The latest officially reported population of Madagascar was 31,964,956 in 2024 vs 27,032,412 people in Niger in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Madagascar's population is 33,750,171 people compared to 29,080,898 in Niger.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 1.16 times bigger than Niger's.
- Madagascar is ranked the 49th most populous country in the world, while Niger is the 53rd.
- The countries together account for 0.76% of the world: 0.41% for Madagascar vs 0.35% for Niger.
- For the last 10 years, Madagascar has had an average growth rate of +2.6% per year vs +3.5% in Niger.
- Since 2006, the population of Madagascar has increased from 19.7M people to 33.8M (71.1% growth), while Niger has grown from 14.3M to 29.1M (103.8% growth).
Madagascar vs Niger: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Madagascar
|
Niger
|
|
| 2100 | 86,197,674 | 92,149,803 |
| 2099 | 85,808,382 | 91,788,730 |
| 2098 | 85,404,097 | 91,409,848 |
| 2097 | 84,987,607 | 91,009,119 |
| 2096 | 84,559,113 | 90,589,670 |
| 2095 | 84,119,392 | 90,150,766 |
| 2094 | 83,665,834 | 89,694,201 |
| 2093 | 83,200,140 | 89,215,318 |
| 2092 | 82,723,075 | 88,716,114 |
| 2091 | 82,233,465 | 88,197,952 |
| 2090 | 81,734,626 | 87,660,657 |
| 2089 | 81,223,857 | 87,103,777 |
| 2088 | 80,700,261 | 86,525,686 |
| 2087 | 80,164,903 | 85,929,075 |
| 2086 | 79,619,760 | 85,313,560 |
| 2085 | 79,064,003 | 84,675,788 |
| 2084 | 78,499,094 | 84,017,371 |
| 2083 | 77,922,946 | 83,337,884 |
| 2082 | 77,337,305 | 82,638,198 |
| 2081 | 76,740,524 | 81,922,470 |
| 2080 | 76,133,028 | 81,186,181 |
| 2079 | 75,513,518 | 80,435,226 |
| 2078 | 74,881,435 | 79,665,207 |
| 2077 | 74,236,865 | 78,877,754 |
| 2076 | 73,582,256 | 78,071,174 |
| 2075 | 72,914,884 | 77,248,629 |
| 2074 | 72,235,202 | 76,412,785 |
| 2073 | 71,545,378 | 75,560,272 |
| 2072 | 70,843,401 | 74,691,713 |
| 2071 | 70,130,366 | 73,808,594 |
| 2070 | 69,409,326 | 72,912,178 |
| 2069 | 68,677,859 | 71,999,238 |
| 2068 | 67,936,195 | 71,073,720 |
| 2067 | 67,185,066 | 70,133,854 |
| 2066 | 66,425,210 | 69,181,625 |
| 2065 | 65,658,016 | 68,221,595 |
| 2064 | 64,881,253 | 67,248,034 |
| 2063 | 64,097,223 | 66,264,418 |
| 2062 | 63,305,402 | 65,270,595 |
| 2061 | 62,506,578 | 64,267,053 |
| 2060 | 61,701,267 | 63,257,169 |
| 2059 | 60,889,495 | 62,239,490 |
| 2058 | 60,073,702 | 61,213,177 |
| 2057 | 59,254,008 | 60,180,993 |
| 2056 | 58,428,653 | 59,145,841 |
| 2055 | 57,600,579 | 58,103,375 |
| 2054 | 56,769,869 | 57,056,756 |
| 2053 | 55,935,411 | 56,007,297 |
| 2052 | 55,097,962 | 54,958,567 |
| 2051 | 54,258,057 | 53,907,164 |
| 2050 | 53,415,029 | 52,858,275 |
| 2049 | 52,570,680 | 51,810,418 |
| 2048 | 51,725,320 | 50,763,456 |
| 2047 | 50,879,659 | 49,719,695 |
| 2046 | 50,033,785 | 48,677,799 |
| 2045 | 49,188,703 | 47,638,048 |
| 2044 | 48,344,009 | 46,602,104 |
| 2043 | 47,499,657 | 45,572,618 |
| 2042 | 46,656,643 | 44,546,381 |
| 2041 | 45,815,621 | 43,525,533 |
| 2040 | 44,976,152 | 42,508,212 |
| 2039 | 44,140,155 | 41,495,840 |
| 2038 | 43,305,683 | 40,485,407 |
