The latest officially reported population of Cyprus was 1,358,282 in 2024 vs 1,372,341 people in Estonia in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Cyprus' population is 1,386,362 people compared to 1,339,590 in Estonia.
Population statistics:
- Cyprus' population is 1.03 times bigger than Estonia's.
- Cyprus is ranked the 153rd most populous country in the world, while Estonia is the 155th.
- The countries together account for 0.03% of the world: 0.02% for Cyprus vs 0.02% for Estonia.
- For the last 10 years, Cyprus has had an average growth rate of +1.26% per year vs +0.37% in Estonia.
- Since 2006, the population of Cyprus has increased from 1.05M people to 1.39M (31.5% growth), while Estonia has declined from 1.35M to 1.34M (0.54% decline).
Cyprus vs Estonia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Cyprus
|
Estonia
|
|
| 2100 | 1,283,630 | 831,394 |
| 2099 | 1,288,020 | 836,965 |
| 2098 | 1,292,508 | 842,414 |
| 2097 | 1,296,742 | 847,873 |
| 2096 | 1,301,023 | 853,472 |
| 2095 | 1,305,479 | 859,044 |
| 2094 | 1,309,718 | 864,547 |
| 2093 | 1,313,969 | 870,136 |
| 2092 | 1,318,737 | 875,676 |
| 2091 | 1,323,639 | 881,282 |
| 2090 | 1,328,837 | 887,028 |
| 2089 | 1,334,392 | 892,857 |
| 2088 | 1,340,131 | 898,736 |
| 2087 | 1,346,159 | 904,914 |
| 2086 | 1,352,854 | 911,254 |
| 2085 | 1,359,724 | 917,722 |
| 2084 | 1,366,740 | 924,458 |
| 2083 | 1,373,868 | 931,259 |
| 2082 | 1,381,157 | 938,110 |
| 2081 | 1,388,924 | 944,978 |
| 2080 | 1,396,828 | 952,018 |
| 2079 | 1,404,677 | 959,194 |
| 2078 | 1,412,505 | 966,496 |
| 2077 | 1,420,434 | 973,883 |
| 2076 | 1,428,032 | 981,283 |
| 2075 | 1,435,762 | 988,735 |
| 2074 | 1,443,463 | 996,352 |
| 2073 | 1,450,943 | 1,004,078 |
| 2072 | 1,458,241 | 1,011,873 |
| 2071 | 1,464,781 | 1,019,779 |
| 2070 | 1,471,110 | 1,027,821 |
| 2069 | 1,477,182 | 1,035,828 |
| 2068 | 1,483,033 | 1,043,819 |
| 2067 | 1,488,356 | 1,051,892 |
| 2066 | 1,492,983 | 1,059,940 |
| 2065 | 1,497,204 | 1,068,064 |
| 2064 | 1,501,025 | 1,076,199 |
| 2063 | 1,504,504 | 1,084,303 |
| 2062 | 1,507,711 | 1,092,418 |
| 2061 | 1,509,940 | 1,100,514 |
| 2060 | 1,511,787 | 1,108,650 |
| 2059 | 1,513,161 | 1,116,534 |
| 2058 | 1,514,533 | 1,124,375 |
| 2057 | 1,515,475 | 1,132,033 |
| 2056 | 1,515,978 | 1,139,610 |
| 2055 | 1,516,427 | 1,147,117 |
| 2054 | 1,516,816 | 1,154,317 |
| 2053 | 1,517,078 | 1,161,452 |
| 2052 | 1,517,120 | 1,168,381 |
| 2051 | 1,516,244 | 1,175,291 |
| 2050 | 1,515,102 | 1,182,029 |
| 2049 | 1,513,890 | 1,188,633 |
| 2048 | 1,512,298 | 1,194,960 |
| 2047 | 1,510,494 | 1,201,294 |
| 2046 | 1,508,356 | 1,207,577 |
| 2045 | 1,506,087 | 1,213,815 |
| 2044 | 1,503,508 | 1,220,042 |
| 2043 | 1,500,726 | 1,226,162 |
| 2042 | 1,497,592 | 1,232,282 |
| 2041 | 1,493,983 | 1,238,386 |
| 2040 | 1,489,871 | 1,244,441 |
| 2039 | 1,485,335 | 1,250,581 |
| 2038 | 1,480,323 | 1,256,780 |
