The latest officially reported population of Chad was 21,003,705 in 2025 vs 32,740,678 people in Madagascar in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Chad's population is 21,855,137 people compared to 33,936,132 in Madagascar.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 1.55 times bigger than Chad's.
- Chad is ranked the 64th most populous country in the world, while Madagascar is the 49th.
- The countries together account for 0.67% of the world: 0.26% for Chad vs 0.41% for Madagascar.
- For the last 10 years, Chad has had an average growth rate of +3.63% per year vs +2.57% in Madagascar.
- Since 2006, the population of Chad has increased from 10.7M people to 21.9M (104.1% growth), while Madagascar has grown from 19.7M to 33.9M (72% growth).
Chad vs Madagascar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Chad
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 70,311,013 | 86,179,580 |
| 2099 | 69,986,866 | 85,790,370 |
| 2098 | 69,662,155 | 85,386,169 |
| 2097 | 69,277,239 | 84,969,767 |
| 2096 | 68,889,445 | 84,541,363 |
| 2095 | 68,502,128 | 84,101,733 |
| 2094 | 68,110,775 | 83,648,271 |
| 2093 | 67,684,792 | 83,182,675 |
| 2092 | 67,233,921 | 82,705,710 |
| 2091 | 66,781,244 | 82,216,203 |
| 2090 | 66,290,702 | 81,717,468 |
| 2089 | 65,798,812 | 81,206,806 |
| 2088 | 65,317,154 | 80,683,320 |
| 2087 | 64,800,745 | 80,148,075 |
| 2086 | 64,278,192 | 79,603,046 |
| 2085 | 63,727,856 | 79,047,406 |
| 2084 | 63,168,104 | 78,482,616 |
| 2083 | 62,596,574 | 77,906,589 |
| 2082 | 62,040,380 | 77,321,070 |
| 2081 | 61,434,119 | 76,724,415 |
| 2080 | 60,826,765 | 76,117,046 |
| 2079 | 60,198,617 | 75,497,666 |
| 2078 | 59,555,772 | 74,865,716 |
| 2077 | 58,918,103 | 74,221,281 |
| 2076 | 58,275,388 | 73,566,810 |
| 2075 | 57,618,555 | 72,899,578 |
| 2074 | 56,965,122 | 72,220,039 |
| 2073 | 56,292,259 | 71,530,359 |
| 2072 | 55,597,279 | 70,828,530 |
| 2071 | 54,903,565 | 70,115,645 |
| 2070 | 54,214,047 | 69,394,756 |
| 2069 | 53,520,311 | 68,663,443 |
| 2068 | 52,818,046 | 67,921,934 |
| 2067 | 52,125,908 | 67,170,963 |
| 2066 | 51,388,975 | 66,411,266 |
| 2065 | 50,658,129 | 65,644,233 |
| 2064 | 49,900,784 | 64,867,634 |
| 2063 | 49,155,513 | 64,083,768 |
| 2062 | 48,403,186 | 63,292,113 |
| 2061 | 47,648,039 | 62,493,456 |
| 2060 | 46,859,349 | 61,688,314 |
| 2059 | 46,066,772 | 60,876,714 |
| 2058 | 45,285,757 | 60,061,091 |
| 2057 | 44,507,961 | 59,241,569 |
| 2056 | 43,722,007 | 58,416,388 |
| 2055 | 42,925,488 | 57,588,488 |
| 2054 | 42,142,940 | 56,757,952 |
| 2053 | 41,351,412 | 55,923,669 |
| 2052 | 40,559,038 | 55,086,396 |
| 2051 | 39,768,198 | 54,246,667 |
| 2050 | 38,981,624 | 53,403,817 |
| 2049 | 38,210,212 | 52,559,645 |
| 2048 | 37,418,176 | 51,714,462 |
| 2047 | 36,648,598 | 50,868,979 |
| 2046 | 35,880,269 | 50,023,282 |
| 2045 | 35,104,973 | 49,178,377 |
| 2044 | 34,352,050 | 48,333,861 |
| 2043 | 33,590,931 | 47,489,686 |
| 2042 | 32,837,006 | 46,646,849 |
| 2041 | 32,086,067 | 45,806,003 |
| 2040 | 31,362,066 | 44,966,710 |
| 2039 | 30,621,558 | 44,130,890 |
