The latest officially reported population of Kuwait was 4,897,263 in 2024 vs 31,964,956 people in Madagascar in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Kuwait's population is 5,100,145 people compared to 33,750,171 in Madagascar.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 6.62 times bigger than Kuwait's.
- Kuwait is ranked the 127th most populous country in the world, while Madagascar is the 49th.
- The countries together account for 0.47% of the world: 0.06% for Kuwait vs 0.41% for Madagascar.
- For the last 10 years, Kuwait has had an average growth rate of +3.1% per year vs +2.6% in Madagascar.
- Since 2006, the population of Kuwait has increased from 2.36M people to 5.1M (115.7% growth), while Madagascar has grown from 19.7M to 33.8M (71.1% growth).
Kuwait vs Madagascar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Kuwait
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 9,589,440 | 86,197,674 |
| 2099 | 9,513,152 | 85,808,382 |
| 2098 | 9,437,521 | 85,404,097 |
| 2097 | 9,362,225 | 84,987,607 |
| 2096 | 9,287,200 | 84,559,113 |
| 2095 | 9,212,523 | 84,119,392 |
| 2094 | 9,138,210 | 83,665,834 |
| 2093 | 9,064,241 | 83,200,140 |
| 2092 | 8,990,676 | 82,723,075 |
| 2091 | 8,917,547 | 82,233,465 |
| 2090 | 8,844,888 | 81,734,626 |
| 2089 | 8,772,503 | 81,223,857 |
| 2088 | 8,700,563 | 80,700,261 |
| 2087 | 8,629,117 | 80,164,903 |
| 2086 | 8,558,199 | 79,619,760 |
| 2085 | 8,487,764 | 79,064,003 |
| 2084 | 8,417,828 | 78,499,094 |
| 2083 | 8,348,353 | 77,922,946 |
| 2082 | 8,279,354 | 77,337,305 |
| 2081 | 8,210,772 | 76,740,524 |
| 2080 | 8,142,636 | 76,133,028 |
| 2079 | 8,075,101 | 75,513,518 |
| 2078 | 8,008,036 | 74,881,435 |
| 2077 | 7,941,463 | 74,236,865 |
| 2076 | 7,875,406 | 73,582,256 |
| 2075 | 7,809,930 | 72,914,884 |
| 2074 | 7,745,028 | 72,235,202 |
| 2073 | 7,680,639 | 71,545,378 |
| 2072 | 7,616,806 | 70,843,401 |
| 2071 | 7,553,744 | 70,130,366 |
| 2070 | 7,491,390 | 69,409,326 |
| 2069 | 7,429,571 | 68,677,859 |
| 2068 | 7,368,423 | 67,936,195 |
| 2067 | 7,307,932 | 67,185,066 |
| 2066 | 7,248,116 | 66,425,210 |
| 2065 | 7,188,899 | 65,658,016 |
| 2064 | 7,130,298 | 64,881,253 |
| 2063 | 7,072,099 | 64,097,223 |
| 2062 | 7,014,494 | 63,305,402 |
| 2061 | 6,957,511 | 62,506,578 |
| 2060 | 6,901,153 | 61,701,267 |
| 2059 | 6,845,293 | 60,889,495 |
| 2058 | 6,789,909 | 60,073,702 |
| 2057 | 6,734,955 | 59,254,008 |
| 2056 | 6,680,523 | 58,428,653 |
| 2055 | 6,626,403 | 57,600,579 |
| 2054 | 6,572,580 | 56,769,869 |
| 2053 | 6,518,885 | 55,935,411 |
| 2052 | 6,465,284 | 55,097,962 |
| 2051 | 6,411,692 | 54,258,057 |
| 2050 | 6,358,029 | 53,415,029 |
| 2049 | 6,304,394 | 52,570,680 |
| 2048 | 6,250,650 | 51,725,320 |
| 2047 | 6,196,914 | 50,879,659 |
| 2046 | 6,143,120 | 50,033,785 |
| 2045 | 6,089,197 | 49,188,703 |
| 2044 | 6,035,156 | 48,344,009 |
| 2043 | 5,981,241 | 47,499,657 |
| 2042 | 5,927,307 | 46,656,643 |
| 2041 | 5,873,587 | 45,815,621 |
| 2040 | 5,820,161 | 44,976,152 |
| 2039 | 5,767,029 | 44,140,155 |
