Serbia has a GDP of $89.1B compared to $53.7B for Uganda, ranking 75/197 and 89/197 by economy size, respectively.
Serbia has $39.6B in government debt (44.4% of GDP), compared to $27.8B (54% of GDP) in Uganda.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | - | $423,145,605 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $441,667,335 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $449,158,233 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $516,315,231 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $589,247,687 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $884,502,310 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $925,381,492 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $967,240,655 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $1,037,379,252 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $1,168,556,629 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $1,259,554,809 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $1,417,191,656 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $1,490,970,181 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $1,701,829,789 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $2,098,944,967 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $2,359,555,556 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $2,447,300,000 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $2,936,470,588 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $2,420,260,870 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $2,139,025,000 | - |
| 1980 | - | - | $1,244,610,000 | - |
| 1981 | - | - | $1,337,300,000 | - |
| 1982 | - | - | $2,177,500,000 | $4,983,495,459 |
| 1983 | - | - | $2,240,333,333 | $5,269,775,231 |
| 1984 | - | - | $3,615,647,477 | $5,251,611,545 |
| 1985 | - | - | $3,519,695,444 | $5,077,973,311 |
| 1986 | - | - | $3,923,244,050 | $5,097,781,822 |
| 1987 | - | - | $6,269,522,042 | $5,299,750,982 |
| 1988 | - | - | $6,508,931,652 | $5,737,885,293 |
| 1989 | - | - | $5,276,480,799 | $6,102,926,184 |
| 1990 | - | - | $4,304,399,310 | $6,498,038,179 |
| 1991 | - | - | $3,321,729,160 | $6,858,945,425 |
| 1992 | - | - | $2,857,457,762 | $7,093,408,658 |
| 1993 | - | - | $3,220,439,044 | $7,684,026,613 |
| 1994 | - | - | $3,990,430,447 | $8,176,083,687 |
| 1995 | $17,921,892,655 | $22,980,131,489 | $5,755,818,842 | $9,118,233,745 |
| 1996 | $23,277,430,168 | $24,396,847,843 | $6,044,585,327 | $9,945,450,358 |
| 1997 | $27,153,408,995 | $26,576,270,133 | $6,269,333,313 | $10,452,668,512 |
| 1998 | $21,004,077,441 | $27,996,145,144 | $6,584,815,847 | $10,965,399,652 |
| 1999 | $20,878,694,851 | $25,105,401,157 | $5,998,563,258 | $11,848,547,280 |
| 2000 | $7,326,373,882 | $26,625,556,359 | $6,193,246,837 | $12,220,817,656 |
| 2001 | $13,599,378,662 | $28,430,374,779 | $5,840,503,869 | $12,854,303,430 |
| 2002 | $17,930,583,571 | $30,290,019,296 | $6,178,563,591 | $13,976,829,356 |
| 2003 | $23,593,044,418 | $31,671,150,129 | $6,606,884,275 | $14,881,585,674 |
| 2004 | $26,845,632,342 | $33,788,958,042 | $7,939,487,548 | $15,894,609,936 |
| 2005 | $28,334,256,181 | $35,783,688,498 | $9,239,221,763 | $16,901,146,461 |
| 2006 | $33,298,057,362 | $37,179,489,902 | $9,977,647,683 | $18,723,891,905 |
| 2007 | $44,888,028,946 | $40,091,414,195 | $11,902,564,495 | $20,299,025,449 |
| 2008 | $54,220,641,202 | $42,160,489,092 | $14,440,404,132 | $22,066,817,214 |
| 2009 | $46,955,984,410 | $40,835,549,150 | $25,127,805,567 | $23,567,695,615 |
| 2010 | $43,536,629,233 | $41,493,398,683 | $26,673,441,431 | $24,896,350,765 |
| 2011 | $51,251,098,408 | $41,515,918,179 | $27,871,725,241 | $27,234,530,260 |
| 2012 | $45,103,269,969 | $41,331,605,757 | $27,305,915,911 | $28,279,643,268 |
| 2013 | $50,455,529,604 | $41,518,250,511 | $28,915,786,517 | $29,294,007,440 |
| 2014 | $49,114,321,280 | $40,769,149,069 | $32,612,397,257 | $30,789,849,488 |
| 2015 | $41,297,410,635 | $41,297,410,635 | $32,387,183,730 | $32,387,183,730 |
| 2016 | $42,225,495,910 | $42,526,090,284 | $29,203,988,696 | $33,935,615,079 |
| 2017 | $45,972,834,714 | $43,531,149,260 | $30,744,473,841 | $34,998,276,802 |
| 2018 | $52,787,520,249 | $45,555,064,903 | $32,927,025,620 | $37,204,541,497 |
| 2019 | $53,864,693,665 | $47,719,025,212 | $35,353,061,008 | $39,600,047,064 |