| 2037 | 1,475,124 | 1,263,149 |
| 2036 | 1,469,196 | 1,269,700 |
| 2035 | 1,463,098 | 1,276,331 |
| 2034 | 1,456,442 | 1,283,159 |
| 2033 | 1,449,244 | 1,290,037 |
| 2032 | 1,441,479 | 1,297,036 |
| 2031 | 1,433,522 | 1,304,102 |
| 2030 | 1,424,675 | 1,311,189 |
| 2029 | 1,415,483 | 1,318,225 |
| 2028 | 1,405,454 | 1,325,354 |
| 2027 | 1,394,504 | 1,332,492 |
| 2026 | 1,383,344 | 1,339,590 |
| 2025 | 1,371,233 | 1,358,931 |
| 2024 | 1,358,282 | 1,372,341 |
| 2023 | 1,344,976 | 1,370,286 |
| 2022 | 1,331,370 | 1,348,840 |
| 2021 | 1,317,309 | 1,330,932 |
| 2020 | 1,302,247 | 1,329,522 |
| 2019 | 1,286,671 | 1,326,898 |
| 2018 | 1,270,737 | 1,321,977 |
| 2017 | 1,254,275 | 1,317,384 |
| 2016 | 1,237,112 | 1,315,790 |
| 2015 | 1,219,502 | 1,315,407 |
| 2014 | 1,201,801 | 1,314,545 |
| 2013 | 1,183,895 | 1,317,997 |
| 2012 | 1,165,397 | 1,322,696 |
| 2011 | 1,146,493 | 1,327,439 |
| 2010 | 1,127,816 | 1,331,475 |
| 2009 | 1,109,371 | 1,334,515 |
| 2008 | 1,091,026 | 1,337,090 |
| 2007 | 1,072,714 | 1,340,680 |
| 2006 | 1,054,418 | 1,346,810 |
| 2005 | 1,036,151 | 1,354,775 |
| 2004 | 1,017,875 | 1,362,550 |
| 2003 | 999,590 | 1,370,720 |
| 2002 | 981,440 | 1,379,350 |
| 2001 | 964,127 | 1,388,115 |
| 2000 | 947,667 | 1,396,985 |
| 1999 | 931,234 | 1,390,244 |
| 1998 | 914,548 | 1,386,156 |
| 1997 | 897,568 | 1,399,535 |
| 1996 | 880,290 | 1,415,594 |
| 1995 | 862,695 | 1,436,634 |
| 1994 | 844,667 | 1,462,514 |
| 1993 | 826,034 | 1,494,128 |
| 1992 | 810,341 | 1,533,091 |
| 1991 | 798,944 | 1,561,314 |
| 1990 | 788,351 | 1,569,174 |
| 1989 | 777,420 | 1,568,131 |
| 1988 | 766,235 | 1,561,900 |
| 1987 | 754,785 | 1,552,221 |
| 1986 | 743,105 | 1,540,190 |
| 1985 | 731,277 | 1,528,781 |
| 1984 | 719,334 | 1,518,617 |
| 1983 | 707,225 | 1,508,745 |
| 1982 | 696,497 | 1,498,414 |
| 1981 | 688,893 | 1,487,666 |
| 1980 | 683,076 | 1,477,219 |
| 1979 | 677,549 | 1,468,333 |
| 1978 | 672,249 | 1,460,188 |
| 1977 | 667,101 | 1,450,211 |
| 1976 | 662,032 | 1,439,576 |
| 1975 | 659,405 | 1,429,352 |
| 1974 | 663,254 | 1,418,169 |
| 1973 | 665,937 | 1,405,951 |
| 1972 | 661,063 | 1,392,518 |
| 1971 | 654,050 | 1,376,955 |
| 1970 | 647,446 | 1,360,076 |
| 1969 | 641,189 | 1,345,249 |
| 1968 | 635,157 | 1,331,214 |
| 1967 | 629,251 | 1,318,946 |
| 1966 | 623,390 | 1,308,597 |
| 1965 | 617,736 | 1,294,566 |
| 1964 | 612,521 | 1,277,086 |
| 1963 | 607,252 | 1,258,857 |
| 1962 | 601,466 | 1,241,623 |
| 1961 | 595,514 | 1,225,077 |
| 1960 | 586,490 | 1,211,537 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/cyprus/estonia | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Cyprus increased by 182,694 people (a 17.3% growth), while Estonia lost 31,020 people (a 2.3% decline).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Cyprus gained 149,250 people (a 12.1% growth), while Estonia's population increased by 23,800 people (a 1.81% growth).
