The latest officially reported population of the Gambia was 2,759,988 in 2024 vs 31,964,956 people in Madagascar in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Gambia's population is 2,902,554 people compared to 33,750,171 in Madagascar.
Population statistics:
- Madagascar's population is 11.6 times bigger than the Gambia's.
- The Gambia is ranked the 138th most populous country in the world, while Madagascar is the 49th.
- The countries together account for 0.44% of the world: 0.04% for the Gambia vs 0.41% for Madagascar.
- For the last 10 years, the Gambia has had an average growth rate of +2.5% per year vs +2.6% in Madagascar.
- Since 2006, the population of the Gambia has increased from 1.72M people to 2.9M (69.2% growth), while Madagascar has grown from 19.7M to 33.8M (71.1% growth).
Gambia vs Madagascar: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Gambia
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 5,767,668 | 86,197,674 |
| 2099 | 5,765,660 | 85,808,382 |
| 2098 | 5,762,971 | 85,404,097 |
| 2097 | 5,759,632 | 84,987,607 |
| 2096 | 5,755,430 | 84,559,113 |
| 2095 | 5,750,385 | 84,119,392 |
| 2094 | 5,744,540 | 83,665,834 |
| 2093 | 5,737,026 | 83,200,140 |
| 2092 | 5,728,594 | 82,723,075 |
| 2091 | 5,719,408 | 82,233,465 |
| 2090 | 5,708,875 | 81,734,626 |
| 2089 | 5,697,140 | 81,223,857 |
| 2088 | 5,684,094 | 80,700,261 |
| 2087 | 5,669,958 | 80,164,903 |
| 2086 | 5,655,091 | 79,619,760 |
| 2085 | 5,638,646 | 79,064,003 |
| 2084 | 5,621,067 | 78,499,094 |
| 2083 | 5,602,456 | 77,922,946 |
| 2082 | 5,582,581 | 77,337,305 |
| 2081 | 5,561,294 | 76,740,524 |
| 2080 | 5,538,819 | 76,133,028 |
| 2079 | 5,515,086 | 75,513,518 |
| 2078 | 5,489,750 | 74,881,435 |
| 2077 | 5,463,305 | 74,236,865 |
| 2076 | 5,435,859 | 73,582,256 |
| 2075 | 5,406,946 | 72,914,884 |
| 2074 | 5,376,718 | 72,235,202 |
| 2073 | 5,345,328 | 71,545,378 |
| 2072 | 5,313,201 | 70,843,401 |
| 2071 | 5,279,975 | 70,130,366 |
| 2070 | 5,245,200 | 69,409,326 |
| 2069 | 5,209,379 | 68,677,859 |
| 2068 | 5,172,146 | 67,936,195 |
| 2067 | 5,134,037 | 67,185,066 |
| 2066 | 5,094,458 | 66,425,210 |
| 2065 | 5,053,246 | 65,658,016 |
| 2064 | 5,011,122 | 64,881,253 |
| 2063 | 4,968,038 | 64,097,223 |
| 2062 | 4,923,683 | 63,305,402 |
| 2061 | 4,877,966 | 62,506,578 |
| 2060 | 4,831,631 | 61,701,267 |
| 2059 | 4,784,535 | 60,889,495 |
| 2058 | 4,736,846 | 60,073,702 |
| 2057 | 4,688,039 | 59,254,008 |
| 2056 | 4,638,482 | 58,428,653 |
| 2055 | 4,588,184 | 57,600,579 |
| 2054 | 4,536,562 | 56,769,869 |
| 2053 | 4,484,692 | 55,935,411 |
| 2052 | 4,431,827 | 55,097,962 |
| 2051 | 4,378,133 | 54,258,057 |
| 2050 | 4,323,657 | 53,415,029 |
| 2049 | 4,268,536 | 52,570,680 |
| 2048 | 4,212,677 | 51,725,320 |
| 2047 | 4,155,975 | 50,879,659 |
| 2046 | 4,098,930 | 50,033,785 |
| 2045 | 4,041,218 | 49,188,703 |
| 2044 | 3,982,976 | 48,344,009 |
| 2043 | 3,924,126 | 47,499,657 |
| 2042 | 3,864,662 | 46,656,643 |
| 2041 | 3,805,317 | 45,815,621 |
| 2040 | 3,745,312 | 44,976,152 |