| 2037 | 42,474,372 | 39,476,789 |
| 2036 | 41,645,556 | 38,472,178 |
| 2035 | 40,819,415 | 37,470,776 |
| 2034 | 39,997,842 | 36,477,557 |
| 2033 | 39,178,430 | 35,487,806 |
| 2032 | 38,361,932 | 34,508,717 |
| 2031 | 37,547,484 | 33,538,029 |
| 2030 | 36,737,238 | 32,574,145 |
| 2029 | 35,930,925 | 31,620,865 |
| 2028 | 35,128,136 | 30,680,257 |
| 2027 | 34,329,429 | 29,750,695 |
| 2026 | 33,535,391 | 28,832,547 |
| 2025 | 32,747,552 | 27,926,917 |
| 2024 | 31,964,956 | 27,032,412 |
| 2023 | 31,195,932 | 26,159,867 |
| 2022 | 30,437,261 | 25,311,973 |
| 2021 | 29,691,083 | 24,502,140 |
| 2020 | 28,953,556 | 23,717,613 |
| 2019 | 28,219,554 | 22,947,757 |
| 2018 | 27,494,926 | 22,188,069 |
| 2017 | 26,788,375 | 21,435,446 |
| 2016 | 26,099,952 | 20,685,753 |
| 2015 | 25,426,702 | 19,939,498 |
| 2014 | 24,764,348 | 19,215,909 |
| 2013 | 24,109,290 | 18,519,898 |
| 2012 | 23,462,438 | 17,836,769 |
| 2011 | 22,822,300 | 17,176,283 |
| 2010 | 22,183,340 | 16,548,835 |
| 2009 | 21,547,280 | 15,943,675 |
| 2008 | 20,923,840 | 15,361,915 |
| 2007 | 20,318,583 | 14,803,610 |
| 2006 | 19,730,909 | 14,268,581 |
| 2005 | 19,159,707 | 13,756,192 |
| 2004 | 18,606,608 | 13,265,836 |
| 2003 | 18,071,854 | 12,796,984 |
| 2002 | 17,549,913 | 12,349,144 |
| 2001 | 17,032,939 | 11,920,647 |
| 2000 | 16,516,338 | 11,509,630 |
| 1999 | 16,000,506 | 11,117,411 |
| 1998 | 15,489,364 | 10,741,413 |
| 1997 | 14,990,814 | 10,383,969 |
| 1996 | 14,510,711 | 10,044,852 |
| 1995 | 14,051,275 | 9,714,529 |
| 1994 | 13,613,850 | 9,398,258 |
| 1993 | 13,197,345 | 9,100,789 |
| 1992 | 12,800,870 | 8,817,633 |
| 1991 | 12,421,412 | 8,546,900 |
| 1990 | 12,055,639 | 8,286,059 |
| 1989 | 11,704,998 | 8,034,780 |
| 1988 | 11,369,462 | 7,793,748 |
| 1987 | 11,047,291 | 7,561,150 |
| 1986 | 10,736,857 | 7,335,811 |
| 1985 | 10,433,142 | 7,118,457 |
| 1984 | 10,134,550 | 6,909,971 |
| 1983 | 9,843,044 | 6,708,644 |
| 1982 | 9,557,671 | 6,512,732 |
| 1981 | 9,279,011 | 6,322,006 |
| 1980 | 9,006,032 | 6,135,971 |
| 1979 | 8,737,581 | 5,955,556 |
| 1978 | 8,475,864 | 5,782,932 |
| 1977 | 8,222,240 | 5,619,716 |
| 1976 | 7,976,831 | 5,464,962 |
| 1975 | 7,739,336 | 5,317,019 |
| 1974 | 7,509,726 | 5,174,953 |
| 1973 | 7,288,048 | 5,037,865 |
| 1972 | 7,074,398 | 4,904,845 |
| 1971 | 6,868,868 | 4,776,225 |
| 1970 | 6,672,003 | 4,650,275 |
| 1969 | 6,484,716 | 4,525,725 |
| 1968 | 6,306,493 | 4,403,637 |
| 1967 | 6,136,486 | 4,283,590 |
| 1966 | 5,974,279 | 4,165,544 |
| 1965 | 5,819,116 | 4,049,695 |
| 1964 | 5,669,863 | 3,935,814 |
| 1963 | 5,525,185 | 3,823,873 |
| 1962 | 5,384,150 | 3,714,520 |
| 1961 | 5,246,158 | 3,608,162 |
| 1960 | 5,111,029 | 3,505,050 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/niger | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Madagascar increased by 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth), while Niger gained 6,417,172 people (a 45% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Madagascar gained 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth), while Niger's population increased by 8,395,145 people (a 40.6% growth).