Cyprus was ranked 153rd most populous country in 2006 and is still 153rd in 2026. Estonia was ranked 149th in 2006 and ranked 155th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Cyprus' population will grow by 9.29% to 1,515,102 people and will still be ranked 153rd. The population of Estonia will decrease by 11.8% to 1,182,029 people and rank change from 155th to 159th.
Cyprus is projected to reach its peak in 2052 at 1.52M people, while Estonia's population already peaked in 1990 at 1.57M people and is projected to decrease to 831K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Cyprus
|
Estonia
|
|
| 2100 | -0.34% | -0.67% |
| 2099 | -0.35% | -0.65% |
| 2098 | -0.33% | -0.64% |
| 2097 | -0.33% | -0.66% |
| 2096 | -0.34% | -0.65% |
| 2095 | -0.32% | -0.64% |
| 2094 | -0.32% | -0.64% |
| 2093 | -0.36% | -0.63% |
| 2092 | -0.37% | -0.64% |
| 2091 | -0.39% | -0.65% |
| 2090 | -0.42% | -0.65% |
| 2089 | -0.43% | -0.65% |
| 2088 | -0.45% | -0.68% |
| 2087 | -0.49% | -0.7% |
| 2086 | -0.51% | -0.7% |
| 2085 | -0.51% | -0.73% |
| 2084 | -0.52% | -0.73% |
| 2083 | -0.53% | -0.73% |
| 2082 | -0.56% | -0.73% |
| 2081 | -0.57% | -0.74% |
| 2080 | -0.56% | -0.75% |
| 2079 | -0.55% | -0.76% |
| 2078 | -0.56% | -0.76% |
| 2077 | -0.53% | -0.75% |
| 2076 | -0.54% | -0.75% |
| 2075 | -0.53% | -0.76% |
| 2074 | -0.52% | -0.77% |
| 2073 | -0.5% | -0.77% |
| 2072 | -0.45% | -0.78% |
| 2071 | -0.43% | -0.78% |
| 2070 | -0.41% | -0.77% |
| 2069 | -0.39% | -0.77% |
| 2068 | -0.36% | -0.77% |
| 2067 | -0.31% | -0.76% |
| 2066 | -0.28% | -0.76% |
| 2065 | -0.25% | -0.76% |
| 2064 | -0.23% | -0.75% |
| 2063 | -0.21% | -0.74% |
| 2062 | -0.15% | -0.74% |
| 2061 | -0.12% | -0.73% |
| 2060 | -0.09% | -0.71% |
| 2059 | -0.09% | -0.7% |
| 2058 | -0.06% | -0.68% |
| 2057 | -0.03% | -0.66% |
| 2056 | -0.03% | -0.65% |
| 2055 | -0.03% | -0.62% |
| 2054 | -0.02% | -0.61% |
| 2053 | -0.003% | -0.59% |
| 2052 | 0.06% | -0.59% |
| 2051 | 0.08% | -0.57% |
| 2050 | 0.08% | -0.56% |
| 2049 | 0.11% | -0.53% |
| 2048 | 0.12% | -0.53% |
| 2047 | 0.14% | -0.52% |
| 2046 | 0.15% | -0.51% |
| 2045 | 0.17% | -0.51% |
| 2044 | 0.19% | -0.5% |
| 2043 | 0.21% | -0.5% |
| 2042 | 0.24% | -0.49% |
| 2041 | 0.28% | -0.49% |
