The latest officially reported population of Benin was 14,462,724 in 2024 vs 31,964,956 people in Madagascar in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Benin's population is 15,272,847 people compared to 33,750,171 in Madagascar.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 2.21 times bigger than Benin's.
- Benin is ranked the 76th most populous country in the world, while Madagascar is the 49th.
- The countries together account for 0.59% of the world: 0.18% for Benin vs 0.41% for Madagascar.
- For the last 10 years, Benin has had an average growth rate of +2.77% per year vs +2.6% in Madagascar.
- Since 2006, the population of Benin has increased from 8.69M people to 15.3M (75.7% growth), while Madagascar has grown from 19.7M to 33.8M (71.1% growth).
Benin vs Madagascar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Benin
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 39,989,767 | 86,197,674 |
| 2099 | 39,818,651 | 85,808,382 |
| 2098 | 39,641,581 | 85,404,097 |
| 2097 | 39,464,242 | 84,987,607 |
| 2096 | 39,272,978 | 84,559,113 |
| 2095 | 39,075,428 | 84,119,392 |
| 2094 | 38,867,372 | 83,665,834 |
| 2093 | 38,660,011 | 83,200,140 |
| 2092 | 38,444,222 | 82,723,075 |
| 2091 | 38,224,975 | 82,233,465 |
| 2090 | 38,000,359 | 81,734,626 |
| 2089 | 37,763,731 | 81,223,857 |
| 2088 | 37,520,135 | 80,700,261 |
| 2087 | 37,269,361 | 80,164,903 |
| 2086 | 37,016,296 | 79,619,760 |
| 2085 | 36,753,367 | 79,064,003 |
| 2084 | 36,488,045 | 78,499,094 |
| 2083 | 36,211,897 | 77,922,946 |
| 2082 | 35,924,760 | 77,337,305 |
| 2081 | 35,638,090 | 76,740,524 |
| 2080 | 35,345,991 | 76,133,028 |
| 2079 | 35,047,534 | 75,513,518 |
| 2078 | 34,742,657 | 74,881,435 |
| 2077 | 34,432,036 | 74,236,865 |
| 2076 | 34,117,234 | 73,582,256 |
| 2075 | 33,800,615 | 72,914,884 |
| 2074 | 33,470,800 | 72,235,202 |
| 2073 | 33,135,539 | 71,545,378 |
| 2072 | 32,790,810 | 70,843,401 |
| 2071 | 32,445,869 | 70,130,366 |
| 2070 | 32,092,820 | 69,409,326 |
| 2069 | 31,736,135 | 68,677,859 |
| 2068 | 31,381,779 | 67,936,195 |
| 2067 | 31,024,548 | 67,185,066 |
| 2066 | 30,663,928 | 66,425,210 |
| 2065 | 30,295,913 | 65,658,016 |
| 2064 | 29,924,160 | 64,881,253 |
| 2063 | 29,553,482 | 64,097,223 |
| 2062 | 29,180,287 | 63,305,402 |
| 2061 | 28,807,049 | 62,506,578 |
| 2060 | 28,430,337 | 61,701,267 |
| 2059 | 28,050,530 | 60,889,495 |
| 2058 | 27,671,195 | 60,073,702 |
| 2057 | 27,287,039 | 59,254,008 |
| 2056 | 26,904,721 | 58,428,653 |
| 2055 | 26,513,228 | 57,600,579 |
| 2054 | 26,119,305 | 56,769,869 |
| 2053 | 25,728,099 | 55,935,411 |
| 2052 | 25,330,792 | 55,097,962 |
| 2051 | 24,932,463 | 54,258,057 |
| 2050 | 24,533,080 | 53,415,029 |
| 2049 | 24,132,387 | 52,570,680 |
| 2048 | 23,730,545 | 51,725,320 |
| 2047 | 23,328,567 | 50,879,659 |
| 2046 | 22,922,898 | 50,033,785 |
| 2045 | 22,513,616 | 49,188,703 |
| 2044 | 22,110,933 | 48,344,009 |
| 2043 | 21,705,986 | 47,499,657 |
| 2042 | 21,299,816 | 46,656,643 |
| 2041 | 20,896,770 | 45,815,621 |
| 2040 | 20,495,080 | 44,976,152 |
| 2039 | 20,095,504 | 44,140,155 |
