The latest officially reported population of Madagascar was 31,964,956 in 2024 vs 5,572,279 people in Norway in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Madagascar's population is 33,750,171 people compared to 5,671,119 in Norway.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 5.95 times bigger than Norway's.
- Madagascar is ranked the 49th most populous country in the world, while Norway is the 119th.
- The countries together account for 0.48% of the world: 0.41% for Madagascar vs 0.07% for Norway.
- For the last 10 years, Madagascar has had an average growth rate of +2.6% per year vs +0.85% in Norway.
- Since 2006, the population of Madagascar has increased from 19.7M people to 33.8M (71.1% growth), while Norway has grown from 4.66M to 5.67M (21.7% growth).
Madagascar vs Norway: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Madagascar
|
Norway
|
|
| 2100 | 86,197,674 | 5,441,855 |
| 2099 | 85,808,382 | 5,454,583 |
| 2098 | 85,404,097 | 5,466,669 |
| 2097 | 84,987,607 | 5,478,174 |
| 2096 | 84,559,113 | 5,490,010 |
| 2095 | 84,119,392 | 5,502,418 |
| 2094 | 83,665,834 | 5,514,598 |
| 2093 | 83,200,140 | 5,527,174 |
| 2092 | 82,723,075 | 5,539,172 |
| 2091 | 82,233,465 | 5,551,172 |
| 2090 | 81,734,626 | 5,564,044 |
| 2089 | 81,223,857 | 5,576,715 |
| 2088 | 80,700,261 | 5,590,047 |
| 2087 | 80,164,903 | 5,604,159 |
| 2086 | 79,619,760 | 5,617,935 |
| 2085 | 79,064,003 | 5,631,413 |
| 2084 | 78,499,094 | 5,645,116 |
| 2083 | 77,922,946 | 5,658,044 |
| 2082 | 77,337,305 | 5,670,485 |
| 2081 | 76,740,524 | 5,682,427 |
| 2080 | 76,133,028 | 5,694,199 |
| 2079 | 75,513,518 | 5,705,317 |
| 2078 | 74,881,435 | 5,715,984 |
| 2077 | 74,236,865 | 5,726,145 |
| 2076 | 73,582,256 | 5,735,898 |
| 2075 | 72,914,884 | 5,745,619 |
| 2074 | 72,235,202 | 5,755,683 |
| 2073 | 71,545,378 | 5,765,642 |
| 2072 | 70,843,401 | 5,775,295 |
| 2071 | 70,130,366 | 5,784,119 |
| 2070 | 69,409,326 | 5,793,594 |
| 2069 | 68,677,859 | 5,802,341 |
| 2068 | 67,936,195 | 5,811,630 |
| 2067 | 67,185,066 | 5,821,550 |
| 2066 | 66,425,210 | 5,831,535 |
| 2065 | 65,658,016 | 5,841,333 |
| 2064 | 64,881,253 | 5,851,085 |
| 2063 | 64,097,223 | 5,860,548 |
| 2062 | 63,305,402 | 5,869,700 |
| 2061 | 62,506,578 | 5,877,754 |
| 2060 | 61,701,267 | 5,885,488 |
| 2059 | 60,889,495 | 5,892,036 |
| 2058 | 60,073,702 | 5,897,922 |
| 2057 | 59,254,008 | 5,904,330 |
| 2056 | 58,428,653 | 5,910,291 |
| 2055 | 57,600,579 | 5,915,286 |
| 2054 | 56,769,869 | 5,919,312 |
| 2053 | 55,935,411 | 5,922,325 |
| 2052 | 55,097,962 | 5,923,483 |
| 2051 | 54,258,057 | 5,923,938 |
| 2050 | 53,415,029 | 5,923,557 |
| 2049 | 52,570,680 | 5,922,138 |
| 2048 | 51,725,320 | 5,919,215 |
| 2047 | 50,879,659 | 5,916,146 |
| 2046 | 50,033,785 | 5,912,426 |
| 2045 | 49,188,703 | 5,907,334 |
| 2044 | 48,344,009 | 5,902,175 |
| 2043 | 47,499,657 | 5,896,614 |
| 2042 | 46,656,643 | 5,889,741 |
| 2041 | 45,815,621 | 5,881,692 |
| 2040 | 44,976,152 | 5,873,512 |
| 2039 | 44,140,155 | 5,864,063 |
| 2038 | 43,305,683 | 5,853,639 |
| 2037 | 42,474,372 | 5,842,734 |