| 2040 | 0.31% | -0.49% |
| 2039 | 0.34% | -0.49% |
| 2038 | 0.35% | -0.5% |
| 2037 | 0.4% | -0.52% |
| 2036 | 0.42% | -0.52% |
| 2035 | 0.46% | -0.53% |
| 2034 | 0.5% | -0.53% |
| 2033 | 0.54% | -0.54% |
| 2032 | 0.56% | -0.54% |
| 2031 | 0.62% | -0.54% |
| 2030 | 0.65% | -0.53% |
| 2029 | 0.71% | -0.54% |
| 2028 | 0.79% | -0.54% |
| 2027 | 0.81% | -0.53% |
| 2026 | 0.88% | -1.42% |
| 2025 | 0.95% | -0.98% |
| 2024 | 0.99% | 0.15% |
| 2023 | 1.02% | 1.59% |
| 2022 | 1.07% | 1.35% |
| 2021 | 1.16% | 0.11% |
| 2020 | 1.21% | 0.2% |
| 2019 | 1.25% | 0.37% |
| 2018 | 1.31% | 0.35% |
| 2017 | 1.39% | 0.12% |
| 2016 | 1.44% | 0.03% |
| 2015 | 1.47% | 0.07% |
| 2014 | 1.51% | -0.26% |
| 2013 | 1.59% | -0.36% |
| 2012 | 1.65% | -0.36% |
| 2011 | 1.66% | -0.3% |
| 2010 | 1.66% | -0.23% |
| 2009 | 1.68% | -0.19% |
| 2008 | 1.71% | -0.27% |
| 2007 | 1.74% | -0.46% |
| 2006 | 1.76% | -0.59% |
| 2005 | 1.8% | -0.57% |
| 2004 | 1.83% | -0.6% |
| 2003 | 1.85% | -0.63% |
| 2002 | 1.8% | -0.63% |
| 2001 | 1.74% | -0.63% |
| 2000 | 1.76% | 0.48% |
| 1999 | 1.82% | 0.29% |
| 1998 | 1.89% | -0.96% |
| 1997 | 1.96% | -1.13% |
| 1996 | 2.04% | -1.46% |
| 1995 | 2.13% | -1.77% |
| 1994 | 2.26% | -2.12% |
| 1993 | 1.94% | -2.54% |
| 1992 | 1.43% | -1.81% |
| 1991 | 1.34% | -0.5% |
| 1990 | 1.41% | 0.07% |
| 1989 | 1.46% | 0.4% |
| 1988 | 1.52% | 0.62% |
| 1987 | 1.57% | 0.78% |
| 1986 | 1.62% | 0.75% |
| 1985 | 1.66% | 0.67% |
| 1984 | 1.71% | 0.65% |
| 1983 | 1.54% | 0.69% |
| 1982 | 1.1% | 0.72% |
| 1981 | 0.85% | 0.71% |
| 1980 | 0.82% | 0.61% |
| 1979 | 0.79% | 0.56% |
| 1978 | 0.77% | 0.69% |
| 1977 | 0.77% | 0.74% |
| 1976 | 0.4% | 0.72% |
| 1975 | -0.58% | 0.79% |
| 1974 | -0.4% | 0.87% |
| 1973 | 0.74% | 0.96% |
| 1972 | 1.07% | 1.13% |
| 1971 | 1.02% | 1.24% |
| 1970 | 0.98% | 1.1% |
| 1969 | 0.95% | 1.05% |
| 1968 | 0.94% | 0.93% |
| 1967 | 0.94% | 0.79% |
| 1966 | 0.92% | 1.08% |
| 1965 | 0.85% | 1.37% |
| 1964 | 0.87% | 1.45% |
| 1963 | 0.96% | 1.39% |
| 1962 | 1% | 1.35% |
| 1961 | 1.54% | 1.12% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/cyprus/estonia | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Cyprus grew by 0.99%, while Estonia's population grew by 0.15%.