Madagascar was ranked 57th most populous country in 2006 and is 49th in 2026. Niger was ranked 64th in 2006 and ranked 53rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Madagascar's population will grow by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people with a rank change from 49th to 37th. The population of Niger will increase by 81.8% to 52,858,275 people and rank change from 53rd to 38th.
Madagascar is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 86.2M people compared to the peak of 92.1M people in 2100 for Niger.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Madagascar
|
Niger
|
|
| 2100 | 0.45% | 0.39% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | 0.41% |
| 2098 | 0.49% | 0.44% |
| 2097 | 0.51% | 0.46% |
| 2096 | 0.52% | 0.49% |
| 2095 | 0.54% | 0.51% |
| 2094 | 0.56% | 0.54% |
| 2093 | 0.58% | 0.56% |
| 2092 | 0.6% | 0.59% |
| 2091 | 0.61% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.63% | 0.64% |
| 2089 | 0.65% | 0.67% |
| 2088 | 0.67% | 0.69% |
| 2087 | 0.68% | 0.72% |
| 2086 | 0.7% | 0.75% |
| 2085 | 0.72% | 0.78% |
| 2084 | 0.74% | 0.82% |
| 2083 | 0.76% | 0.85% |
| 2082 | 0.78% | 0.87% |
| 2081 | 0.8% | 0.91% |
| 2080 | 0.82% | 0.93% |
| 2079 | 0.84% | 0.97% |
| 2078 | 0.87% | 1% |
| 2077 | 0.89% | 1.03% |
| 2076 | 0.92% | 1.06% |
| 2075 | 0.94% | 1.09% |
| 2074 | 0.96% | 1.13% |
| 2073 | 0.99% | 1.16% |
| 2072 | 1.02% | 1.2% |
| 2071 | 1.04% | 1.23% |
| 2070 | 1.07% | 1.27% |
| 2069 | 1.09% | 1.3% |
| 2068 | 1.12% | 1.34% |
| 2067 | 1.14% | 1.38% |
| 2066 | 1.17% | 1.41% |
| 2065 | 1.2% | 1.45% |
| 2064 | 1.22% | 1.48% |
| 2063 | 1.25% | 1.52% |
| 2062 | 1.28% | 1.56% |
| 2061 | 1.31% | 1.6% |
| 2060 | 1.33% | 1.64% |
| 2059 | 1.36% | 1.68% |
| 2058 | 1.38% | 1.72% |
| 2057 | 1.41% | 1.75% |
| 2056 | 1.44% | 1.79% |
| 2055 | 1.46% | 1.83% |
| 2054 | 1.49% | 1.87% |
| 2053 | 1.52% | 1.91% |
| 2052 | 1.55% | 1.95% |
| 2051 | 1.58% | 1.98% |
| 2050 | 1.61% | 2.02% |
| 2049 | 1.63% | 2.06% |
| 2048 | 1.66% | 2.1% |
| 2047 | 1.69% | 2.14% |
| 2046 | 1.72% | 2.18% |
| 2045 | 1.75% | 2.22% |
| 2044 | 1.78% | 2.26% |
| 2043 | 1.81% | 2.3% |
| 2042 | 1.84% | 2.35% |
| 2041 | 1.87% | 2.39% |
| 2040 | 1.89% | 2.44% |
| 2039 | 1.93% | 2.5% |
| 2038 | 1.96% | 2.55% |
| 2037 | 1.99% | 2.61% |
| 2036 | 2.02% | 2.67% |
| 2035 | 2.05% | 2.72% |
| 2034 | 2.09% | 2.79% |
| 2033 | 2.13% | 2.84% |
| 2032 | 2.17% | 2.89% |
| 2031 | 2.21% | 2.96% |
| 2030 | 2.24% | 3.01% |
| 2029 | 2.29% | 3.07% |
| 2028 | 2.33% | 3.12% |
| 2027 | 2.37% | 3.18% |
| 2026 | 2.41% | 3.24% |
| 2025 | 2.45% | 3.31% |
| 2024 | 2.47% | 3.34% |
| 2023 | 2.49% | 3.35% |
| 2022 | 2.51% | 3.31% |
| 2021 | 2.55% | 3.31% |
| 2020 | 2.6% | 3.35% |
| 2019 | 2.64% | 3.42% |
| 2018 | 2.64% | 3.51% |
| 2017 | 2.64% | 3.62% |
| 2016 | 2.65% | 3.74% |
| 2015 | 2.67% | 3.77% |
| 2014 | 2.72% | 3.76% |
| 2013 | 2.76% | 3.83% |
| 2012 | 2.8% | 3.85% |
| 2011 | 2.88% | 3.79% |
| 2010 | 2.95% | 3.8% |
| 2009 | 2.98% | 3.79% |
| 2008 | 2.98% | 3.77% |
| 2007 | 2.98% | 3.75% |
| 2006 | 2.98% | 3.72% |
| 2005 | 2.97% | 3.7% |
| 2004 | 2.96% | 3.66% |
| 2003 | 2.97% | 3.63% |
| 2002 | 3.04% | 3.59% |
| 2001 | 3.13% | 3.57% |
| 2000 | 3.22% | 3.53% |
| 1999 | 3.3% | 3.5% |
| 1998 | 3.33% | 3.44% |