| 2036 | 41,645,556 | 5,830,991 |
| 2035 | 40,819,415 | 5,818,882 |
| 2034 | 39,997,842 | 5,805,966 |
| 2033 | 39,178,430 | 5,792,030 |
| 2032 | 38,361,932 | 5,777,062 |
| 2031 | 37,547,484 | 5,760,828 |
| 2030 | 36,737,238 | 5,743,814 |
| 2029 | 35,930,925 | 5,725,891 |
| 2028 | 35,128,136 | 5,706,765 |
| 2027 | 34,329,429 | 5,686,336 |
| 2026 | 33,535,391 | 5,665,477 |
| 2025 | 32,747,552 | 5,626,258 |
| 2024 | 31,964,956 | 5,572,279 |
| 2023 | 31,195,932 | 5,519,601 |
| 2022 | 30,437,261 | 5,457,127 |
| 2021 | 29,691,083 | 5,408,320 |
| 2020 | 28,953,556 | 5,379,475 |
| 2019 | 28,219,554 | 5,347,896 |
| 2018 | 27,494,926 | 5,311,916 |
| 2017 | 26,788,375 | 5,276,968 |
| 2016 | 26,099,952 | 5,234,519 |
| 2015 | 25,426,702 | 5,188,607 |
| 2014 | 24,764,348 | 5,137,232 |
| 2013 | 24,109,290 | 5,079,623 |
| 2012 | 23,462,438 | 5,018,573 |
| 2011 | 22,822,300 | 4,953,088 |
| 2010 | 22,183,340 | 4,889,252 |
| 2009 | 21,547,280 | 4,828,726 |
| 2008 | 20,923,840 | 4,768,212 |
| 2007 | 20,318,583 | 4,709,153 |
| 2006 | 19,730,909 | 4,660,677 |
| 2005 | 19,159,707 | 4,623,291 |
| 2004 | 18,606,608 | 4,591,910 |
| 2003 | 18,071,854 | 4,564,855 |
| 2002 | 17,549,913 | 4,538,159 |
| 2001 | 17,032,939 | 4,513,751 |
| 2000 | 16,516,338 | 4,490,967 |
| 1999 | 16,000,506 | 4,461,913 |
| 1998 | 15,489,364 | 4,431,464 |
| 1997 | 14,990,814 | 4,405,157 |
| 1996 | 14,510,711 | 4,381,336 |
| 1995 | 14,051,275 | 4,359,184 |
| 1994 | 13,613,850 | 4,336,613 |
| 1993 | 13,197,345 | 4,311,991 |
| 1992 | 12,800,870 | 4,286,401 |
| 1991 | 12,421,412 | 4,261,732 |
| 1990 | 12,055,639 | 4,241,473 |
| 1989 | 11,704,998 | 4,226,901 |
| 1988 | 11,369,462 | 4,209,488 |
| 1987 | 11,047,291 | 4,186,905 |
| 1986 | 10,736,857 | 4,167,354 |
| 1985 | 10,433,142 | 4,152,516 |
| 1984 | 10,134,550 | 4,140,099 |
| 1983 | 9,843,044 | 4,128,432 |
| 1982 | 9,557,671 | 4,114,787 |
| 1981 | 9,279,011 | 4,099,702 |
| 1980 | 9,006,032 | 4,085,620 |
| 1979 | 8,737,581 | 4,072,517 |
| 1978 | 8,475,864 | 4,058,671 |
| 1977 | 8,222,240 | 4,043,205 |
| 1976 | 7,976,831 | 4,026,152 |
| 1975 | 7,739,336 | 4,007,313 |
| 1974 | 7,509,726 | 3,985,258 |
| 1973 | 7,288,048 | 3,960,612 |
| 1972 | 7,074,398 | 3,933,004 |
| 1971 | 6,868,868 | 3,903,039 |
| 1970 | 6,672,003 | 3,875,763 |
| 1969 | 6,484,716 | 3,847,707 |
| 1968 | 6,306,493 | 3,816,486 |
| 1967 | 6,136,486 | 3,784,539 |
| 1966 | 5,974,279 | 3,753,012 |
| 1965 | 5,819,116 | 3,723,168 |
| 1964 | 5,669,863 | 3,694,339 |
| 1963 | 5,525,185 | 3,666,537 |
| 1962 | 5,384,150 | 3,638,918 |
| 1961 | 5,246,158 | 3,609,800 |
| 1960 | 5,111,029 | 3,581,239 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/norway | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Madagascar increased by 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth), while Norway gained 573,842 people (a 12.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Madagascar gained 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth), while Norway's population increased by 436,600 people (a 8.34% growth).