Live population counters
|
Cyprus
|
Estonia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
1386362
|
1339590
|
| Population rank | 153/197 | 155/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| One net population change |
39.5 minutes
|
4.26 hours
|
| One birth every |
36.2 minutes
|
47.9 minutes
|
| One death every |
55.3 minutes
|
32.8 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +36 | +6 |
| Annual growth/decline | +13,306 | +2,055 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +0.99% | +0.15% |
| Population growth rate rank | 103/197 | 158/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.13 hours
|
39.5 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | +7,749 | -13,350 |
| Net migration rank | 46/196 | 141/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 202,062 | 203,046 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 111/195 | 110/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 14.9% | 14.9% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 42/195 | 43/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Cyprus
|
Estonia
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 7,749 | - | -13,350 |
| 2024 | - | 8,138 | - | -7,742 |
| 2023 | 5,025 | 8,697 | -5,070 | 5,717 |
| 2022 | 4,466 | 9,014 | -5,665 | 39,754 |
| 2021 | 5,305 | 9,341 | -5,324 | 7,043 |
| 2020 | 5,826 | 9,653 | -2,659 | 3,694 |
| 2019 | 5,679 | 9,983 | -1,327 | 5,386 |
| 2018 | 5,905 | 10,311 | -1,322 | 7,089 |
| 2017 | 6,082 | 10,632 | -1,713 | 5,202 |
| 2016 | 6,643 | 10,951 | -1,316 | 1,081 |
| 2015 | 6,340 | 11,277 | -1,315 | 4,261 |
| 2014 | 6,193 | 11,599 | -1,972 | -674 |
| 2013 | 6,116 | 11,914 | -1,713 | -2,688 |
| 2012 | 6,726 | 12,237 | -1,455 | -3,674 |
| 2011 | 6,271 | 12,566 | -531 | -3,941 |
| 2010 | 6,723 | 11,793 | 0 | -3,781 |
| 2009 | 6,820 | 11,555 | -400 | -2,089 |
| 2008 | 6,429 | 11,887 | -668 | -2,034 |
| 2007 | 5,983 | 12,332 | -1,608 | -2,941 |
| 2006 | 6,166 | 12,110 | -2,559 | -5,351 |
| 2005 | 5,646 | 12,616 | -2,981 | -5,208 |
| 2004 | 5,705 | 12,583 | -3,679 | -3,681 |
| 2003 | 5,484 | 12,786 | -5,072 | -3,705 |
| 2002 | 5,225 | 12,814 | -5,380 | -2,889 |
| 2001 | 5,308 | 11,283 | -5,830 | -3,280 |
| 2000 | 5,570 | 10,753 | -5,309 | -3,083 |
| 1999 | 5,524 | 11,023 | -6,117 | 1,419 |
| 1998 | 5,879 | 10,942 | -7,208 | -3,296 |
| 1997 | 6,444 | 10,696 | -6,018 | -4,066 |
| 1996 | 6,911 | 10,506 | -5,662 | -10,540 |
| 1995 | 7,226 | 10,549 | -7,327 | -12,655 |
| 1994 | 7,973 | 10,305 | -8,044 | -17,984 |
| 1993 | 8,463 | 10,520 | -5,976 | -25,501 |
| 1992 | 9,844 | 2,562 | -1,993 | -38,391 |
| 1991 | 9,102 | 1,294 | -312 | -9,712 |
| 1990 | 9,417 | 1,371 | 2,825 | -2,660 |
| 1989 | 9,156 | 1,903 | 5,803 | -368 |
| 1988 | 9,595 | 1,727 | 6,404 | 5,256 |
| 1987 | 9,114 | 2,465 | 6,829 | 5,389 |