| 2020 | $55,874,017,669 | $47,265,683,024 | $37,600,368,240 | $40,768,765,796 |
| 2021 | $66,159,884,073 | $51,022,858,875 | $40,529,788,744 | $42,210,585,953 |
| 2022 | $66,797,564,758 | $52,365,263,375 | $45,565,333,216 | $44,147,216,890 |
| 2023 | $81,342,660,752 | $54,380,001,765 | $48,768,955,859 | $46,503,341,915 |
| 2024 | $89,083,506,277 | $56,488,865,192 | $53,651,874,314 | $49,356,997,179 |
Economic indicators
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$89.1B
2024 |
$53.7B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
75/197
2024 |
89/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
9.52%
2023-2024 |
10%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$13,524
2024 |
$1,073
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
74/197
2024 |
173/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$31,867
2024 |
$3,276
2024 |
| Government debt |
$39.6B
2024 |
$27.8B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
44.4%
2025 |
54%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$6,015
2024 |
$556
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
74/185
2024 |
162/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$11,469
2025 |
$1,648
2025 |
| Market capitalization of domestic companies |
$4.06B
2011 |
n/a |
| Income share by richest 10% |
24.7%
2022 |
34.5%
2019 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.4%
2022 |
2.4%
2019 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
43.4%
2025 |
21.4%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
4.67%
2023-2024 |
3.8%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
5.75%
2024 |
9.75%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
7.24%
2024 |
3.42%
2021 |
| Population |
6541064
|
52490669
|
GDP per capita in Serbia vs Uganda
Serbia's GDP per capita is $13,524, ranking 74/197, compared to $1,073 in Uganda, ranking 173/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Serbia ranks 69th at $31,867, while Uganda ranks 175th at $3,276.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $55.4 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $56.2 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $55.5 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $62 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $68.6 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $100 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $101.4 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $102.8 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $106.9 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $116.7 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $122 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $133.5 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $137 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $152.7 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $183.7 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $201.2 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $203.3 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $237.6 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $190.7 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $164.5 | - |
| 1980 | - | - | $93.8 | - |
| 1981 | - | - | $98.6 | - |
| 1982 | - | - | $157 | - |
| 1983 | - | - | $157.5 | - |
| 1984 | - | - | $247.5 | - |
| 1985 | - | - | $234.3 | - |
| 1986 | - | - | $253.6 | - |
| 1987 | - | - | $393 | - |
| 1988 | - | - | $395 | - |
| 1989 | - | - | $310 | - |
| 1990 | - | - | $245 | $666 |
| 1991 | - | - | $183 | $703 |
| 1992 | - | - | $152.1 | $719 |
| 1993 | - | - | $165.6 | $770 |
| 1994 | - | - | $198.4 | $809 |
| 1995 | $2,349 | $5,021 | $278.5 | $897 |
| 1996 | $3,054 | $5,433 | $284.7 | $969 |
| 1997 | $3,574 | $6,039 | $286.8 | $1,007 |
| 1998 | $2,775 | $6,459 | $292.5 | $1,037 |
| 1999 | $2,769 | $5,895 | $257.9 | $1,100 |
| 2000 | $975 | $6,414 | $258.1 | $1,124 |
| 2001 | $1,812 | $6,803 | $236 | $1,173 |
| 2002 | $2,391 | $7,563 | $242 | $1,255 |
| 2003 | $3,154 | $8,024 | $250.7 | $1,320 |
| 2004 | $3,597 | $8,716 | $292.4 | $1,405 |
| 2005 | $3,808 | $9,398 | $330 | $1,497 |
| 2006 | $4,493 | $10,466 | $347 | $1,660 |
| 2007 | $6,081 | $11,686 | $401 | $1,795 |
| 2008 | $7,377 | $13,123 | $473 | $1,931 |
