314,243 | 50,033,785 |
| 2045 | 70,283,430 | 49,188,703 |
| 2044 | 70,244,405 | 48,344,009 |
| 2043 | 70,198,284 | 47,499,657 |
| 2042 | 70,137,343 | 46,656,643 |
| 2041 | 70,071,925 | 45,815,621 |
| 2040 | 70,006,064 | 44,976,152 |
| 2039 | 69,936,874 | 44,140,155 |
| 2038 | 69,858,693 | 43,305,683 |
| 2037 | 69,770,244 | 42,474,372 |
| 2036 | 69,681,800 | 41,645,556 |
| 2035 | 69,590,103 | 40,819,415 |
| 2034 | 69,496,656 | 39,997,842 |
| 2033 | 69,406,955 | 39,178,430 |
| 2032 | 69,316,572 | 38,361,932 |
| 2031 | 69,227,320 | 37,547,484 |
| 2030 | 69,136,856 | 36,737,238 |
| 2029 | 69,043,072 | 35,930,925 |
| 2028 | 68,951,924 | 35,128,136 |
| 2027 | 68,856,735 | 34,329,429 |
| 2026 | 68,762,523 | 33,535,391 |
| 2025 | 68,659,633 | 32,747,552 |
| 2024 | 68,551,653 | 31,964,956 |
| 2023 | 68,372,286 | 31,195,932 |
| 2022 | 68,184,457 | 30,437,261 |
| 2021 | 67,842,811 | 29,691,083 |
| 2020 | 67,601,110 | 28,953,556 |
| 2019 | 67,382,061 | 28,219,554 |
| 2018 | 67,158,348 | 27,494,926 |
| 2017 | 66,918,020 | 26,788,375 |
| 2016 | 66,724,104 | 26,099,952 |
| 2015 | 66,548,272 | 25,426,702 |
| 2014 | 66,312,067 | 24,764,348 |
| 2013 | 65,997,932 | 24,109,290 |
| 2012 | 65,657,659 | 23,462,438 |
| 2011 | 65,340,830 | 22,822,300 |
| 2010 | 65,026,211 | 22,183,340 |
| 2009 | 64,706,436 | 21,547,280 |
| 2008 | 64,375,116 | 20,923,840 |
| 2007 | 64,016,890 | 20,318,583 |
| 2006 | 63,622,342 | 19,730,909 |
| 2005 | 63,180,854 | 19,159,707 |
| 2004 | 62,707,588 | 18,606,608 |
| 2003 | 62,249,855 | 18,071,854 |
| 2002 | 61,812,142 | 17,549,913 |
| 2001 | 61,364,377 | 17,032,939 |
| 2000 | 60,918,661 | 16,516,338 |
| 1999 | 60,501,986 | 16,000,506 |
| 1998 | 60,190,684 | 15,489,364 |
| 1997 | 59,968,066 | 14,990,814 |
| 1996 | 59,754,504 | 14,510,711 |
| 1995 | 59,541,294 | 14,051,275 |
| 1994 | 59,324,863 | 13,613,850 |
| 1993 | 59,103,094 | 13,197,345 |
| 1992 | 58,846,584 | 12,800,870 |
| 1991 | 58,554,242 | 12,421,412 |
| 1990 | 58,261,012 | 12,055,639 |
| 1989 | 57,943,062 | 11,704,998 |
| 1988 | 57,598,186 | 11,369,462 |
| 1987 | 57,266,167 | 11,047,291 |
| 1986 | 56,956,002 | 10,736,857 |
| 1985 | 56,665,619 | 10,433,142 |
| 1984 | 56,383,085 | 10,134,550 |
| 1983 | 56,108,330 | 9,843,044 |
| 1982 | 55,806,789 | 9,557,671 |
| 1981 | 55,603,353 | 9,279,011 |
| 1980 | 55,274,184 | 9,006,032 |
| 1979 | 54,979,851 | 8,737,581 |
| 1978 | 54,734,030 | 8,475,864 |
| 1977 | 54,486,467 | 8,222,240 |
| 1976 | 54,232,383 | 7,976,831 |
| 1975 | 54,002,853 | 7,739,336 |
| 1974 | 53,746,571 | 7,509,726 |
| 1973 | 53,392,161 | 7,288,048 |
| 1972 | 52,962,356 | 7,074,398 |
| 1971 | 52,499,553 | 6,868,868 |
| 1970 | 52,007,169 | 6,672,003 |
| 1969 | 51,536,014 | 6,484,716 |
| 1968 | 51,112,980 | 6,306,493 |
| 1967 | 50,722,791 | 6,136,486 |
| 1966 | 50,311,637 | 5,974,279 |
| 1965 | 49,877,725 | 5,819,116 |
| 1964 | 49,401,492 | 5,669,863 |
| 1963 | 48,877,567 | 5,525,185 |
| 1962 | 48,389,516 | 5,384,150 |
| 1961 | 47,905,982 | 5,246,158 |
| 1960 | 47,412,964 | 5,111,029 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/france/madagascar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of France increased by 3,101,762 people (a 4.88% growth), while Madagascar gained 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, France gained 2,063,902 people (a 3.09% growth), while Madagascar's population increased by 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth).