| 2038 | 5,714,211 | 43,305,683 |
| 2037 | 5,661,929 | 42,474,372 |
| 2036 | 5,610,194 | 41,645,556 |
| 2035 | 5,559,069 | 40,819,415 |
| 2034 | 5,508,623 | 39,997,842 |
| 2033 | 5,458,935 | 39,178,430 |
| 2032 | 5,410,081 | 38,361,932 |
| 2031 | 5,362,063 | 37,547,484 |
| 2030 | 5,314,935 | 36,737,238 |
| 2029 | 5,265,492 | 35,930,925 |
| 2028 | 5,212,438 | 35,128,136 |
| 2027 | 5,152,065 | 34,329,429 |
| 2026 | 5,080,894 | 33,535,391 |
| 2025 | 4,998,262 | 32,747,552 |
| 2024 | 4,897,263 | 31,964,956 |
| 2023 | 4,853,420 | 31,195,932 |
| 2022 | 4,589,643 | 30,437,261 |
| 2021 | 4,360,865 | 29,691,083 |
| 2020 | 4,400,267 | 28,953,556 |
| 2019 | 4,442,316 | 28,219,554 |
| 2018 | 4,323,515 | 27,494,926 |
| 2017 | 4,154,812 | 26,788,375 |
| 2016 | 4,004,096 | 26,099,952 |
| 2015 | 3,834,574 | 25,426,702 |
| 2014 | 3,665,876 | 24,764,348 |
| 2013 | 3,507,844 | 24,109,290 |
| 2012 | 3,337,109 | 23,462,438 |
| 2011 | 3,132,814 | 22,822,300 |
| 2010 | 2,943,372 | 22,183,340 |
| 2009 | 2,795,484 | 21,547,280 |
| 2008 | 2,651,421 | 20,923,840 |
| 2007 | 2,507,887 | 20,318,583 |
| 2006 | 2,364,733 | 19,730,909 |
| 2005 | 2,236,788 | 19,159,707 |
| 2004 | 2,157,320 | 18,606,608 |
| 2003 | 2,109,881 | 18,071,854 |
| 2002 | 2,059,974 | 17,549,913 |
| 2001 | 2,008,121 | 17,032,939 |
| 2000 | 1,954,709 | 16,516,338 |
| 1999 | 1,900,030 | 16,000,506 |
| 1998 | 1,844,302 | 15,489,364 |
| 1997 | 1,787,683 | 14,990,814 |
| 1996 | 1,730,246 | 14,510,711 |
| 1995 | 1,681,513 | 14,051,275 |
| 1994 | 1,664,361 | 13,613,850 |
| 1993 | 1,672,151 | 13,197,345 |
| 1992 | 1,634,961 | 12,800,870 |
| 1991 | 1,351,399 | 12,421,412 |
| 1990 | 1,684,819 | 12,055,639 |
| 1989 | 2,217,468 | 11,704,998 |
| 1988 | 2,134,707 | 11,369,462 |
| 1987 | 2,052,994 | 11,047,291 |
| 1986 | 1,972,520 | 10,736,857 |
| 1985 | 1,894,242 | 10,433,142 |
| 1984 | 1,820,688 | 10,134,550 |
| 1983 | 1,744,295 | 9,843,044 |
| 1982 | 1,662,480 | 9,557,671 |
| 1981 | 1,583,426 | 9,279,011 |
| 1980 | 1,504,782 | 9,006,032 |
| 1979 | 1,423,514 | 8,737,581 |
| 1978 | 1,340,319 | 8,475,864 |
| 1977 | 1,258,023 | 8,222,240 |
| 1976 | 1,178,711 | 7,976,831 |
| 1975 | 1,104,863 | 7,739,336 |
| 1974 | 1,038,346 | 7,509,726 |
| 1973 | 977,654 | 7,288,048 |
| 1972 | 920,352 | 7,074,398 |
| 1971 | 865,076 | 6,868,868 |
| 1970 | 809,114 | 6,672,003 |
| 1969 | 749,452 | 6,484,716 |
| 1968 | 687,716 | 6,306,493 |
| 1967 | 628,089 | 6,136,486 |
| 1966 | 572,590 | 5,974,279 |
| 1965 | 521,174 | 5,819,116 |
| 1964 | 473,115 | 5,669,863 |
| 1963 | 427,694 | 5,525,185 |
| 1962 | 384,995 | 5,384,150 |
| 1961 | 345,945 | 5,246,158 |
| 1960 | 311,060 | 5,111,029 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/madagascar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Kuwait increased by 1,639,363 people (a 69.3% growth), while Madagascar gained 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Kuwait gained 1,096,049 people (a 27.4% growth), while Madagascar's population increased by 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth).