| 2039 | 3,685,048 | 44,140,155 |
| 2038 | 3,624,271 | 43,305,683 |
| 2037 | 3,563,745 | 42,474,372 |
| 2036 | 3,502,991 | 41,645,556 |
| 2035 | 3,442,074 | 40,819,415 |
| 2034 | 3,381,008 | 39,997,842 |
| 2033 | 3,319,646 | 39,178,430 |
| 2032 | 3,258,080 | 38,361,932 |
| 2031 | 3,196,605 | 37,547,484 |
| 2030 | 3,134,968 | 36,737,238 |
| 2029 | 3,072,981 | 35,930,925 |
| 2028 | 3,010,624 | 35,128,136 |
| 2027 | 2,948,246 | 34,329,429 |
| 2026 | 2,885,613 | 33,535,391 |
| 2025 | 2,822,861 | 32,747,552 |
| 2024 | 2,759,988 | 31,964,956 |
| 2023 | 2,697,845 | 31,195,932 |
| 2022 | 2,636,470 | 30,437,261 |
| 2021 | 2,576,010 | 29,691,083 |
| 2020 | 2,515,733 | 28,953,556 |
| 2019 | 2,456,844 | 28,219,554 |
| 2018 | 2,399,632 | 27,494,926 |
| 2017 | 2,342,189 | 26,788,375 |
| 2016 | 2,283,769 | 26,099,952 |
| 2015 | 2,224,529 | 25,426,702 |
| 2014 | 2,164,528 | 24,764,348 |
| 2013 | 2,103,820 | 24,109,290 |
| 2012 | 2,043,094 | 23,462,438 |
| 2011 | 1,983,784 | 22,822,300 |
| 2010 | 1,926,630 | 22,183,340 |
| 2009 | 1,871,422 | 21,547,280 |
| 2008 | 1,817,852 | 20,923,840 |
| 2007 | 1,765,774 | 20,318,583 |
| 2006 | 1,715,275 | 19,730,909 |
| 2005 | 1,667,037 | 19,159,707 |
| 2004 | 1,621,312 | 18,606,608 |
| 2003 | 1,577,611 | 18,071,854 |
| 2002 | 1,535,691 | 17,549,913 |
| 2001 | 1,495,011 | 17,032,939 |
| 2000 | 1,455,084 | 16,516,338 |
| 1999 | 1,415,779 | 16,000,506 |
| 1998 | 1,376,987 | 15,489,364 |
| 1997 | 1,338,889 | 14,990,814 |
| 1996 | 1,301,410 | 14,510,711 |
| 1995 | 1,264,313 | 14,051,275 |
| 1994 | 1,227,226 | 13,613,850 |
| 1993 | 1,188,365 | 13,197,345 |
| 1992 | 1,145,582 | 12,800,870 |
| 1991 | 1,099,959 | 12,421,412 |
| 1990 | 1,054,696 | 12,055,639 |
| 1989 | 1,011,357 | 11,704,998 |
| 1988 | 970,160 | 11,369,462 |
| 1987 | 931,091 | 11,047,291 |
| 1986 | 894,019 | 10,736,857 |
| 1985 | 858,874 | 10,433,142 |
| 1984 | 825,631 | 10,134,550 |
| 1983 | 794,525 | 9,843,044 |
| 1982 | 765,753 | 9,557,671 |
| 1981 | 739,125 | 9,279,011 |
| 1980 | 713,913 | 9,006,032 |
| 1979 | 689,781 | 8,737,581 |
| 1978 | 667,103 | 8,475,864 |
| 1977 | 645,770 | 8,222,240 |
| 1976 | 625,667 | 7,976,831 |
| 1975 | 606,821 | 7,739,336 |
| 1974 | 589,085 | 7,509,726 |
| 1973 | 571,991 | 7,288,048 |
| 1972 | 555,370 | 7,074,398 |
| 1971 | 539,388 | 6,868,868 |
| 1970 | 524,105 | 6,672,003 |
| 1969 | 509,440 | 6,484,716 |
| 1968 | 495,269 | 6,306,493 |
| 1967 | 481,588 | 6,136,486 |
| 1966 | 468,516 | 5,974,279 |
| 1965 | 455,952 | 5,819,116 |
| 1964 | 443,687 | 5,669,863 |
| 1963 | 431,757 | 5,525,185 |
| 1962 | 420,163 | 5,384,150 |
| 1961 | 408,930 | 5,246,158 |
| 1960 | 398,060 | 5,111,029 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/madagascar | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Gambia increased by 568,494 people (a 33.1% growth), while Madagascar gained 6,369,043 people (a 32.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Gambia gained 618,785 people (a 27.1% growth), while Madagascar's population increased by 7,650,219 people (a 29.3% growth).