France was ranked 20th most populous country in 2006 and is 23rd in 2026. Madagascar was ranked 57th in 2006 and ranked 49th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) France's population will grow by 2.25% to 70,335,872 people with a rank change from 23rd to 30th. The population of Madagascar will increase by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people and rank change from 49th to 37th.
France is projected to reach its peak in 2096 at 70.7M people compared to the peak of 86.2M people in 2100 for Madagascar.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
France
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | -0.02% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | -0.01% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | -0.007% | 0.49% |
| 2097 | -0.009% | 0.51% |
| 2096 | 0.009% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | 0.02% | 0.54% |
| 2094 | 0.04% | 0.56% |
| 2093 | 0.03% | 0.58% |
| 2092 | 0.04% | 0.6% |
| 2091 | 0.05% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.05% | 0.63% |
| 2089 | 0.06% | 0.65% |
| 2088 | 0.06% | 0.67% |
| 2087 | 0.06% | 0.68% |
| 2086 | 0.05% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.06% | 0.72% |
| 2084 | 0.07% | 0.74% |
| 2083 | 0.06% | 0.76% |
| 2082 | 0.06% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | 0.06% | 0.8% |
| 2080 | 0.06% | 0.82% |
| 2079 | 0.06% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | 0.06% | 0.87% |
| 2077 | 0.06% | 0.89% |
| 2076 | 0.06% | 0.92% |
| 2075 | 0.05% | 0.94% |
| 2074 | 0.04% | 0.96% |
| 2073 | 0.04% | 0.99% |
| 2072 | 0.04% | 1.02% |
| 2071 | 0.02% | 1.04% |
| 2070 | 0.01% | 1.07% |
| 2069 | -0.003% | 1.09% |
| 2068 | -0.01% | 1.12% |
| 2067 | -0.01% | 1.14% |
| 2066 | -0.03% | 1.17% |
| 2065 | -0.03% | 1.2% |
| 2064 | -0.04% | 1.22% |
| 2063 | -0.06% | 1.25% |
| 2062 | -0.06% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | -0.06% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | -0.07% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | -0.06% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | -0.06% | 1.38% |
| 2057 | -0.06% | 1.41% |
| 2056 | -0.07% | 1.44% |
| 2055 | -0.06% | 1.46% |
| 2054 | -0.05% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | -0.04% | 1.52% |
| 2052 | -0.04% | 1.55% |
| 2051 | -0.02% | 1.58% |
| 2050 | -0.01% | 1.61% |
| 2049 | 0.002% | 1.63% |
| 2048 | 0.02% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | 0.03% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | 0.04% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | 0.06% | 1.75% |
| 2044 | 0.07% | 1.78% |
| 2043 | 0.09% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 0.09% | 1.84% |
| 2041 | 0.09% | 1.87% |
| 2040 | 0.1% | 1.89% |
| 2039 | 0.11% | 1.93% |
| 2038 | 0.13% | 1.96% |
| 2037 | 0.13% | 1.99% |
| 2036 | 0.13% | 2.02% |
| 2035 | 0.13% | 2.05% |
| 2034 | 0.13% | 2.09% |
| 2033 | 0.13% | 2.13% |
| 2032 | 0.13% | 2.17% |
| 2031 | 0.13% | 2.21% |
| 2030 | 0.14% | 2.24% |
| 2029 | 0.13% | 2.29% |
| 2028 | 0.14% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | 0.14% | 2.37% |
| 2026 | 0.15% | 2.41% |
| 2025 | 0.16% | 2.45% |
| 2024 | 0.26% | 2.47% |
| 2023 | 0.28% | 2.49% |
| 2022 | 0.5% | 2.51% |
| 2021 | 0.36% | 2.55% |
| 2020 | 0.33% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 0.33% | 2.64% |
| 2018 | 0.36% | 2.64% |
| 2017 | 0.29% | 2.64% |
| 2016 | 0.26% | 2.65% |
| 2015 | 0.36% | 2.67% |
| 2014 | 0.48% | 2.72% |
| 2013 | 0.52% | 2.76% |
| 2012 | 0.48% | 2.8% |
| 2011 | 0.48% | 2.88% |
| 2010 | 0.49% | 2.95% |
| 2009 | 0.51% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | 0.56% | 2.98% |