Kuwait was ranked 139th most populous country in 2006 and is 127th in 2026. Madagascar was ranked 57th in 2006 and ranked 49th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Kuwait's population will grow by 24.7% to 6,358,029 people with a rank change from 127th to 117th. The population of Madagascar will increase by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people and rank change from 49th to 37th.
Kuwait is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 9.59M people compared to the peak of 86.2M people in 2100 for Madagascar.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 0.8% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | 0.8% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | 0.8% | 0.49% |
| 2097 | 0.81% | 0.51% |
| 2096 | 0.81% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | 0.81% | 0.54% |
| 2094 | 0.82% | 0.56% |
| 2093 | 0.82% | 0.58% |
| 2092 | 0.82% | 0.6% |
| 2091 | 0.82% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.83% | 0.63% |
| 2089 | 0.83% | 0.65% |
| 2088 | 0.83% | 0.67% |
| 2087 | 0.83% | 0.68% |
| 2086 | 0.83% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.83% | 0.72% |
| 2084 | 0.83% | 0.74% |
| 2083 | 0.83% | 0.76% |
| 2082 | 0.84% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | 0.84% | 0.8% |
| 2080 | 0.84% | 0.82% |
| 2079 | 0.84% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | 0.84% | 0.87% |
| 2077 | 0.84% | 0.89% |
| 2076 | 0.84% | 0.92% |
| 2075 | 0.84% | 0.94% |
| 2074 | 0.84% | 0.96% |
| 2073 | 0.84% | 0.99% |
| 2072 | 0.83% | 1.02% |
| 2071 | 0.83% | 1.04% |
| 2070 | 0.83% | 1.07% |
| 2069 | 0.83% | 1.09% |
| 2068 | 0.83% | 1.12% |
| 2067 | 0.83% | 1.14% |
| 2066 | 0.82% | 1.17% |
| 2065 | 0.82% | 1.2% |
| 2064 | 0.82% | 1.22% |
| 2063 | 0.82% | 1.25% |
| 2062 | 0.82% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | 0.82% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | 0.82% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | 0.82% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | 0.82% | 1.38% |
| 2057 | 0.81% | 1.41% |
| 2056 | 0.82% | 1.44% |
| 2055 | 0.82% | 1.46% |
| 2054 | 0.82% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | 0.83% | 1.52% |
| 2052 | 0.84% | 1.55% |
| 2051 | 0.84% | 1.58% |
| 2050 | 0.85% | 1.61% |
| 2049 | 0.86% | 1.63% |
| 2048 | 0.87% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | 0.88% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | 0.89% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | 0.9% | 1.75% |
| 2044 | 0.9% | 1.78% |
| 2043 | 0.91% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 0.91% | 1.84% |
| 2041 | 0.92% | 1.87% |
| 2040 | 0.92% | 1.89% |
| 2039 | 0.92% | 1.93% |
| 2038 | 0.92% | 1.96% |
| 2037 | 0.92% | 1.99% |
| 2036 | 0.92% | 2.02% |
| 2035 | 0.92% | 2.05% |
| 2034 | 0.91% | 2.09% |
| 2033 | 0.9% | 2.13% |
| 2032 | 0.9% | 2.17% |
| 2031 | 0.89% | 2.21% |
| 2030 | 0.94% | 2.24% |
| 2029 | 1.02% | 2.29% |
| 2028 | 1.17% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | 1.4% | 2.37% |
| 2026 | 1.65% | 2.41% |
| 2025 | 2.06% | 2.45% |
| 2024 | 0.9% | 2.47% |
| 2023 | 5.75% | 2.49% |
| 2022 | 5.25% | 2.51% |
| 2021 | -0.9% | 2.55% |
| 2020 | -0.95% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 2.75% | 2.64% |
| 2018 | 4.06% | 2.64% |
| 2017 | 3.76% | 2.64% |
| 2016 | 4.42% | 2.65% |
| 2015 | 4.6% | 2.67% |
| 2014 | 4.51% | 2.72% |
| 2013 | 5.12% | 2.76% |
| 2012 | 6.52% | 2.8% |
| 2011 | 6.44% | 2.88% |
| 2010 | 5.29% | 2.95% |