The Gambia was ranked 146th most populous country in 2006 and is 138th in 2026. Madagascar was ranked 57th in 2006 and ranked 49th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Gambia's population will grow by 49% to 4,323,657 people with a rank change from 138th to 132nd. The population of Madagascar will increase by 58.3% to 53,415,029 people and rank change from 49th to 37th.
The Gambia is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 5.77M people compared to the peak of 86.2M people in 2100 for Madagascar.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Madagascar
|
|
| 2100 | 0.03% | 0.45% |
| 2099 | 0.05% | 0.47% |
| 2098 | 0.06% | 0.49% |
| 2097 | 0.07% | 0.51% |
| 2096 | 0.09% | 0.52% |
| 2095 | 0.1% | 0.54% |
| 2094 | 0.13% | 0.56% |
| 2093 | 0.15% | 0.58% |
| 2092 | 0.16% | 0.6% |
| 2091 | 0.18% | 0.61% |
| 2090 | 0.21% | 0.63% |
| 2089 | 0.23% | 0.65% |
| 2088 | 0.25% | 0.67% |
| 2087 | 0.26% | 0.68% |
| 2086 | 0.29% | 0.7% |
| 2085 | 0.31% | 0.72% |
| 2084 | 0.33% | 0.74% |
| 2083 | 0.36% | 0.76% |
| 2082 | 0.38% | 0.78% |
| 2081 | 0.41% | 0.8% |
| 2080 | 0.43% | 0.82% |
| 2079 | 0.46% | 0.84% |
| 2078 | 0.48% | 0.87% |
| 2077 | 0.5% | 0.89% |
| 2076 | 0.53% | 0.92% |
| 2075 | 0.56% | 0.94% |
| 2074 | 0.59% | 0.96% |
| 2073 | 0.6% | 0.99% |
| 2072 | 0.63% | 1.02% |
| 2071 | 0.66% | 1.04% |
| 2070 | 0.69% | 1.07% |
| 2069 | 0.72% | 1.09% |
| 2068 | 0.74% | 1.12% |
| 2067 | 0.78% | 1.14% |
| 2066 | 0.82% | 1.17% |
| 2065 | 0.84% | 1.2% |
| 2064 | 0.87% | 1.22% |
| 2063 | 0.9% | 1.25% |
| 2062 | 0.94% | 1.28% |
| 2061 | 0.96% | 1.31% |
| 2060 | 0.98% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | 1.01% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | 1.04% | 1.38% |
| 2057 | 1.07% | 1.41% |
| 2056 | 1.1% | 1.44% |
| 2055 | 1.14% | 1.46% |
| 2054 | 1.16% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | 1.19% | 1.52% |
| 2052 | 1.23% | 1.55% |
| 2051 | 1.26% | 1.58% |
| 2050 | 1.29% | 1.61% |
| 2049 | 1.33% | 1.63% |
| 2048 | 1.36% | 1.66% |
| 2047 | 1.39% | 1.69% |
| 2046 | 1.43% | 1.72% |
| 2045 | 1.46% | 1.75% |
| 2044 | 1.5% | 1.78% |
| 2043 | 1.54% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 1.56% | 1.84% |
| 2041 | 1.6% | 1.87% |
| 2040 | 1.64% | 1.89% |
| 2039 | 1.68% | 1.93% |
| 2038 | 1.7% | 1.96% |
| 2037 | 1.73% | 1.99% |
| 2036 | 1.77% | 2.02% |
| 2035 | 1.81% | 2.05% |
| 2034 | 1.85% | 2.09% |
| 2033 | 1.89% | 2.13% |
| 2032 | 1.92% | 2.17% |
| 2031 | 1.97% | 2.21% |
| 2030 | 2.02% | 2.24% |
| 2029 | 2.07% | 2.29% |
| 2028 | 2.12% | 2.33% |
| 2027 | 2.17% | 2.37% |
| 2026 | 2.22% | 2.41% |
| 2025 | 2.28% | 2.45% |
| 2024 | 2.3% | 2.47% |
| 2023 | 2.33% | 2.49% |
| 2022 | 2.35% | 2.51% |
| 2021 | 2.4% | 2.55% |
| 2020 | 2.4% | 2.6% |
| 2019 | 2.38% | 2.64% |
| 2018 | 2.45% | 2.64% |
| 2017 | 2.56% | 2.64% |
| 2016 | 2.66% | 2.65% |
| 2015 | 2.77% | 2.67% |
| 2014 | 2.89% | 2.72% |
| 2013 | 2.97% | 2.76% |
| 2012 | 2.99% | 2.8% |
| 2011 | 2.97% | 2.88% |
| 2010 | 2.95% | 2.95% |
| 2009 | 2.95% | 2.98% |
| 2008 | 2.95% | 2.98% |
| 2007 | 2.94% | 2.98% |
| 2006 | 2.89% | 2.98% |
| 2005 | 2.82% | 2.97% |
| 2004 | 2.77% | 2.96% |
| 2003 | 2.73% | 2.97% |
| 2002 | 2.72% | 3.04% |
| 2001 | 2.74% | 3.13% |
| 2000 | 2.78% | 3.22% |
| 1999 | 2.82% | 3.3% |
| 1998 | 2.85% | 3.33% |