| 2009 | $6,414 | $13,031 | $799 | $2,015 |
| 2010 | $5,971 | $13,322 | $823 | $2,092 |
| 2011 | $7,082 | $14,298 | $836 | $2,268 |
| 2012 | $6,263 | $14,506 | $795 | $2,032 |
| 2013 | $7,040 | $15,247 | $818 | $2,045 |
| 2014 | $6,887 | $15,296 | $896 | $2,134 |
| 2015 | $5,820 | $15,550 | $863 | $2,190 |
| 2016 | $5,982 | $16,455 | $753 | $2,165 |
| 2017 | $6,548 | $17,285 | $765 | $2,158 |
| 2018 | $7,560 | $18,469 | $792 | $2,312 |
| 2019 | $7,756 | $20,587 | $822 | $2,441 |
| 2020 | $8,099 | $21,013 | $846 | $2,532 |
| 2021 | $9,681 | $23,406 | $883 | $2,685 |
| 2022 | $10,023 | $26,242 | $963 | $2,919 |
| 2023 | $12,282 | $28,748 | $1,002 | $3,098 |
| 2024 | $13,524 | $31,867 | $1,073 | $3,276 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Serbia's government spending was $37.8B, accounting for 43.4% of its GDP, while Uganda's spent $11B, or 21.4% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 44.4% in Serbia and 54% in Uganda, ranking 117/185 and 100/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 1997 | - | - | 13.9% | 44.2% |
| 1998 | - | - | 14% | 45.1% |
| 1999 | - | - | 14.7% | 47.7% |
| 2000 | 28% | 200.6% | 15.2% | 48.5% |
| 2001 | 30.5% | 95.9% | 16.2% | 51.4% |
| 2002 | 38.6% | 68.4% | 16.8% | 54.7% |
| 2003 | 37.6% | 64.4% | 16.5% | 55.1% |
| 2004 | 37.8% | 57.6% | 15.6% | 49% |
| 2005 | 38.9% | 50.1% | 14.5% | 42.6% |
| 2006 | 41.3% | 37% | 13.7% | 27.8% |
| 2007 | 40.6% | 30% | 13.2% | 17% |
| 2008 | 43.7% | 29.4% | 12.9% | 15.7% |
| 2009 | 41.1% | 32.6% | 11.8% | 14.8% |
| 2010 | 41.2% | 38.2% | 15.4% | 18.4% |
| 2011 | 40% | 42% | 13.2% | 18% |
| 2012 | 43.3% | 51.7% | 13.1% | 19.5% |
| 2013 | 40.6% | 54.1% | 13.3% | 22.1% |
| 2014 | 42.9% | 63.5% | 13.6% | 24.8% |
| 2015 | 41% | 67.1% | 14.9% | 28% |
| 2016 | 40.3% | 65% | 15.2% | 31.3% |
| 2017 | 38.5% | 55.3% | 16.3% | 33.6% |
| 2018 | 39% | 51.1% | 16.2% | 34.9% |
| 2019 | 40.2% | 49.5% | 18.3% | 37.5% |
| 2020 | 46% | 54.3% | 21.4% | 46.3% |
| 2021 | 44.4% | 53.6% | 21.4% | 50.3% |
| 2022 | 41.4% | 50.9% | 20.2% | 50.2% |
| 2023 | 40.6% | 45.7% | 19% | 50.2% |
| 2024 | 42.4% | 44.5% | 20.5% | 51.8% |
| 2025 | 43.4% | 44.4% | 21.4% | 54% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Serbia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.54B, equivalent to -1.73% of GDP. This compares to Uganda's deficit of -$3.14B, or -5.85% of GDP.
Over the past 25 years, Serbia recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Uganda ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Serbia posted an annual deficit equal to -2.07% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.93% of GDP for Uganda.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|
| 1997 | - | -0.83% |
| 1998 | - | -0.7% |
| 1999 | - | -1.24% |
| 2000 | -0.15% | -0.62% |
| 2001 | 0.32% | -0.99% |
| 2002 | -2.33% | -2.07% |
| 2003 | -2.39% | -0.97% |
| 2004 | 0.06% | 0.34% |
| 2005 | 1.02% | -0.17% |
| 2006 | -0.9% | -0.64% |
| 2007 | -0.8% | -0.82% |
| 2008 | -4.25% | -1.99% |
| 2009 | -3.3% | -1.61% |
| 2010 | -3.35% | -4.64% |
| 2011 | -3.75% | -2.04% |
| 2012 | -6.11% | -2.39% |
| 2013 | -4.79% | -3.19% |
| 2014 | -5.61% | -2.74% |
| 2015 | -3.25% | -2.59% |
| 2016 | -1.08% | -2.64% |
| 2017 | 1.32% | -3.83% |
| 2018 | 0.78% | -3.02% |
| 2019 | -0.004% | -4.82% |
| 2020 | -6.91% | -7.76% |
| 2021 | -3.16% | -7.44% |
| 2022 | -0.14% | -5.96% |
| 2023 | -1.21% | -4.86% |
| 2024 | -1.73% | -5.85% |
| 2025 | -2.77% | -6.7% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 29 years, Serbia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 18.3%, compared with 6.12% in Uganda. In 2024, inflation was 4.67% in Serbia and 3.8% in Uganda.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
| 1996 | 95.6% | 7.5% | |
| 1997 | 23.3% | 7.7% | |
| 1998 | 30.2% | 5.8% | |
| 1999 | 42.5% | 5.8% | |
| 2000 | 71.1% | 3.4% | |
| 2001 | 95% | 1.9% | |
| 2002 | 19.5% | -0.3% | |
| 2003 | 9.88% | 8.7% | |
| 2004 | 11% | 3.7% | |
| 2005 | 16.1% | 8.6% | |
| 2006 | 11.7% | 7.2% | |
| 2007 | 6.39% | 6.1% | |
| 2008 | 12.4% | 12% | |
| 2009 | 8.12% | 13% | |
| 2010 | 6.14% | 4% | |
| 2011 | 11.1% | 18.7% | |
| 2012 | 7.33% | 14% | |
| 2013 | 7.69% | 5.5% | |
| 2014 | 2.08% | 4.3% | |
| 2015 | 1.39% | 3.7% | |
| 2016 | 1.12% | 5.2% | |
| 2017 | 3.13% | 5.6% | |