| 2038 | 29,886,177 | 43,296,592 |
| 2037 | 29,155,330 | 42,465,456 |
| 2036 | 28,422,010 | 41,636,814 |
| 2035 | 27,709,891 | 40,810,847 |
| 2034 | 27,003,635 | 39,989,445 |
| 2033 | 26,292,134 | 39,170,206 |
| 2032 | 25,581,739 | 38,353,879 |
| 2031 | 24,875,542 | 37,539,603 |
| 2030 | 24,183,856 | 36,729,526 |
| 2029 | 23,494,522 | 35,923,382 |
| 2028 | 22,809,219 | 35,120,762 |
| 2027 | 22,131,874 | 34,322,223 |
| 2026 | 21,562,855 | 33,528,352 |
| 2025 | 21,003,705 | 32,740,678 |
| 2024 | 20,299,123 | 31,964,956 |
| 2023 | 19,319,064 | 31,195,932 |
| 2022 | 18,455,316 | 30,437,261 |
| 2021 | 17,828,273 | 29,691,083 |
| 2020 | 17,224,679 | 28,953,556 |
| 2019 | 16,685,223 | 28,219,554 |
| 2018 | 16,156,531 | 27,494,926 |
| 2017 | 15,622,759 | 26,788,375 |
| 2016 | 15,114,655 | 26,099,952 |
| 2015 | 14,647,621 | 25,426,702 |
| 2014 | 14,188,678 | 24,764,348 |
| 2013 | 13,691,079 | 24,109,290 |
| 2012 | 13,210,998 | 23,462,438 |
| 2011 | 12,754,997 | 22,822,300 |
| 2010 | 12,312,575 | 22,183,340 |
| 2009 | 11,893,754 | 21,547,280 |
| 2008 | 11,476,296 | 20,923,840 |
| 2007 | 11,081,660 | 20,318,583 |
| 2006 | 10,706,424 | 19,730,909 |
| 2005 | 10,328,092 | 19,159,707 |
| 2004 | 9,920,036 | 18,606,608 |
| 2003 | 9,487,833 | 18,071,854 |
| 2002 | 9,116,192 | 17,549,913 |
| 2001 | 8,804,124 | 17,032,939 |
| 2000 | 8,512,093 | 16,516,338 |
| 1999 | 8,222,705 | 16,000,506 |
| 1998 | 7,938,840 | 15,489,364 |
| 1997 | 7,670,366 | 14,990,814 |
| 1996 | 7,410,108 | 14,510,711 |
| 1995 | 7,089,064 | 14,051,275 |
| 1994 | 6,783,450 | 13,613,850 |
| 1993 | 6,629,146 | 13,197,345 |
| 1992 | 6,474,656 | 12,800,870 |
| 1991 | 6,205,676 | 12,421,412 |
| 1990 | 5,982,833 | 12,055,639 |
| 1989 | 5,819,586 | 11,704,998 |
| 1988 | 5,625,602 | 11,369,462 |
| 1987 | 5,438,309 | 11,047,291 |
| 1986 | 5,251,069 | 10,736,857 |
| 1985 | 5,096,269 | 10,433,142 |
| 1984 | 5,045,145 | 10,134,550 |
| 1983 | 4,979,130 | 9,843,044 |
| 1982 | 4,738,483 | 9,557,671 |
| 1981 | 4,520,959 | 9,279,011 |
| 1980 | 4,515,453 | 9,006,032 |
| 1979 | 4,505,384 | 8,737,581 |
| 1978 | 4,411,366 | 8,475,864 |
| 1977 | 4,331,667 | 8,222,240 |
| 1976 | 4,251,297 | 7,976,831 |
| 1975 | 4,167,234 | 7,739,336 |
| 1974 | 4,078,356 | 7,509,726 |
| 1973 | 3,985,909 | 7,288,048 |
| 1972 | 3,893,252 | 7,074,398 |
| 1971 | 3,807,316 | 6,868,868 |
| 1970 | 3,727,828 | 6,672,003 |
| 1969 | 3,651,113 | 6,484,716 |
| 1968 | 3,578,231 | 6,306,493 |
| 1967 | 3,508,512 | 6,136,486 |
| 1966 | 3,440,903 | 5,974,279 |
| 1965 | 3,374,220 | 5,819,116 |
| 1964 | 3,307,479 | 5,669,863 |
| 1963 | 3,240,905 | 5,525,185 |
| 1962 | 3,175,598 | 5,384,150 |
| 1961 | 3,111,947 | 5,246,158 |
| 1960 | 3,049,838 | 5,111,029 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/madagascar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Chad increased by 4,408,231 people (a 41.2% growth), while Madagascar gained 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Chad gained 6,740,482 people (a 44.6% growth), while Madagascar's population increased by 7,836,180 people (a 30% growth).