| 2009 | 5.43% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | 5.72% | 2.98% |
| 2007 | 6.05% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | 5.72% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | 3.68% | 2.97% |
| 2004 | 2.25% | 2.96% |
| 2003 | 2.42% | 2.97% |
| 2002 | 2.58% | 3.04% |
| 2001 | 2.73% | 3.13% |
| 2000 | 2.88% | 3.22% |
| 1999 | 3.02% | 3.3% |
| 1998 | 3.17% | 3.33% |
| 1997 | 3.32% | 3.31% |
| 1996 | 2.9% | 3.27% |
| 1995 | 1.03% | 3.21% |
| 1994 | -0.47% | 3.16% |
| 1993 | 2.27% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | 21% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | -19.8% | 3.03% |
| 1990 | -24% | 3% |
| 1989 | 3.88% | 2.95% |
| 1988 | 3.98% | 2.92% |
| 1987 | 4.08% | 2.89% |
| 1986 | 4.13% | 2.91% |
| 1985 | 4.04% | 2.95% |
| 1984 | 4.38% | 2.96% |
| 1983 | 4.92% | 2.99% |
| 1982 | 4.99% | 3% |
| 1981 | 5.23% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 5.71% | 3.07% |
| 1979 | 6.21% | 3.09% |
| 1978 | 6.54% | 3.08% |
| 1977 | 6.73% | 3.08% |
| 1976 | 6.68% | 3.07% |
| 1975 | 6.41% | 3.06% |
| 1974 | 6.21% | 3.04% |
| 1973 | 6.23% | 3.02% |
| 1972 | 6.39% | 2.99% |
| 1971 | 6.92% | 2.95% |
| 1970 | 7.96% | 2.89% |
| 1969 | 8.98% | 2.83% |
| 1968 | 9.49% | 2.77% |
| 1967 | 9.69% | 2.72% |
| 1966 | 9.87% | 2.67% |
| 1965 | 10.2% | 2.63% |
| 1964 | 10.6% | 2.62% |
| 1963 | 11.1% | 2.62% |
| 1962 | 11.3% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 11.2% | 2.64% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/madagascar | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Kuwait grew by 0.9%, while Madagascar's population grew by 2.47%.
Live population counters
|
Kuwait
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5100145
|
33750171
|
| Population rank | 127/197 | 49/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.06% | 0.41% |
| One net population change |
12 minutes
|
41 seconds
|
| One birth every |
10.5 minutes
|
31.5 seconds
|
| One death every |
1.18 hours
|
2.24 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +120 | +2,107 |
| Annual growth/decline | +43,843 | +769,024 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.9% | +2.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 106/197 | 29/197 |
| One migration net change every |
12.3 minutes
|
3.94 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +42,775 | -2,227 |
| Net migration rank | 24/196 | 100/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 3,323,191 | 38,625 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 20/195 | 158/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 67.3% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 5/195 | 193/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Madagascar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 42,775 | - | -2,227 |
| 2024 | - | 61,624 | - | -1,795 |
| 2023 | 42,568 | 50,008 | 766,391 | -1,487 |
| 2022 | 41,752 | 368,560 | 753,931 | -1,487 |
| 2021 | 42,057 | 19,678 | 741,416 | -1,480 |
| 2020 | 41,083 | -168,379 | 736,607 | -1,480 |
| 2019 | 46,268 | 181 | 735,853 | -2,976 |
| 2018 | 47,222 | 145,973 | 719,267 | -2,887 |
| 2017 | 51,498 | 92,717 | 699,498 | -2,784 |
| 2016 | 51,397 | 105,818 | 682,801 | -2,687 |
| 2015 | 52,127 | 129,695 | 668,977 | -2,594 |
| 2014 | 54,673 | 100,891 | 660,837 | -2,522 |
| 2013 | 52,666 | 107,821 | 654,230 | -2,445 |
| 2012 | 53,181 | 127,777 | 644,255 | -2,334 |
| 2011 | 50,733 | 176,732 | 640,577 | -2,219 |
| 2010 | 49,838 | 101,566 | 641,543 | -1,979 |