| 1997 | 2.88% | 3.31% |
| 1996 | 2.93% | 3.27% |
| 1995 | 3.02% | 3.21% |
| 1994 | 3.27% | 3.16% |
| 1993 | 3.73% | 3.1% |
| 1992 | 4.15% | 3.05% |
| 1991 | 4.29% | 3.03% |
| 1990 | 4.29% | 3% |
| 1989 | 4.25% | 2.95% |
| 1988 | 4.2% | 2.92% |
| 1987 | 4.15% | 2.89% |
| 1986 | 4.09% | 2.91% |
| 1985 | 4.03% | 2.95% |
| 1984 | 3.92% | 2.96% |
| 1983 | 3.76% | 2.99% |
| 1982 | 3.6% | 3% |
| 1981 | 3.53% | 3.03% |
| 1980 | 3.5% | 3.07% |
| 1979 | 3.4% | 3.09% |
| 1978 | 3.3% | 3.08% |
| 1977 | 3.21% | 3.08% |
| 1976 | 3.11% | 3.07% |
| 1975 | 3.01% | 3.06% |
| 1974 | 2.99% | 3.04% |
| 1973 | 2.99% | 3.02% |
| 1972 | 2.96% | 2.99% |
| 1971 | 2.92% | 2.95% |
| 1970 | 2.88% | 2.89% |
| 1969 | 2.86% | 2.83% |
| 1968 | 2.84% | 2.77% |
| 1967 | 2.79% | 2.72% |
| 1966 | 2.76% | 2.67% |
| 1965 | 2.76% | 2.63% |
| 1964 | 2.76% | 2.62% |
| 1963 | 2.76% | 2.62% |
| 1962 | 2.75% | 2.63% |
| 1961 | 2.73% | 2.64% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/madagascar | CC BY
In 2024, the population of the Gambia grew by 2.3%, while Madagascar's population grew by 2.47%.
Live population counters
|
Gambia
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2902554
|
33750171
|
| Population rank | 138/197 | 49/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.04% | 0.41% |
| One net population change |
8.46 minutes
|
41 seconds
|
| One birth every |
6.4 minutes
|
31.5 seconds
|
| One death every |
31 minutes
|
2.24 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +170 | +2,107 |
| Annual growth/decline | +62,143 | +769,024 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.3% | +2.47% |
| Population growth rate rank | 37/197 | 29/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.94 hours
|
3.94 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -2,984 | -2,227 |
| Net migration rank | 107/196 | 100/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 236,137 | 38,625 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 107/195 | 158/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 8.6% | 0.1% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 72/195 | 193/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Madagascar
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,984 | - | -2,227 |
| 2024 | - | -2,989 | - | -1,795 |
| 2023 | 65,118 | -3,000 | 766,391 | -1,487 |
| 2022 | 63,634 | -3,000 | 753,931 | -1,487 |
| 2021 | 62,239 | -1,949 | 741,416 | -1,480 |
| 2020 | 62,209 | -1,949 | 736,607 | -1,480 |
| 2019 | 61,701 | -4,186 | 735,853 | -2,976 |
| 2018 | 60,854 | -3,944 | 719,267 | -2,887 |
| 2017 | 61,665 | -3,696 | 699,498 | -2,784 |
| 2016 | 62,358 | -3,486 | 682,801 | -2,687 |
| 2015 | 62,832 | -3,224 | 668,977 | -2,594 |
| 2014 | 63,185 | -2,793 | 660,837 | -2,522 |
| 2013 | 63,510 | -2,476 | 654,230 | -2,445 |
| 2012 | 62,745 | -2,332 | 644,255 | -2,334 |
| 2011 | 60,571 | -2,360 | 640,577 | -2,219 |
| 2010 | 58,554 | -2,456 | 641,543 | -1,979 |
| 2009 | 56,575 | -2,259 | 634,008 | -1,429 |
| 2008 | 55,032 | -2,204 | 615,580 | -1,255 |
| 2007 | 53,653 | -2,320 | 597,772 | -1,563 |
| 2006 | 52,335 | -2,666 | 581,489 | -2,336 |
| 2005 | 50,010 | -3,209 | 568,143 | -4,869 |
| 2004 | 48,276 | -3,636 | 556,319 | -13,393 |
| 2003 | 46,473 | -3,713 | 544,903 | -18,345 |
| 2002 | 45,156 | -4,067 | 535,518 | -18,209 |