Chad was ranked 76th most populous country in 2006 and is 64th in 2026. Madagascar was ranked 57th in 2006 and ranked 49th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Chad's population will grow by 78.4% to 38,981,624 people with a rank change from 64th to 52nd. The population of Madagascar will increase by 57.4% to 53,403,817 people and rank change from 49th to 37th.
Chad is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 70.3M people compared to the peak of 86.2M people in 2100 for Madagascar.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 0.46% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | 0.56% | 0.49% |
| 2097 | 0.56% | 0.51% |
| 2096 | 0.57% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | 0.54% |
| 2094 | 0.63% | 0.56% |
| 2093 | 0.67% | 0.58% |
| 2092 | 0.68% | 0.6% |
| 2091 | 0.74% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.75% | 0.63% |
| 2089 | 0.74% | 0.65% |
| 2088 | 0.8% | 0.67% |
| 2087 | 0.81% | 0.68% |
| 2086 | 0.86% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.89% | 0.72% |
| 2084 | 0.91% | 0.74% |
| 2083 | 0.9% | 0.76% |
| 2082 | 0.99% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | 1% | 0.8% |
| 2080 | 1.04% | 0.82% |
| 2079 | 1.08% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | 1.08% | 0.87% |
| 2077 | 1.1% | 0.89% |
| 2076 | 1.14% | 0.92% |
| 2075 | 1.15% | 0.94% |
| 2074 | 1.2% | 0.96% |
| 2073 | 1.25% | 0.99% |
| 2072 | 1.26% | 1.02% |
| 2071 | 1.27% | 1.04% |
| 2070 | 1.3% | 1.07% |
| 2069 | 1.33% | 1.09% |
| 2068 | 1.33% | 1.12% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | 1.14% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | 1.17% |
| 2065 | 1.52% | 1.2% |
| 2064 | 1.52% | 1.22% |
| 2063 | 1.55% | 1.25% |
| 2062 | 1.58% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | 1.68% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | 1.72% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | 1.72% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | 1.75% | 1.38% |
| 2057 | 1.8% | 1.41% |
| 2056 | 1.86% | 1.44% |
| 2055 | 1.86% | 1.46% |
| 2054 | 1.91% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | 1.95% | 1.52% |
| 2052 | 1.99% | 1.55% |
| 2051 | 2.02% | 1.58% |
| 2050 | 2.02% | 1.61% |
| 2049 | 2.12% | 1.63% |
| 2048 | 2.1% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | 2.14% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | 2.21% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | 2.19% | 1.75% |
| 2044 | 2.27% | 1.78% |
| 2043 | 2.3% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 2.34% | 1.84% |
| 2041 | 2.31% | 1.87% |
| 2040 | 2.42% | 1.89% |
| 2039 | 2.46% | 1.93% |
| 2038 | 2.51% | 1.96% |
| 2037 | 2.58% | 1.99% |
| 2036 | 2.57% | 2.02% |
| 2035 | 2.62% | 2.05% |
| 2034 | 2.71% | 2.09% |
| 2033 | 2.78% | 2.13% |
| 2032 | 2.84% | 2.17% |
| 2031 | 2.86% | 2.21% |
| 2030 | 2.93% | 2.24% |
| 2029 | 3% | 2.29% |
| 2028 | 3.06% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | 2.64% | 2.37% |
| 2026 | 2.66% | 2.41% |
| 2025 | 3.47% | 2.43% |
| 2024 | 5.07% | 2.47% |
| 2023 | 4.68% | 2.49% |
| 2022 | 3.52% | 2.51% |
| 2021 | 3.5% | 2.55% |
| 2020 | 3.23% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 3.27% | 2.64% |
| 2018 | 3.42% | 2.64% |
| 2017 | 3.36% | 2.64% |
| 2016 | 3.19% | 2.65% |
| 2015 | 3.23% | 2.67% |
| 2014 | 3.63% | 2.72% |
| 2013 | 3.63% | 2.76% |
| 2012 | 3.58% | 2.8% |
| 2011 | 3.59% | 2.88% |
| 2010 | 3.52% | 2.95% |
| 2009 | 3.64% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | 3.56% | 2.98% |