Madagascar was ranked 57th most populous country in 2006 and is 49th in 2026. Norway was ranked 116th in 2006 and ranked 119th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Madagascar's population will grow by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people with a rank change from 49th to 37th. The population of Norway will increase by 4.45% to 5,923,557 people and rank change from 119th to 121st.
Madagascar is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 86.2M people compared to the peak of 5.92M people in 2051 for Norway.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Madagascar
|
Norway
|
|
| 2100 | 0.45% | -0.23% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | -0.22% |
| 2098 | 0.49% | -0.21% |
| 2097 | 0.51% | -0.22% |
| 2096 | 0.52% | -0.23% |
| 2095 | 0.54% | -0.22% |
| 2094 | 0.56% | -0.23% |
| 2093 | 0.58% | -0.22% |
| 2092 | 0.6% | -0.22% |
| 2091 | 0.61% | -0.23% |
| 2090 | 0.63% | -0.23% |
| 2089 | 0.65% | -0.24% |
| 2088 | 0.67% | -0.25% |
| 2087 | 0.68% | -0.25% |
| 2086 | 0.7% | -0.24% |
| 2085 | 0.72% | -0.24% |
| 2084 | 0.74% | -0.23% |
| 2083 | 0.76% | -0.22% |
| 2082 | 0.78% | -0.21% |
| 2081 | 0.8% | -0.21% |
| 2080 | 0.82% | -0.19% |
| 2079 | 0.84% | -0.19% |
| 2078 | 0.87% | -0.18% |
| 2077 | 0.89% | -0.17% |
| 2076 | 0.92% | -0.17% |
| 2075 | 0.94% | -0.17% |
| 2074 | 0.96% | -0.17% |
| 2073 | 0.99% | -0.17% |
| 2072 | 1.02% | -0.15% |
| 2071 | 1.04% | -0.16% |
| 2070 | 1.07% | -0.15% |
| 2069 | 1.09% | -0.16% |
| 2068 | 1.12% | -0.17% |
| 2067 | 1.14% | -0.17% |
| 2066 | 1.17% | -0.17% |
| 2065 | 1.2% | -0.17% |
| 2064 | 1.22% | -0.16% |
| 2063 | 1.25% | -0.16% |
| 2062 | 1.28% | -0.14% |
| 2061 | 1.31% | -0.13% |
| 2060 | 1.33% | -0.11% |
| 2059 | 1.36% | -0.1% |
| 2058 | 1.38% | -0.11% |
| 2057 | 1.41% | -0.1% |
| 2056 | 1.44% | -0.08% |
| 2055 | 1.46% | -0.07% |
| 2054 | 1.49% | -0.05% |
| 2053 | 1.52% | -0.02% |
| 2052 | 1.55% | -0.008% |
| 2051 | 1.58% | 0.006% |
| 2050 | 1.61% | 0.02% |
| 2049 | 1.63% | 0.05% |
| 2048 | 1.66% | 0.05% |
| 2047 | 1.69% | 0.06% |
| 2046 | 1.72% | 0.09% |
| 2045 | 1.75% | 0.09% |
| 2044 | 1.78% | 0.09% |
| 2043 | 1.81% | 0.12% |
| 2042 | 1.84% | 0.14% |
| 2041 | 1.87% | 0.14% |
| 2040 | 1.89% | 0.16% |
| 2039 | 1.93% | 0.18% |
| 2038 | 1.96% | 0.19% |
| 2037 | 1.99% | 0.2% |
| 2036 | 2.02% | 0.21% |
| 2035 | 2.05% | 0.22% |
| 2034 | 2.09% | 0.24% |
| 2033 | 2.13% | 0.26% |
| 2032 | 2.17% | 0.28% |
| 2031 | 2.21% | 0.3% |
| 2030 | 2.24% | 0.31% |
| 2029 | 2.29% | 0.34% |
| 2028 | 2.33% | 0.36% |
| 2027 | 2.37% | 0.37% |
| 2026 | 2.41% | 0.7% |
| 2025 | 2.45% | 0.97% |
| 2024 | 2.47% | 0.95% |
| 2023 | 2.49% | 1.14% |
| 2022 | 2.51% | 0.9% |
| 2021 | 2.55% | 0.54% |
| 2020 | 2.6% | 0.59% |
| 2019 | 2.64% | 0.68% |
| 2018 | 2.64% | 0.66% |
| 2017 | 2.64% | 0.81% |
| 2016 | 2.65% | 0.88% |
| 2015 | 2.67% | 1% |
| 2014 | 2.72% | 1.13% |
| 2013 | 2.76% | 1.22% |
| 2012 | 2.8% | 1.32% |
| 2011 | 2.88% | 1.31% |
| 2010 | 2.95% | 1.25% |
| 2009 | 2.98% | 1.27% |
| 2008 | 2.98% | 1.25% |
| 2007 | 2.98% | 1.04% |
| 2006 | 2.98% | 0.81% |
| 2005 | 2.97% | 0.68% |
| 2004 | 2.96% | 0.59% |
| 2003 | 2.97% | 0.59% |
| 2002 | 3.04% | 0.54% |
| 2001 | 3.13% | 0.51% |
| 2000 | 3.22% | 0.65% |
| 1999 | 3.3% | 0.69% |
| 1998 | 3.33% | 0.6% |
| 1997 | 3.31% | 0.54% |