| 1997 | 3.31% | 3.38% |
| 1996 | 3.27% | 3.4% |
| 1995 | 3.21% | 3.37% |
| 1994 | 3.16% | 3.27% |
| 1993 | 3.1% | 3.21% |
| 1992 | 3.05% | 3.17% |
| 1991 | 3.03% | 3.15% |
| 1990 | 3% | 3.13% |
| 1989 | 2.95% | 3.09% |
| 1988 | 2.92% | 3.08% |
| 1987 | 2.89% | 3.07% |
| 1986 | 2.91% | 3.05% |
| 1985 | 2.95% | 3.02% |
| 1984 | 2.96% | 3% |
| 1983 | 2.99% | 3.01% |
| 1982 | 3% | 3.02% |
| 1981 | 3.03% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 3.07% | 3.03% |
| 1979 | 3.09% | 2.99% |
| 1978 | 3.08% | 2.9% |
| 1977 | 3.08% | 2.83% |
| 1976 | 3.07% | 2.78% |
| 1975 | 3.06% | 2.75% |
| 1974 | 3.04% | 2.72% |
| 1973 | 3.02% | 2.71% |
| 1972 | 2.99% | 2.69% |
| 1971 | 2.95% | 2.71% |
| 1970 | 2.89% | 2.75% |
| 1969 | 2.83% | 2.77% |
| 1968 | 2.77% | 2.8% |
| 1967 | 2.72% | 2.83% |
| 1966 | 2.67% | 2.86% |
| 1965 | 2.63% | 2.89% |
| 1964 | 2.62% | 2.93% |
| 1963 | 2.62% | 2.94% |
| 1962 | 2.63% | 2.95% |
| 1961 | 2.64% | 2.94% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/niger | CC BY
In 2024, the population of Madagascar grew by 2.47%, while Niger's population grew by 3.34%.
Live population counters
|
Madagascar
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
33750171
|
29080898
|
| Population rank | 49/197 | 53/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.41% | 0.35% |
| One net population change |
41 seconds
|
36.1 seconds
|
| One birth every |
31.5 seconds
|
28.8 seconds
|
| One death every |
2.24 minutes
|
2.27 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +2,107 | +2,391 |
| Annual growth/decline | +769,024 | +872,545 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.47% | +3.34% |
| Population growth rate rank | 29/197 | 10/197 |
| One migration net change every |
3.94 hours
|
1.14 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -2,227 | -7,704 |
| Net migration rank | 100/196 | 126/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 38,625 | 449,236 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 158/195 | 85/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 0.1% | 1.7% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 193/195 | 140/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Madagascar
|
Niger
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,227 | - | -7,704 |
| 2024 | - | -1,795 | - | -4,041 |
| 2023 | 766,391 | -1,487 | 864,139 | 995 |
| 2022 | 753,931 | -1,487 | 829,651 | 995 |
| 2021 | 741,416 | -1,480 | 793,428 | -4,405 |
| 2020 | 736,607 | -1,480 | 784,437 | -4,402 |
| 2019 | 735,853 | -2,976 | 775,474 | -15,778 |
| 2018 | 719,267 | -2,887 | 763,536 | -3,830 |
| 2017 | 699,498 | -2,784 | 752,384 | -6,830 |
| 2016 | 682,801 | -2,687 | 738,999 | 14,833 |
| 2015 | 668,977 | -2,594 | 721,630 | 17,051 |
| 2014 | 660,837 | -2,522 | 704,609 | 3,891 |
| 2013 | 654,230 | -2,445 | 686,070 | -2,543 |
| 2012 | 644,255 | -2,334 | 664,009 | 18,714 |
| 2011 | 640,577 | -2,219 | 645,175 | -6,941 |
| 2010 | 641,543 | -1,979 | 624,685 | -8,033 |
| 2009 | 634,008 | -1,429 | 602,671 | -9,014 |
| 2008 | 615,580 | -1,255 | 579,727 | -9,847 |
| 2007 | 597,772 | -1,563 | 556,808 | -10,069 |
| 2006 | 581,489 | -2,336 | 533,374 | -10,054 |
| 2005 | 568,143 | -4,869 | 511,167 | -9,700 |
| 2004 | 556,319 | -13,393 | 488,328 | -9,070 |