| 2007 | 3.5% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | 3.66% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | 4.11% | 2.97% |
| 2004 | 4.56% | 2.96% |
| 2003 | 4.08% | 2.97% |
| 2002 | 3.54% | 3.04% |
| 2001 | 3.43% | 3.13% |
| 2000 | 3.52% | 3.22% |
| 1999 | 3.58% | 3.3% |
| 1998 | 3.5% | 3.33% |
| 1997 | 3.51% | 3.31% |
| 1996 | 4.53% | 3.27% |
| 1995 | 4.51% | 3.21% |
| 1994 | 2.33% | 3.16% |
| 1993 | 2.39% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | 4.33% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | 3.72% | 3.03% |
| 1990 | 2.81% | 3% |
| 1989 | 3.45% | 2.95% |
| 1988 | 3.44% | 2.92% |
| 1987 | 3.57% | 2.89% |
| 1986 | 3.04% | 2.91% |
| 1985 | 1.01% | 2.95% |
| 1984 | 1.33% | 2.96% |
| 1983 | 5.08% | 2.99% |
| 1982 | 4.81% | 3% |
| 1981 | 0.12% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 0.22% | 3.07% |
| 1979 | 2.13% | 3.09% |
| 1978 | 1.84% | 3.08% |
| 1977 | 1.89% | 3.08% |
| 1976 | 2.02% | 3.07% |
| 1975 | 2.18% | 3.06% |
| 1974 | 2.32% | 3.04% |
| 1973 | 2.38% | 3.02% |
| 1972 | 2.26% | 2.99% |
| 1971 | 2.13% | 2.95% |
| 1970 | 2.1% | 2.89% |
| 1969 | 2.04% | 2.83% |
| 1968 | 1.99% | 2.77% |
| 1967 | 1.96% | 2.72% |
| 1966 | 1.98% | 2.67% |
| 1965 | 2.02% | 2.63% |
| 1964 | 2.05% | 2.62% |
| 1963 | 2.06% | 2.62% |
| 1962 | 2.05% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 2.04% | 2.64% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/madagascar | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Chad grew by 3.47%, while Madagascar's population grew by 2.43%.
Live population counters
|
Chad
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
21855137
|
33936132
|
| Population rank | 64/197 | 49/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.26% | 0.41% |
| One net population change |
44.9 seconds
|
40.8 seconds
|
| One birth every |
35.9 seconds
|
31.1 seconds
|
| One death every |
2.34 minutes
|
2.2 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +1,930 | +2,125 |
| Annual growth/decline | +704,582 | +775,722 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.47% | +2.43% |
| Population growth rate rank | 6/197 | 28/197 |
| One migration net change every |
4.28 minutes
|
3.94 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -123,104 | -2,227 |
| Net migration rank | 184/196 | 100/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,269,673 | 38,625 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 50/195 | 158/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 6.3% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 83/195 | 193/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Madagascar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -123,104 | - | -2,227 |
| 2024 | 653,307 | 204,040 | 774,926 | -1,795 |
| 2023 | 605,924 | 496,830 | 766,391 | -1,487 |
| 2022 | 588,060 | 36,670 | 753,931 | -1,487 |
| 2021 | 554,851 | 74,509 | 741,416 | -1,480 |
| 2020 | 541,234 | 36,605 | 736,607 | -1,480 |
| 2019 | 530,540 | -29,451 | 735,853 | -2,976 |
| 2018 | 509,642 | 46,661 | 719,267 | -2,887 |
| 2017 | 494,304 | 16,916 | 699,498 | -2,784 |
| 2016 | 483,442 | 21,540 | 682,801 | -2,687 |
| 2015 | 478,010 | -48,918 | 668,977 | -2,594 |
| 2014 | 467,957 | 20,842 | 660,837 | -2,522 |
| 2013 | 454,517 | 51,887 | 654,230 | -2,445 |
| 2012 | 444,246 | 9,514 | 644,255 | -2,334 |
| 2011 | 428,989 | 29,256 | 640,577 | -2,219 |
| 2010 | 416,177 | 10,427 | 641,543 | -1,979 |
| 2009 | 401,937 | 9,108 | 634,008 | -1,429 |
| 2008 | 387,439 | 36,446 | 615,580 | -1,255 |