| 2009 | 48,879 | 95,483 | 634,008 | -1,429 |
| 2008 | 47,505 | 96,268 | 615,580 | -1,255 |
| 2007 | 46,539 | 96,765 | 597,772 | -1,563 |
| 2006 | 45,911 | 97,087 | 581,489 | -2,336 |
| 2005 | 45,243 | 67,638 | 568,143 | -4,869 |
| 2004 | 44,341 | 1,713 | 556,319 | -13,393 |
| 2003 | 42,934 | 5,895 | 544,903 | -18,345 |
| 2002 | 41,651 | 9,335 | 535,518 | -18,209 |
| 2001 | 40,662 | 12,055 | 529,656 | -13,014 |
| 2000 | 39,811 | 14,296 | 520,860 | -4,298 |
| 1999 | 39,342 | 15,912 | 516,976 | -1,891 |
| 1998 | 39,324 | 16,878 | 508,408 | -1,222 |
| 1997 | 39,581 | 17,457 | 490,905 | -986 |
| 1996 | 39,920 | 17,914 | 471,453 | -1,161 |
| 1995 | 39,198 | 438 | 450,259 | -1,670 |
| 1994 | 36,533 | -41,862 | 428,169 | -1,905 |
| 1993 | 33,239 | -43,501 | 408,801 | -2,063 |
| 1992 | 32,016 | 52,620 | 388,430 | -2,216 |
| 1991 | 21,867 | 460,628 | 375,040 | -2,330 |
| 1990 | 46,720 | -1,196,050 | 360,621 | -1,777 |
| 1989 | 49,390 | 34,643 | 344,279 | -1,848 |
| 1988 | 50,037 | 31,455 | 330,510 | -1,883 |
| 1987 | 50,690 | 31,243 | 317,621 | -1,896 |
| 1986 | 51,824 | 27,187 | 307,074 | -1,914 |
| 1985 | 51,772 | 25,777 | 304,199 | -1,947 |
| 1984 | 52,539 | 17,020 | 296,892 | -1,965 |
| 1983 | 51,460 | 31,758 | 290,085 | -1,979 |
| 1982 | 49,981 | 30,437 | 284,733 | -2,093 |
| 1981 | 48,098 | 29,600 | 277,535 | -2,864 |
| 1980 | 47,096 | 32,483 | 275,287 | -4,005 |
| 1979 | 45,569 | 37,383 | 270,752 | -5,126 |
| 1978 | 44,277 | 39,159 | 263,684 | -5,874 |
| 1977 | 42,922 | 38,225 | 255,399 | -5,957 |
| 1976 | 41,439 | 36,050 | 247,026 | -5,655 |
| 1975 | 39,295 | 30,909 | 238,774 | -5,173 |
| 1974 | 37,425 | 25,398 | 230,233 | -4,607 |
| 1973 | 35,741 | 22,830 | 221,768 | -4,037 |
| 1972 | 34,045 | 21,984 | 213,138 | -3,583 |
| 1971 | 32,339 | 22,182 | 204,617 | -3,118 |
| 1970 | 30,789 | 26,614 | 194,889 | -2,658 |
| 1969 | 28,774 | 33,143 | 184,562 | -2,216 |
| 1968 | 26,161 | 35,399 | 175,869 | -1,766 |
| 1967 | 23,520 | 34,177 | 167,287 | -1,383 |
| 1966 | 20,914 | 32,383 | 159,483 | -964 |
| 1965 | 18,952 | 30,580 | 152,362 | -550 |
| 1964 | 17,064 | 29,537 | 146,894 | -204 |
| 1963 | 15,357 | 28,889 | 142,666 | 0 |
| 1962 | 13,730 | 27,417 | 139,412 | 0 |
| 1961 | 12,327 | 24,618 | 136,578 | 0 |
| 1960 | 11,054 | 21,769 | 133,684 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/madagascar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 35.8% of the population change in Kuwait is from natural causes (a gain of 470,645 people) and 64.2% is from migration (a gain of 845,142 people). In Madagascar 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people).
As of 2024, 3,323,191 residents or 67.3% of the population were not native-born in Kuwait, compared to 38,625 people or 0.1% in Madagascar.
Biggest cities by population
|
Kuwait
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Kuwait | 2.99M |
| Al Wafrah | 10K |
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Kuwait and Madagascar
|
Kuwait
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 81 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 34.1 years | 24.1 years |
| Median age | 35.8 years | 20 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 61.1:38.9 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 1.52 births per woman | 3.97 births per woman |
| Population density | 738 ppl/mi² | 149.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/madagascar | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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