| 1996 | 3.27% | 0.51% |
| 1995 | 3.21% | 0.52% |
| 1994 | 3.16% | 0.57% |
| 1993 | 3.1% | 0.6% |
| 1992 | 3.05% | 0.58% |
| 1991 | 3.03% | 0.48% |
| 1990 | 3% | 0.34% |
| 1989 | 2.95% | 0.41% |
| 1988 | 2.92% | 0.54% |
| 1987 | 2.89% | 0.47% |
| 1986 | 2.91% | 0.36% |
| 1985 | 2.95% | 0.3% |
| 1984 | 2.96% | 0.28% |
| 1983 | 2.99% | 0.33% |
| 1982 | 3% | 0.37% |
| 1981 | 3.03% | 0.34% |
| 1980 | 3.07% | 0.32% |
| 1979 | 3.09% | 0.34% |
| 1978 | 3.08% | 0.38% |
| 1977 | 3.08% | 0.42% |
| 1976 | 3.07% | 0.47% |
| 1975 | 3.06% | 0.55% |
| 1974 | 3.04% | 0.62% |
| 1973 | 3.02% | 0.7% |
| 1972 | 2.99% | 0.77% |
| 1971 | 2.95% | 0.7% |
| 1970 | 2.89% | 0.73% |
| 1969 | 2.83% | 0.82% |
| 1968 | 2.77% | 0.84% |
| 1967 | 2.72% | 0.84% |
| 1966 | 2.67% | 0.8% |
| 1965 | 2.63% | 0.78% |
| 1964 | 2.62% | 0.76% |
| 1963 | 2.62% | 0.76% |
| 1962 | 2.63% | 0.81% |
| 1961 | 2.64% | 0.8% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/norway | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Madagascar grew by 2.47%, while Norway's population grew by 0.95%.
Live population counters
|
Madagascar
|
Norway
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
33750171
|
5671119
|
| Population rank | 49/197 | 119/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.41% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
41 seconds
|
9.98 minutes
|
| One birth every |
31.5 seconds
|
10.1 minutes
|
| One death every |
2.24 minutes
|
12.1 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,107 | +144 |
| Annual growth/decline | +769,024 | +52,678 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.47% | +0.95% |
| Population growth rate rank | 29/197 | 105/197 |
| One migration net change every |
3.94 hours
|
17.7 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -2,227 | +29,798 |
| Net migration rank | 100/196 | 29/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 38,625 | 1,012,404 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 158/195 | 60/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.1% | 18.2% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 193/195 | 33/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Madagascar
|
Norway
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,227 | - | 29,798 |
| 2024 | - | -1,795 | - | 44,356 |
| 2023 | 766,391 | -1,487 | 8,280 | 53,806 |
| 2022 | 753,931 | -1,487 | 5,457 | 58,040 |
| 2021 | 741,416 | -1,480 | 14,062 | 19,804 |
| 2020 | 736,607 | -1,480 | 12,372 | 11,277 |
| 2019 | 735,853 | -2,976 | 13,904 | 25,707 |
| 2018 | 719,267 | -2,887 | 14,342 | 18,473 |
| 2017 | 699,498 | -2,784 | 15,831 | 21,657 |
| 2016 | 682,801 | -2,687 | 17,797 | 26,417 |
| 2015 | 668,977 | -2,594 | 18,160 | 30,242 |
| 2014 | 660,837 | -2,522 | 18,494 | 38,522 |
| 2013 | 654,230 | -2,445 | 17,779 | 40,690 |
| 2012 | 644,255 | -2,334 | 18,066 | 47,883 |
| 2011 | 640,577 | -2,219 | 18,822 | 47,454 |
| 2010 | 641,543 | -1,979 | 20,046 | 42,865 |
| 2009 | 634,008 | -1,429 | 20,280 | 39,316 |
| 2008 | 615,580 | -1,255 | 19,073 | 44,002 |
| 2007 | 597,772 | -1,563 | 16,482 | 40,111 |
| 2006 | 581,489 | -2,336 | 17,244 | 24,054 |
| 2005 | 568,143 | -4,869 | 15,719 | 18,588 |
| 2004 | 556,319 | -13,393 | 15,612 | 13,412 |
| 2003 | 544,903 | -18,345 | 14,151 | 11,389 |
| 2002 | 535,518 | -18,209 | 10,892 | 17,279 |