| 2007 | 0.62% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | 0.7% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | 0.75% | 2.97% |
| 2004 | 0.74% | 2.96% |
| 2003 | 0.71% | 2.97% |
| 2002 | 0.73% | 3.04% |
| 2001 | 0.73% | 3.13% |
| 2000 | 0.69% | 3.22% |
| 1999 | 0.52% | 3.3% |
| 1998 | 0.37% | 3.33% |
| 1997 | 0.36% | 3.31% |
| 1996 | 0.36% | 3.27% |
| 1995 | 0.36% | 3.21% |
| 1994 | 0.38% | 3.16% |
| 1993 | 0.44% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | 0.5% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | 0.5% | 3.03% |
| 1990 | 0.55% | 3% |
| 1989 | 0.6% | 2.95% |
| 1988 | 0.58% | 2.92% |
| 1987 | 0.54% | 2.89% |
| 1986 | 0.51% | 2.91% |
| 1985 | 0.5% | 2.95% |
| 1984 | 0.49% | 2.96% |
| 1983 | 0.54% | 2.99% |
| 1982 | 0.37% | 3% |
| 1981 | 0.6% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 0.54% | 3.07% |
| 1979 | 0.45% | 3.09% |
| 1978 | 0.45% | 3.08% |
| 1977 | 0.47% | 3.08% |
| 1976 | 0.43% | 3.07% |
| 1975 | 0.48% | 3.06% |
| 1974 | 0.66% | 3.04% |
| 1973 | 0.81% | 3.02% |
| 1972 | 0.88% | 2.99% |
| 1971 | 0.95% | 2.95% |
| 1970 | 0.91% | 2.89% |
| 1969 | 0.83% | 2.83% |
| 1968 | 0.77% | 2.77% |
| 1967 | 0.82% | 2.72% |
| 1966 | 0.87% | 2.67% |
| 1965 | 0.96% | 2.63% |
| 1964 | 1.07% | 2.62% |
| 1963 | 1.01% | 2.62% |
| 1962 | 1.01% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 1.04% | 2.64% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/france/madagascar | CC BY
In 2024, the population of France grew by 0.26%, while Madagascar's population grew by 2.47%.
Live population counters
|
France
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
68788006
|
33750171
|
| Population rank | 23/197 | 49/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.83% | 0.41% |
| One net population change |
2.93 minutes
|
41 seconds
|
| One birth every |
46.6 seconds
|
31.5 seconds
|
| One death every |
50.1 seconds
|
2.24 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +491 | +2,107 |
| Annual growth/decline | +179,367 | +769,024 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.26% | +2.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 152/197 | 29/197 |
| One migration net change every |
5.75 minutes
|
3.94 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +91,737 | -2,227 |
| Net migration rank | 18/196 | 100/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 9,186,757 | 38,625 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 5/195 | 158/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 13.8% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 49/195 | 193/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
France
|
Madagascar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 91,737 | - | -2,227 |
| 2024 | - | 90,527 | - | -1,795 |
| 2023 | 47,860 | 91,862 | 766,391 | -1,487 |
| 2022 | 54,547 | 179,377 | 753,931 | -1,487 |
| 2021 | 74,627 | 131,465 | 741,416 | -1,480 |
| 2020 | 67,602 | 145,593 | 736,607 | -1,480 |
| 2019 | 141,503 | 71,972 | 735,853 | -2,976 |
| 2018 | 147,749 | 132,925 | 719,267 | -2,887 |
| 2017 | 160,604 | 102,984 | 699,498 | -2,784 |
| 2016 | 193,500 | 15,548 | 682,801 | -2,687 |
| 2015 | 206,300 | -345 | 668,977 | -2,594 |
| 2014 | 265,248 | 52,342 | 660,837 | -2,522 |
| 2013 | 244,192 | 116,297 | 654,230 | -2,445 |
| 2012 | 256,065 | 103,287 | 644,255 | -2,334 |
| 2011 | 280,966 | 70,178 | 640,577 | -2,219 |
| 2010 | 286,116 | 52,644 | 641,543 | -1,979 |
| 2009 | 278,238 | 58,032 | 634,008 | -1,429 |
| 2008 | 283,250 | 79,528 | 615,580 | -1,255 |
| 2007 | 288,076 | 91,973 | 597,772 | -1,563 |