| 2003 | 544,903 | -18,345 | 467,295 | -8,841 |
| 2002 | 535,518 | -18,209 | 446,767 | -9,550 |
| 2001 | 529,656 | -13,014 | 428,417 | -8,654 |
| 2000 | 520,860 | -4,298 | 410,779 | -8,522 |
| 1999 | 516,976 | -1,891 | 394,212 | -12,037 |
| 1998 | 508,408 | -1,222 | 377,120 | -7,298 |
| 1997 | 490,905 | -986 | 358,745 | -13,680 |
| 1996 | 471,453 | -1,161 | 341,223 | -8,057 |
| 1995 | 450,259 | -1,670 | 323,630 | 3,843 |
| 1994 | 428,169 | -1,905 | 306,026 | -959 |
| 1993 | 408,801 | -2,063 | 292,135 | -2,269 |
| 1992 | 388,430 | -2,216 | 278,690 | -2,258 |
| 1991 | 375,040 | -2,330 | 266,527 | -1,500 |
| 1990 | 360,621 | -1,777 | 256,594 | 73 |
| 1989 | 344,279 | -1,848 | 245,278 | 613 |
| 1988 | 330,510 | -1,883 | 237,296 | -1,139 |
| 1987 | 317,621 | -1,896 | 231,371 | -2,338 |
| 1986 | 307,074 | -1,914 | 224,365 | -2,728 |
| 1985 | 304,199 | -1,947 | 219,206 | -6,126 |
| 1984 | 296,892 | -1,965 | 213,111 | -9,208 |
| 1983 | 290,085 | -1,979 | 207,962 | -9,209 |
| 1982 | 284,733 | -2,093 | 202,012 | -8,935 |
| 1981 | 277,535 | -2,864 | 195,938 | -7,559 |
| 1980 | 275,287 | -4,005 | 189,251 | -5,564 |
| 1979 | 270,752 | -5,126 | 180,632 | -3,495 |
| 1978 | 263,684 | -5,874 | 171,614 | -3,494 |
| 1977 | 255,399 | -5,957 | 161,792 | -3,476 |
| 1976 | 247,026 | -5,655 | 154,489 | -3,308 |
| 1975 | 238,774 | -5,173 | 147,962 | -3,254 |
| 1974 | 230,233 | -4,607 | 142,606 | -3,179 |
| 1973 | 221,768 | -4,037 | 137,695 | -2,942 |
| 1972 | 213,138 | -3,583 | 133,813 | -2,525 |
| 1971 | 204,617 | -3,118 | 128,223 | -2,277 |
| 1970 | 194,889 | -2,658 | 128,184 | -2,225 |
| 1969 | 184,562 | -2,216 | 125,389 | -2,245 |
| 1968 | 175,869 | -1,766 | 123,301 | -2,277 |
| 1967 | 167,287 | -1,383 | 121,358 | -2,289 |
| 1966 | 159,483 | -964 | 119,314 | -2,289 |
| 1965 | 152,362 | -550 | 116,963 | -2,289 |
| 1964 | 146,894 | -204 | 115,386 | -2,289 |
| 1963 | 142,666 | 0 | 113,072 | -2,289 |
| 1962 | 139,412 | 0 | 110,280 | -2,369 |
| 1961 | 136,578 | 0 | 107,693 | -2,893 |
| 1960 | 133,684 | 0 | 105,081 | -3,641 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/niger | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99.7% of the population change in Madagascar is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people). In Niger 100% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,728,287 people) and 0.03% is from migration (a gain of 2,520 people).
As of 2024, 38,625 residents or 0.1% of the population were not native-born in Madagascar, compared to 449,236 people or 1.7% in Niger.
Biggest cities by population
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Niamey | 1.5M |
| Maradi | 267K |
| Zinder | 236K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Madagascar and Niger
|
Madagascar
|
Niger
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 64.3 years | 61.9 years |
| Average age | 24.1 years | 21.2 years |
| Median age | 20 years | 16.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 50.8:49.2 |
| Fertility rate | 3.97 births per woman | 6.06 births per woman |
| Population density | 149.3 ppl/mi² | 59 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/madagascar/niger | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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