| 2038 | 19,696,033 | 43,305,683 |
| 2037 | 19,304,390 | 42,474,372 |
| 2036 | 18,913,667 | 41,645,556 |
| 2035 | 18,524,132 | 40,819,415 |
| 2034 | 18,138,864 | 39,997,842 |
| 2033 | 17,757,920 | 39,178,430 |
| 2032 | 17,380,954 | 38,361,932 |
| 2031 | 17,006,572 | 37,547,484 |
| 2030 | 16,637,754 | 36,737,238 |
| 2029 | 16,267,838 | 35,930,925 |
| 2028 | 15,901,575 | 35,128,136 |
| 2027 | 15,537,274 | 34,329,429 |
| 2026 | 15,174,802 | 33,535,391 |
| 2025 | 14,816,644 | 32,747,552 |
| 2024 | 14,462,724 | 31,964,956 |
| 2023 | 14,111,034 | 31,195,932 |
| 2022 | 13,759,501 | 30,437,261 |
| 2021 | 13,413,417 | 29,691,083 |
| 2020 | 13,070,169 | 28,953,556 |
| 2019 | 12,726,755 | 28,219,554 |
| 2018 | 12,383,347 | 27,494,926 |
| 2017 | 12,039,780 | 26,788,375 |
| 2016 | 11,697,842 | 26,099,952 |
| 2015 | 11,360,681 | 25,426,702 |
| 2014 | 11,030,004 | 24,764,348 |
| 2013 | 10,708,834 | 24,109,290 |
| 2012 | 10,397,657 | 23,462,438 |
| 2011 | 10,093,623 | 22,822,300 |
| 2010 | 9,797,484 | 22,183,340 |
| 2009 | 9,509,423 | 21,547,280 |
| 2008 | 9,228,466 | 20,923,840 |
| 2007 | 8,953,969 | 20,318,583 |
| 2006 | 8,693,242 | 19,730,909 |
| 2005 | 8,426,144 | 19,159,707 |
| 2004 | 8,159,094 | 18,606,608 |
| 2003 | 7,913,070 | 18,071,854 |
| 2002 | 7,675,426 | 17,549,913 |
| 2001 | 7,445,596 | 17,032,939 |
| 2000 | 7,221,619 | 16,516,338 |
| 1999 | 7,002,818 | 16,000,506 |
| 1998 | 6,789,489 | 15,489,364 |
| 1997 | 6,583,365 | 14,990,814 |
| 1996 | 6,391,858 | 14,510,711 |
| 1995 | 6,226,773 | 14,051,275 |
| 1994 | 6,096,506 | 13,613,850 |
| 1993 | 5,872,706 | 13,197,345 |
| 1992 | 5,617,844 | 12,800,870 |
| 1991 | 5,446,932 | 12,421,412 |
| 1990 | 5,281,479 | 12,055,639 |
| 1989 | 5,121,657 | 11,704,998 |
| 1988 | 4,967,341 | 11,369,462 |
| 1987 | 4,818,486 | 11,047,291 |
| 1986 | 4,675,420 | 10,736,857 |
| 1985 | 4,538,012 | 10,433,142 |
| 1984 | 4,405,895 | 10,134,550 |
| 1983 | 4,278,978 | 9,843,044 |
| 1982 | 4,156,596 | 9,557,671 |
| 1981 | 4,038,307 | 9,279,011 |
| 1980 | 3,925,251 | 9,006,032 |
| 1979 | 3,818,528 | 8,737,581 |
| 1978 | 3,718,305 | 8,475,864 |
| 1977 | 3,623,202 | 8,222,240 |
| 1976 | 3,532,196 | 7,976,831 |
| 1975 | 3,445,407 | 7,739,336 |
| 1974 | 3,362,633 | 7,509,726 |
| 1973 | 3,283,496 | 7,288,048 |
| 1972 | 3,207,543 | 7,074,398 |
| 1971 | 3,134,767 | 6,868,868 |
| 1970 | 3,065,057 | 6,672,003 |
| 1969 | 2,998,222 | 6,484,716 |
| 1968 | 2,934,257 | 6,306,493 |
| 1967 | 2,872,997 | 6,136,486 |
| 1966 | 2,814,317 | 5,974,279 |
| 1965 | 2,757,936 | 5,819,116 |
| 1964 | 2,704,003 | 5,669,863 |
| 1963 | 2,652,908 | 5,525,185 |
| 1962 | 2,604,659 | 5,384,150 |
| 1961 | 2,559,223 | 5,246,158 |
| 1960 | 2,517,286 | 5,111,029 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/benin/madagascar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Benin increased by 3,004,600 people (a 34.6% growth), while Madagascar gained 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Benin gained 3,575,005 people (a 30.6% growth), while Madagascar's population increased by 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth).