| 2006 | 305,387 | 132,512 | 581,489 | -2,336 |
| 2005 | 271,677 | 191,417 | 568,143 | -4,869 |
| 2004 | 282,185 | 200,629 | 556,319 | -13,393 |
| 2003 | 230,325 | 195,616 | 544,903 | -18,345 |
| 2002 | 253,430 | 191,373 | 535,518 | -18,209 |
| 2001 | 263,867 | 179,476 | 529,656 | -13,014 |
| 2000 | 268,042 | 171,637 | 520,860 | -4,298 |
| 1999 | 229,907 | 169,448 | 516,976 | -1,891 |
| 1998 | 222,705 | 20,216 | 508,408 | -1,222 |
| 1997 | 215,885 | -15,255 | 490,905 | -986 |
| 1996 | 221,092 | -21,463 | 471,453 | -1,161 |
| 1995 | 220,303 | -17,128 | 450,259 | -1,670 |
| 1994 | 201,704 | -4,232 | 428,169 | -1,905 |
| 1993 | 224,592 | 16,892 | 408,801 | -2,063 |
| 1992 | 229,502 | 61,964 | 388,430 | -2,216 |
| 1991 | 234,216 | 35,201 | 375,040 | -2,330 |
| 1990 | 238,870 | 43,323 | 360,621 | -1,777 |
| 1989 | 243,361 | 82,052 | 344,279 | -1,848 |
| 1988 | 247,672 | 69,935 | 330,510 | -1,883 |
| 1987 | 251,971 | 59,890 | 317,621 | -1,896 |
| 1986 | 250,606 | 51,642 | 307,074 | -1,914 |
| 1985 | 249,328 | 66,149 | 304,199 | -1,947 |
| 1984 | 248,086 | 76,175 | 296,892 | -1,965 |
| 1983 | 235,655 | 88,166 | 290,085 | -1,979 |
| 1982 | 234,389 | 81,084 | 284,733 | -2,093 |
| 1981 | 222,414 | 69,365 | 277,535 | -2,864 |
| 1980 | 210,042 | 54,718 | 275,287 | -4,005 |
| 1979 | 208,923 | 34,295 | 270,752 | -5,126 |
| 1978 | 213,462 | 18,692 | 263,684 | -5,874 |
| 1977 | 217,946 | 44,918 | 255,399 | -5,957 |
| 1976 | 227,776 | 59,515 | 247,026 | -5,655 |
| 1975 | 248,413 | 16,139 | 238,774 | -5,173 |
| 1974 | 268,733 | 26,203 | 230,233 | -4,607 |
| 1973 | 282,979 | 103,910 | 221,768 | -4,037 |
| 1972 | 296,589 | 101,223 | 213,138 | -3,583 |
| 1971 | 309,747 | 144,321 | 204,617 | -3,118 |
| 1970 | 322,444 | 182,941 | 194,889 | -2,658 |
| 1969 | 329,831 | 160,403 | 184,562 | -2,216 |
| 1968 | 337,346 | 113,115 | 175,869 | -1,766 |
| 1967 | 339,843 | 63,018 | 167,287 | -1,383 |
| 1966 | 352,181 | 96,097 | 159,483 | -964 |
| 1965 | 354,132 | 82,879 | 152,362 | -550 |
| 1964 | 360,631 | 163,039 | 146,894 | -204 |
| 1963 | 361,694 | 190,925 | 142,666 | 0 |
| 1962 | 358,082 | 141,634 | 139,412 | 0 |
| 1961 | 354,504 | 128,618 | 136,578 | 0 |
| 1960 | 346,115 | 143,032 | 133,684 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/france/madagascar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 59.5% of the population change in France is from natural causes (a gain of 1,359,540 people) and 40.5% is from migration (a gain of 923,723 people). In Madagascar 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people).
As of 2024, 9,186,757 residents or 13.8% of the population were not native-born in France, compared to 38,625 people or 0.1% in Madagascar.
Biggest cities by population
|
France
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Paris | 2.11M |
| Marseille | 886K |
| Lyon | 519K |
| Toulouse | 515K |
| Nice | 358K |
| Nantes | 328K |
| Montpellier | 310K |
| Strasbourg | 294K |
| Bordeaux | 268K |
| Lille | 238K |
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between France and Madagascar
|
France
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 83.7 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 42.6 years | 24.1 years |
| Median age | 43 years | 20 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 48.5:51.5 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 1.66 births per woman | 3.97 births per woman |
| Population density | 330 ppl/mi² | 149.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/france/madagascar | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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