| 2007 | 376,732 | -11,339 | 597,772 | -1,563 |
| 2006 | 362,027 | 23,052 | 581,489 | -2,336 |
| 2005 | 352,302 | 19,281 | 568,143 | -4,869 |
| 2004 | 334,136 | 110,387 | 556,319 | -13,393 |
| 2003 | 314,740 | 105,140 | 544,903 | -18,345 |
| 2002 | 302,995 | 20,400 | 535,518 | -18,209 |
| 2001 | 297,254 | 3,484 | 529,656 | -13,014 |
| 2000 | 287,173 | -3,845 | 520,860 | -4,298 |
| 1999 | 278,264 | 17,175 | 516,976 | -1,891 |
| 1998 | 270,055 | 2,232 | 508,408 | -1,222 |
| 1997 | 261,030 | 3,631 | 490,905 | -986 |
| 1996 | 254,589 | 1,259 | 471,453 | -1,161 |
| 1995 | 234,010 | 152,232 | 450,259 | -1,670 |
| 1994 | 223,996 | 986 | 428,169 | -1,905 |
| 1993 | 229,984 | -146,386 | 408,801 | -2,063 |
| 1992 | 219,348 | 6,013 | 388,430 | -2,216 |
| 1991 | 200,102 | 112,492 | 375,040 | -2,330 |
| 1990 | 191,959 | -58,884 | 360,621 | -1,777 |
| 1989 | 188,485 | 4,924 | 344,279 | -1,848 |
| 1988 | 178,489 | 16,085 | 330,510 | -1,883 |
| 1987 | 156,797 | 23,220 | 317,621 | -1,896 |
| 1986 | 152,360 | 42,093 | 307,074 | -1,914 |
| 1985 | 145,845 | -30,686 | 304,199 | -1,947 |
| 1984 | 151,511 | -164,489 | 296,892 | -1,965 |
| 1983 | 144,684 | 247 | 290,085 | -1,979 |
| 1982 | 119,121 | 217,242 | 284,733 | -2,093 |
| 1981 | 111,907 | -13,232 | 277,535 | -2,864 |
| 1980 | 122,468 | -210,126 | 275,287 | -4,005 |
| 1979 | 117,780 | -9,974 | 270,752 | -5,126 |
| 1978 | 115,084 | -34,856 | 263,684 | -5,874 |
| 1977 | 113,498 | -34,318 | 255,399 | -5,957 |
| 1976 | 111,324 | -29,755 | 247,026 | -5,655 |
| 1975 | 109,315 | -22,768 | 238,774 | -5,173 |
| 1974 | 106,898 | -15,686 | 230,233 | -4,607 |
| 1973 | 104,418 | -10,737 | 221,768 | -4,037 |
| 1972 | 101,142 | -9,526 | 213,138 | -3,583 |
| 1971 | 89,404 | -9,153 | 204,617 | -3,118 |
| 1970 | 87,660 | -8,931 | 194,889 | -2,658 |
| 1969 | 83,413 | -8,714 | 184,562 | -2,216 |
| 1968 | 79,465 | -8,396 | 175,869 | -1,766 |
| 1967 | 76,142 | -7,771 | 167,287 | -1,383 |
| 1966 | 73,123 | -6,283 | 159,483 | -964 |
| 1965 | 70,913 | -4,384 | 152,362 | -550 |
| 1964 | 69,483 | -2,518 | 146,894 | -204 |
| 1963 | 67,414 | -1,228 | 142,666 | 0 |
| 1962 | 65,312 | -890 | 139,412 | 0 |
| 1961 | 63,639 | -760 | 136,578 | 0 |
| 1960 | 62,003 | -672 | 133,684 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/madagascar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 86.4% of the population change in Chad is from natural causes (a gain of 5,439,314 people) and 13.6% is from migration (a gain of 855,402 people). In Madagascar 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,279,667 people) and 0.3% is from migration (a loss of 21,657 people).
As of 2024, 1,269,673 residents or 6.3% of the population were not native-born in Chad, compared to 38,625 people or 0.1% in Madagascar.
Biggest cities by population
|
Chad
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| N'Djamena | 1.09M |
| Sarh | 108K |
| Abeche | 76.5K |
| Bongor | 27.8K |
| Bol | 11.7K |
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Chad and Madagascar
|
Chad
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 55.6 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 21.2 years | 24.3 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 20.2 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 6.03 births per woman | 3.91 births per woman |
| Population density | 44.4 ppl/mi² | 149.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/madagascar | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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