Benin was ranked 89th most populous country in 2006 and is 76th in 2026. Madagascar was ranked 57th in 2006 and ranked 49th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Benin's population will grow by 60.6% to 24,533,080 people with a rank change from 76th to 68th. The population of Madagascar will increase by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people and rank change from 49th to 37th.
Benin is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 40M people compared to the peak of 86.2M people in 2100 for Madagascar.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Benin
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 0.43% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | 0.45% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | 0.45% | 0.49% |
| 2097 | 0.49% | 0.51% |
| 2096 | 0.51% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | 0.54% | 0.54% |
| 2094 | 0.54% | 0.56% |
| 2093 | 0.56% | 0.58% |
| 2092 | 0.57% | 0.6% |
| 2091 | 0.59% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.63% | 0.63% |
| 2089 | 0.65% | 0.65% |
| 2088 | 0.67% | 0.67% |
| 2087 | 0.68% | 0.68% |
| 2086 | 0.72% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.73% | 0.72% |
| 2084 | 0.76% | 0.74% |
| 2083 | 0.8% | 0.76% |
| 2082 | 0.8% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | 0.83% | 0.8% |
| 2080 | 0.85% | 0.82% |
| 2079 | 0.88% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | 0.9% | 0.87% |
| 2077 | 0.92% | 0.89% |
| 2076 | 0.94% | 0.92% |
| 2075 | 0.99% | 0.94% |
| 2074 | 1.01% | 0.96% |
| 2073 | 1.05% | 0.99% |
| 2072 | 1.06% | 1.02% |
| 2071 | 1.1% | 1.04% |
| 2070 | 1.12% | 1.07% |
| 2069 | 1.13% | 1.09% |
| 2068 | 1.15% | 1.12% |
| 2067 | 1.18% | 1.14% |
| 2066 | 1.21% | 1.17% |
| 2065 | 1.24% | 1.2% |
| 2064 | 1.25% | 1.22% |
| 2063 | 1.28% | 1.25% |
| 2062 | 1.3% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | 1.33% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | 1.35% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | 1.37% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | 1.41% | 1.38% |
| 2057 | 1.42% | 1.41% |
| 2056 | 1.48% | 1.44% |
| 2055 | 1.51% | 1.46% |
| 2054 | 1.52% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | 1.57% | 1.52% |
| 2052 | 1.6% | 1.55% |
| 2051 | 1.63% | 1.58% |
| 2050 | 1.66% | 1.61% |
| 2049 | 1.69% | 1.63% |
| 2048 | 1.72% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | 1.77% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | 1.82% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | 1.82% | 1.75% |
| 2044 | 1.87% | 1.78% |
| 2043 | 1.91% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 1.93% | 1.84% |
| 2041 | 1.96% | 1.87% |
| 2040 | 1.99% | 1.89% |
| 2039 | 2.03% | 1.93% |
| 2038 | 2.03% | 1.96% |
| 2037 | 2.07% | 1.99% |
| 2036 | 2.1% | 2.02% |
| 2035 | 2.12% | 2.05% |
| 2034 | 2.15% | 2.09% |
| 2033 | 2.17% | 2.13% |
| 2032 | 2.2% | 2.17% |
| 2031 | 2.22% | 2.21% |
| 2030 | 2.27% | 2.24% |
| 2029 | 2.3% | 2.29% |
| 2028 | 2.34% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | 2.39% | 2.37% |
| 2026 | 2.42% | 2.41% |
| 2025 | 2.45% | 2.45% |
| 2024 | 2.49% | 2.47% |
| 2023 | 2.55% | 2.49% |
| 2022 | 2.58% | 2.51% |
| 2021 | 2.63% | 2.55% |
| 2020 | 2.7% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 2.77% | 2.64% |
| 2018 | 2.85% | 2.64% |
| 2017 | 2.92% | 2.64% |
| 2016 | 2.97% | 2.65% |
| 2015 | 3% | 2.67% |
| 2014 | 3% | 2.72% |
| 2013 | 2.99% | 2.76% |
| 2012 | 3.01% | 2.8% |
| 2011 | 3.02% | 2.88% |
| 2010 | 3.03% | 2.95% |