| 2001 | 44,154 | -3,882 | 529,656 | -13,014 |
| 2000 | 43,249 | -3,670 | 520,860 | -4,298 |
| 1999 | 42,533 | -3,493 | 516,976 | -1,891 |
| 1998 | 41,842 | -3,291 | 508,408 | -1,222 |
| 1997 | 40,742 | -3,098 | 490,905 | -986 |
| 1996 | 40,253 | -2,948 | 471,453 | -1,161 |
| 1995 | 39,681 | -2,797 | 450,259 | -1,670 |
| 1994 | 38,880 | -1,586 | 428,169 | -1,905 |
| 1993 | 37,302 | 3,131 | 408,801 | -2,063 |
| 1992 | 35,951 | 9,182 | 388,430 | -2,216 |
| 1991 | 34,584 | 11,530 | 375,040 | -2,330 |
| 1990 | 33,163 | 11,242 | 360,621 | -1,777 |
| 1989 | 31,504 | 10,765 | 344,279 | -1,848 |
| 1988 | 29,938 | 10,187 | 330,510 | -1,883 |
| 1987 | 28,452 | 9,563 | 317,621 | -1,896 |
| 1986 | 27,195 | 8,934 | 307,074 | -1,914 |
| 1985 | 25,795 | 8,373 | 304,199 | -1,947 |
| 1984 | 24,586 | 7,733 | 296,892 | -1,965 |
| 1983 | 23,175 | 6,713 | 290,085 | -1,979 |
| 1982 | 21,894 | 5,757 | 284,733 | -2,093 |
| 1981 | 20,156 | 5,438 | 277,535 | -2,864 |
| 1980 | 19,566 | 5,268 | 275,287 | -4,005 |
| 1979 | 18,543 | 4,898 | 270,752 | -5,126 |
| 1978 | 17,424 | 4,493 | 263,684 | -5,874 |
| 1977 | 16,773 | 3,969 | 255,399 | -5,957 |
| 1976 | 16,032 | 3,436 | 247,026 | -5,655 |
| 1975 | 15,256 | 2,979 | 238,774 | -5,173 |
| 1974 | 14,628 | 2,610 | 230,233 | -4,607 |
| 1973 | 14,046 | 2,907 | 221,768 | -4,037 |
| 1972 | 13,432 | 2,861 | 213,138 | -3,583 |
| 1971 | 12,842 | 2,817 | 204,617 | -3,118 |
| 1970 | 12,128 | 2,777 | 194,889 | -2,658 |
| 1969 | 11,670 | 2,757 | 184,562 | -2,216 |
| 1968 | 11,215 | 2,705 | 175,869 | -1,766 |
| 1967 | 10,823 | 2,617 | 167,287 | -1,383 |
| 1966 | 10,422 | 2,272 | 159,483 | -964 |
| 1965 | 10,162 | 2,272 | 152,362 | -550 |
| 1964 | 9,825 | 2,272 | 146,894 | -204 |
| 1963 | 9,493 | 2,272 | 142,666 | 0 |
| 1962 | 9,150 | 2,272 | 139,412 | 0 |
| 1961 | 8,778 | 2,272 | 136,578 | 0 |
| 1960 | 8,420 | 2,272 | 133,684 | 0 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/madagascar | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 95.2% of the population change in the Gambia is from natural causes (a gain of 625,795 people) and 4.75% is from migration (a loss of 31,227 people). In Madagascar 99.7% is from natural causes (a gain of 7,165,578 people) and 0.31% is from migration (a loss of 22,384 people).
As of 2024, 236,137 residents or 8.6% of the population were not native-born in the Gambia, compared to 38,625 people or 0.1% in Madagascar.
Biggest cities by population
|
Gambia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Brikama | 81K |
| Banjul | 31.4K |
| Lamin | 31.1K |
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Antananarivo | 1.28M |
| Antsirabe | 265K |
| Toamasina | 225K |
| Toliara | 169K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between the Gambia and Madagascar
|
Gambia
|
Madagascar
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.5 years | 64.3 years |
| Average age | 23.7 years | 24.1 years |
| Median age | 19.4 years | 20 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.8:50.2 | 50.2:49.8 |
| Fertility rate | 4.01 births per woman | 3.97 births per woman |
| Population density | 739 ppl/mi² | 149.3 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/madagascar | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-02-08)
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