| 2018 | 1.96% | 2.5% | |
| 2019 | 1.85% | 2.1% | |
| 2020 | 1.58% | 2.8% | |
| 2021 | 4.09% | 2.2% | |
| 2022 | 12% | 7.2% | |
| 2023 | 12.4% | 5.4% | |
| 2024 | 4.67% | 3.3% | |
| 2025 | - | 3.8% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Serbia
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Miscellaneous | $46.2M |
| Weapons & explosives | $1.95M |
| Machinery & equipment | $1.24M |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $112K |
| Metals | $110K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $88K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $57K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $39K |
| Raw agricultural goods | $20K |
| Wood & paper products | $7K |
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Raw agricultural goods | $276K |
| Machinery & equipment | $63K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $25K |
| Chemicals & pharma | $17K |
| Metals | $2K |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $1K |
| Raw materials & minerals | $1K |
Balance of trade
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$4.31B
2024 |
-$4.2B
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
162/189
2024 |
161/189
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-4.84%
2024 |
-7.83%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$39.6B
2024 |
$11.7B
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$32.2B
2024 |
$8.67B
2024 |
| Service imports |
$12.7B
2024 |
$4.31B
2024 |
| Service exports |
$15.6B
2024 |
$2.39B
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
58.8%
2024 |
24.6%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
52.7%
2024 |
16.9%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 64.4 | 51.3 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 71/197 | 154/197 |
| Property rights | 58.9 | 47.4 |
| Government integrity | 37.2 | 24.1 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 50.8 | 29.2 |
| Tax burden | 87.3 | 73.6 |
| Government spending | 40.2 | 87.7 |
| Fiscal health | 91.2 | 35.5 |
| Business freedom | 74.7 | 50.3 |
| Labor freedom | 66.6 | 54.8 |
| Monetary freedom | 68.5 | 75.1 |
| Trade freedom | 77.2 | 57.4 |
| Investment freedom | 70 | 40 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 40 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Serbia is 64.4, ranking 71/197, compared to 51.3 for Uganda, ranking 154/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|
| 1995 | - | 62.9 |
| 1996 | - | 66.2 |
| 1997 | - | 66.6 |
| 1998 | - | 64.7 |
| 1999 | - | 64.8 |
| 2000 | - | 58.2 |
| 2001 | - | 60.4 |
| 2002 | 46.6 | 61 |
| 2003 | 43.5 | 60.1 |
| 2004 | - | 64.1 |
| 2005 | - | 62.9 |
| 2006 | - | 63.9 |
| 2007 | - | 63.1 |
| 2008 | - | 63.8 |
| 2009 | 56.6 | 63.5 |
| 2010 | 56.9 | 62.2 |
| 2011 | 58 | 61.7 |
| 2012 | 58 | 61.9 |
| 2013 | 58.6 | 61.1 |
| 2014 | 59.4 | 59.9 |
| 2015 | 60 | 59.7 |
| 2016 | 62.1 | 59.3 |
| 2017 | 58.9 | 60.9 |
| 2018 | 62.5 | 62 |
| 2019 | 63.9 | 59.7 |
| 2020 | 66 | 59.5 |
| 2021 | 67.2 | 58.6 |
| 2022 | 65.2 | 54.2 |
| 2023 | 63.5 | 51.4 |
| 2024 | 62.7 | 50.7 |
| 2025 | 64.4 | 51.3 |
More economic indicators
|
Serbia
|
Uganda
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
58.5%
2024 |
43.1%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
23.3%
2024 |
24.9%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
3.15%
2024 |
24.7%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$76.2B
2024 |
$50.9B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$29,870
2024 |
$3,200
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$30.5B
2024 |
$3.36B
2018 |
| Total reserves ranking |
55/177
2024 |
114/177
2018 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$4.98B
2024 |
-$3.3B
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$5.64B
2024 |
$3.3B
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$660M
2024 |
$400K
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
7.86%
2023 |
4.99%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
19.7%
2023 |
20.3%
2019 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
25.6%
2024 |
22.3%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
GDP per capita
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Economy comparisons
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.