| 2009 | 3.04% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | 3.07% | 2.98% |
| 2007 | 3% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | 3.17% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | 3.27% | 2.97% |
| 2004 | 3.11% | 2.96% |
| 2003 | 3.1% | 2.97% |
| 2002 | 3.09% | 3.04% |
| 2001 | 3.1% | 3.13% |
| 2000 | 3.12% | 3.22% |
| 1999 | 3.14% | 3.3% |
| 1998 | 3.13% | 3.33% |
| 1997 | 3% | 3.31% |
| 1996 | 2.65% | 3.27% |
| 1995 | 2.14% | 3.21% |
| 1994 | 3.81% | 3.16% |
| 1993 | 4.54% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | 3.14% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | 3.13% | 3.03% |
| 1990 | 3.12% | 3% |
| 1989 | 3.11% | 2.95% |
| 1988 | 3.09% | 2.92% |
| 1987 | 3.06% | 2.89% |
| 1986 | 3.03% | 2.91% |
| 1985 | 3% | 2.95% |
| 1984 | 2.97% | 2.96% |
| 1983 | 2.94% | 2.99% |
| 1982 | 2.93% | 3% |
| 1981 | 2.88% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 2.79% | 3.07% |
| 1979 | 2.7% | 3.09% |
| 1978 | 2.62% | 3.08% |
| 1977 | 2.58% | 3.08% |
| 1976 | 2.52% | 3.07% |
| 1975 | 2.46% | 3.06% |
| 1974 | 2.41% | 3.04% |
| 1973 | 2.37% | 3.02% |
| 1972 | 2.32% | 2.99% |
| 1971 | 2.27% | 2.95% |
| 1970 | 2.23% | 2.89% |
| 1969 | 2.18% | 2.83% |
| 1968 | 2.13% | 2.77% |
| 1967 | 2.09% | 2.72% |
| 1966 | 2.04% | 2.67% |
| 1965 | 1.99% | 2.63% |
| 1964 | 1.93% | 2.62% |
| 1963 | 1.85% | 2.62% |
| 1962 | 1.78% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 1.67% | 2.64% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/benin/madagascar | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Benin grew by 2.49%, while Madagascar's population grew by 2.47%.
Live population counters
|
Benin
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
15272847
|
33750171
|
| Population rank | 76/197 | 49/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.18% | 0.41% |
| One net population change |
1.49 minutes
|
41 seconds
|
| One birth every |
1.1 minutes
|
31.5 seconds
|
| One death every |
4.23 minutes
|
2.24 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +964 | +2,107 |
| Annual growth/decline | +351,690 | +769,024 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.49% | +2.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 27/197 | 29/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.12 hours
|
3.94 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -7,847 | -2,227 |
| Net migration rank | 127/196 | 100/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 418,202 | 38,625 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 88/195 | 158/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 2.9% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 118/195 | 193/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Benin
|
Madagascar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -7,847 | - | -2,227 |
| 2024 | - | -7,725 | - | -1,795 |
| 2023 | 353,933 | -192 | 766,391 | -1,487 |
| 2022 | 349,518 | -192 | 753,931 | -1,487 |
| 2021 | 341,103 | 1,729 | 741,416 | -1,480 |
| 2020 | 341,929 | 1,729 | 736,607 | -1,480 |
| 2019 | 339,817 | 3,366 | 735,853 | -2,976 |
| 2018 | 340,270 | 3,372 | 719,267 | -2,887 |
| 2017 | 339,763 | 3,716 | 699,498 | -2,784 |
| 2016 | 336,559 | 3,837 | 682,801 | -2,687 |
| 2015 | 330,573 | 3,369 | 668,977 | -2,594 |
| 2014 | 323,753 | 3,667 | 660,837 | -2,522 |
| 2013 | 315,804 | -887 | 654,230 | -2,445 |
| 2012 | 306,180 | 1,260 | 644,255 | -2,334 |
| 2011 | 296,348 | 4,283 | 640,577 | -2,219 |
| 2010 | 287,703 | 3,947 | 641,543 | -1,979 |
| 2009 | 280,204 | 4,279 | 634,008 | -1,429 |