| 1986 | 9,412 | 2,362 | 6,160 | 5,260 |
| 1985 | 9,242 | 2,647 | 4,281 | 5,097 |
| 1984 | 9,516 | 2,485 | 5,163 | 5,006 |
| 1983 | 9,318 | 2,899 | 5,884 | 4,986 |
| 1982 | 9,282 | -46 | 5,244 | 4,832 |
| 1981 | 7,135 | -1,171 | 4,612 | 4,789 |
| 1980 | 7,954 | -2,284 | 3,989 | 4,619 |
| 1979 | 6,620 | -1,232 | 3,818 | 4,521 |
| 1978 | 5,949 | -735 | 4,088 | 7,234 |
| 1977 | 5,607 | -521 | 4,931 | 7,189 |
| 1976 | 6,546 | -1,496 | 4,319 | 6,942 |
| 1975 | 5,023 | -4,820 | 4,717 | 6,737 |
| 1974 | 321 | -8,220 | 5,956 | 6,594 |
| 1973 | 5,405 | -2,877 | 5,623 | 6,488 |
| 1972 | 8,244 | -1,037 | 6,267 | 6,432 |
| 1971 | 8,398 | -1,586 | 7,160 | 6,392 |
| 1970 | 8,412 | -2,001 | 6,257 | 6,158 |
| 1969 | 8,857 | -2,744 | 5,515 | 8,650 |
| 1968 | 9,153 | -3,207 | 5,592 | 9,403 |
| 1967 | 9,313 | -3,451 | 5,012 | 9,115 |
| 1966 | 9,478 | -3,623 | 4,842 | 8,998 |
| 1965 | 9,643 | -4,184 | 5,437 | 8,851 |
| 1964 | 8,322 | -3,347 | 6,897 | 8,734 |
| 1963 | 8,568 | -3,005 | 6,043 | 8,410 |
| 1962 | 9,455 | -3,441 | 6,457 | 8,248 |
| 1961 | 9,584 | -3,695 | 7,228 | 7,991 |
| 1960 | 8,385 | 3,766 | 7,511 | 7,762 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/cyprus/estonia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 36.2% of the population change in Cyprus is from natural causes (a gain of 57,464 people) and 63.8% is from migration (a gain of 101,458 people). In Estonia 26.1% is from natural causes (a loss of 27,683 people) and 73.9% is from migration (a gain of 78,553 people).
As of 2024, 202,062 residents or 14.9% of the population were not native-born in Cyprus, compared to 203,046 people or 14.9% in Estonia.
Biggest cities by population
|
Cyprus
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Limassol | 108K |
| Larnaca | 59.2K |
| Nicosia | 56.8K |
| Famagusta | 40.9K |
| Paphos | 36K |
| Kyrenia | 33.2K |
| Aradippou | 19.2K |
| Paralimni | 15K |
| Ypsonas | 11.1K |
| Dali | 10.5K |
|
Estonia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Tallinn | 458K |
| Tartu | 97.8K |
| Narva | 53.4K |
| Parnu | 41.5K |
| Kohtla-Jarve | 33.4K |
| Viljandi | 17.3K |
| Maardu | 17K |
| Rakvere | 15.7K |
| Kuressaare | 13.2K |
| Sillamae | 12.4K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Cyprus and Estonia
|
Cyprus
|
Estonia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 82.2 years | 79.6 years |
| Average age | 39.8 years | 43.1 years |
| Median age | 39.2 years | 43.3 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.4:49.6 | 47.5:52.5 |
| Fertility rate | 1.39 births per woman | 1.31 births per woman |
| Population density | 388 ppl/mi² | 81.2 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/cyprus/estonia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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