| 2001 | 529,656 | -13,014 | 13,090 | 7,906 |
| 2000 | 520,860 | -4,298 | 15,269 | 9,805 |
| 1999 | 516,976 | -1,891 | 14,278 | 19,147 |
| 1998 | 508,408 | -1,222 | 14,181 | 13,519 |
| 1997 | 490,905 | -986 | 15,418 | 9,744 |
| 1996 | 471,453 | -1,161 | 17,087 | 5,671 |
| 1995 | 450,259 | -1,670 | 14,821 | 6,343 |
| 1994 | 428,169 | -1,905 | 16,045 | 7,580 |
| 1993 | 408,801 | -2,063 | 12,936 | 12,567 |
| 1992 | 388,430 | -2,216 | 15,431 | 10,218 |
| 1991 | 375,040 | -2,330 | 16,194 | 7,949 |
| 1990 | 360,621 | -1,777 | 14,845 | 1,818 |
| 1989 | 344,279 | -1,848 | 13,949 | -1,730 |
| 1988 | 330,510 | -1,883 | 12,207 | 10,380 |
| 1987 | 317,621 | -1,896 | 9,212 | 13,907 |
| 1986 | 307,074 | -1,914 | 8,751 | 7,616 |
| 1985 | 304,199 | -1,947 | 6,644 | 6,725 |
| 1984 | 296,892 | -1,965 | 7,452 | 3,856 |
| 1983 | 290,085 | -1,979 | 7,844 | 4,120 |
| 1982 | 284,733 | -2,093 | 9,875 | 5,749 |
| 1981 | 277,535 | -2,864 | 9,020 | 6,010 |
| 1980 | 275,287 | -4,005 | 9,806 | 3,763 |
| 1979 | 270,752 | -5,126 | 10,181 | 2,839 |
| 1978 | 263,684 | -5,874 | 11,364 | 3,823 |
| 1977 | 255,399 | -5,957 | 11,321 | 4,845 |
| 1976 | 247,026 | -5,655 | 13,286 | 4,779 |
| 1975 | 238,774 | -5,173 | 16,430 | 3,312 |
| 1974 | 230,233 | -4,607 | 20,324 | 4,425 |
| 1973 | 221,768 | -4,037 | 21,387 | 3,414 |
| 1972 | 213,138 | -3,583 | 24,777 | 5,603 |
| 1971 | 204,617 | -3,118 | 26,541 | 3,031 |
| 1970 | 194,889 | -2,658 | 25,968 | -1,034 |
| 1969 | 184,562 | -2,216 | 28,858 | 2,230 |
| 1968 | 175,869 | -1,766 | 29,387 | 1,761 |
| 1967 | 167,287 | -1,383 | 30,276 | 2,460 |
| 1966 | 159,483 | -964 | 31,150 | -888 |
| 1965 | 152,362 | -550 | 31,275 | -1,525 |
| 1964 | 146,894 | -204 | 30,293 | -1,571 |
| 1963 | 142,666 | 0 | 26,766 | 1,061 |
| 1962 | 139,412 | 0 | 28,020 | 655 |
| 1961 | 136,578 | 0 | 29,239 | 1,437 |
| 1960 | 133,684 | 0 | 29,366 | -1,427 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/norway | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.7% of the population change in Madagascar is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people). In Norway 31.3% is from natural causes (a gain of 138,699 people) and 68.7% is from migration (a gain of 303,945 people).
As of 2024, 38,625 residents or 0.1% of the population were not native-born in Madagascar, compared to 1,012,404 people or 18.2% in Norway.
Biggest cities by population
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
|
Norway
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Oslo | 718K |
| Bergen | 291K |
| Trondheim | 199K |
| Stavanger | 150K |
| Baerum | 132K |
| Drammen | 105K |
| Asker | 100K |
| Lillestrom | 95.8K |
| Fredrikstad | 85.9K |
| Sandnes | 84.9K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Madagascar and Norway
|
Madagascar
|
Norway
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 64.3 years | 83.8 years |
| Average age | 24.1 years | 41.3 years |
| Median age | 20 years | 40.7 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 50.4:49.6 |
| Fertility rate | 3.97 births per woman | 1.4 births per woman |
| Population density | 149.3 ppl/mi² | 40.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/norway | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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