| 2008 | 274,242 | 3,198 | 615,580 | -1,255 |
| 2007 | 271,305 | 241 | 597,772 | -1,563 |
| 2006 | 265,040 | -15,135 | 581,489 | -2,336 |
| 2005 | 253,795 | 30,495 | 568,143 | -4,869 |
| 2004 | 245,630 | 4,173 | 556,319 | -13,393 |
| 2003 | 237,962 | 4,283 | 544,903 | -18,345 |
| 2002 | 229,472 | 3,572 | 535,518 | -18,209 |
| 2001 | 222,877 | 3,732 | 529,656 | -13,014 |
| 2000 | 218,013 | 3,335 | 520,860 | -4,298 |
| 1999 | 213,074 | 3,177 | 516,976 | -1,891 |
| 1998 | 208,342 | 2,051 | 508,408 | -1,222 |
| 1997 | 203,182 | -1,322 | 490,905 | -986 |
| 1996 | 197,643 | -16,490 | 471,453 | -1,161 |
| 1995 | 194,481 | -45,469 | 450,259 | -1,670 |
| 1994 | 196,637 | -85,128 | 428,169 | -1,905 |
| 1993 | 179,858 | 156,223 | 408,801 | -2,063 |
| 1992 | 173,794 | -138 | 388,430 | -2,216 |
| 1991 | 168,174 | 0 | 375,040 | -2,330 |
| 1990 | 163,055 | -333 | 360,621 | -1,777 |
| 1989 | 157,235 | -315 | 344,279 | -1,848 |
| 1988 | 153,580 | -1,867 | 330,510 | -1,883 |
| 1987 | 147,783 | -1,792 | 317,621 | -1,896 |
| 1986 | 142,039 | -1,899 | 307,074 | -1,914 |
| 1985 | 136,621 | -1,953 | 304,199 | -1,947 |
| 1984 | 131,590 | -2,018 | 296,892 | -1,965 |
| 1983 | 126,349 | -2,090 | 290,085 | -1,979 |
| 1982 | 122,748 | -2,253 | 284,733 | -2,093 |
| 1981 | 118,634 | -2,543 | 277,535 | -2,864 |
| 1980 | 112,969 | -2,946 | 275,287 | -4,005 |
| 1979 | 106,782 | -3,365 | 270,752 | -5,126 |
| 1978 | 100,762 | -3,731 | 263,684 | -5,874 |
| 1977 | 97,200 | -4,022 | 255,399 | -5,957 |
| 1976 | 93,141 | -4,308 | 247,026 | -5,655 |
| 1975 | 89,350 | -4,607 | 238,774 | -5,173 |
| 1974 | 85,623 | -4,814 | 230,233 | -4,607 |
| 1973 | 82,422 | -4,960 | 221,768 | -4,037 |
| 1972 | 79,415 | -4,970 | 213,138 | -3,583 |
| 1971 | 76,034 | -4,921 | 204,617 | -3,118 |
| 1970 | 73,156 | -4,851 | 194,889 | -2,658 |
| 1969 | 70,155 | -4,792 | 184,562 | -2,216 |
| 1968 | 67,327 | -4,756 | 175,869 | -1,766 |
| 1967 | 64,709 | -4,756 | 167,287 | -1,383 |
| 1966 | 62,169 | -4,764 | 159,483 | -964 |
| 1965 | 60,154 | -4,793 | 152,362 | -550 |
| 1964 | 57,352 | -4,839 | 146,894 | -204 |
| 1963 | 54,514 | -4,847 | 142,666 | 0 |
| 1962 | 51,664 | -4,844 | 139,412 | 0 |
| 1961 | 48,838 | -4,791 | 136,578 | 0 |
| 1960 | 44,564 | -4,722 | 133,684 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/benin/madagascar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.3% of the population change in Benin is from natural causes (a gain of 3,397,218 people) and 0.71% is from migration (a gain of 24,401 people). In Madagascar 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people).
As of 2024, 418,202 residents or 2.9% of the population were not native-born in Benin, compared to 38,625 people or 0.1% in Madagascar.
Biggest cities by population
|
Benin
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Cotonou | 780K |
| Porto-Novo | 234K |
| Abomey | 90.2K |
| Save | 31.4K |
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Benin and Madagascar
|
Benin
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 61.3 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 23.4 years | 24.1 years |
| Median age | 19 years | 20 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.1:49.9 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 4.56 births per woman | 3.97 births per woman |
| Population density | 349 ppl/mi² | 149.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/benin/madagascar | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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