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Economy of Belgium vs Slovenia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Belgium has a GDP of $671B compared to $73B for Slovenia, ranking 23/197 and 86/197 by economy size, respectively.

Belgium has $703B in government debt (104.7% of GDP), compared to $48.6B (66.6% of GDP) in Slovenia.

Belgium vs Slovenia GDP by year

Belgium
Slovenia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Belgium Slovenia
2024 $671,370,081,636 $72,972,015,197
2023 $651,330,595,110 $69,255,264,238
2022 $591,085,783,326 $59,899,117,741
2021 $598,522,422,242 $61,540,813,362
2020 $529,694,473,502 $53,384,760,135
2019 $536,726,344,405 $53,909,922,736
2018 $542,638,913,428 $53,689,067,640
2017 $500,908,767,352 $48,153,200,135
2016 $474,271,566,740 $44,290,685,824
2015 $461,044,767,545 $42,709,468,275
2014 $537,987,419,164 $49,514,466,380
2013 $524,097,026,599 $47,867,056,859
2012 $498,414,364,945 $46,167,053,954
2011 $527,196,649,049 $51,199,194,599
2010 $481,556,503,720 $47,793,117,241
2009 $485,014,525,992 $49,975,540,955
2008 $517,328,087,920 $55,509,332,322
2007 $470,922,156,309 $47,880,266,543
2006 $408,259,840,869 $39,260,368,837
2005 $385,714,762,230 $35,947,936,824
2004 $369,214,712,443 $34,156,553,313
2003 $318,082,528,507 $29,360,575,032
2002 $258,383,599,375 $23,214,593,516
2001 $236,746,141,604 $20,668,868,707
2000 $236,792,460,312 $20,159,190,702
1999 $258,245,733,221 $22,609,669,084
1998 $258,528,339,631 $22,058,635,314
1997 $252,708,051,421 $20,726,878,752
1996 $279,201,433,225 $21,470,699,363
1995 $288,025,588,396 $21,367,422,159
1994 $244,884,129,491 $16,400,767,070
1993 $224,721,795,709 $14,449,298,372
1992 $234,781,652,447 $14,277,261,541
1991 $210,510,999,409 $14,454,495,059
1990 $205,331,747,948 $19,832,029,087
1989 $164,221,056,511 -
1988 $162,299,103,675 -
1987 $149,394,404,106 -
1986 $120,018,787,249 -
1985 $86,268,264,148 -
1984 $83,349,530,159 -
1983 $87,184,239,053 -
1982 $92,095,926,188 -
1981 $104,730,018,470 -
1980 $126,829,314,388 -
1979 $116,315,456,797 -
1978 $101,246,526,194 -
1977 $82,839,905,459 -
1976 $71,113,882,968 -
1975 $65,678,189,097 -
1974 $56,033,077,879 -
1973 $47,743,801,490 -
1972 $37,209,418,019 -
1971 $29,821,661,870 -
1970 $26,706,196,047 -
1969 $24,019,653,475 -
1968 $21,654,856,965 -
1967 $20,252,508,995 -
1966 $18,894,891,312 -
1965 $17,597,783,297 -
1964 $16,168,044,450 -
1963 $14,445,805,381 -
1962 $13,436,827,167 -
1961 $12,561,701,694 -
1960 $11,810,619,368 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/slovenia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Belgium vs Slovenia by year

Belgium
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Slovenia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Belgium Slovenia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $56,615 $73,514 $34,301 $57,186
2023 $55,291 $71,946 $32,660 $56,064
2022 $50,606 $69,128 $28,360 $52,347
2021 $51,658 $60,669 $29,193 $45,914
2020 $45,906 $56,120 $25,392 $41,767
2019 $46,717 $56,712 $25,814 $42,373
2018 $47,487 $52,467 $25,888 $38,620
2017 $44,035 $50,256 $23,303 $36,180
2016 $41,855 $48,415 $21,448 $33,575
2015 $40,894 $46,072 $20,697 $31,336
2014 $47,996 $45,148 $24,013 $30,572
2013 $46,965 $43,864 $23,237 $29,634
2012 $44,874 $42,484 $22,442 $28,787
2011 $47,761 $41,245 $24,941 $28,716
2010 $44,197 $39,840 $23,330 $27,579
2009 $44,923 $37,906 $24,502 $27,229
2008 $48,303 $37,883 $27,462 $29,461
2007 $44,319 $36,798 $23,725 $27,468
2006 $38,705 $35,251 $19,563 $25,571
2005 $36,810 $33,178 $17,970 $23,682
2004 $35,429 $32,060 $17,104 $22,588
2003 $30,655 $30,931 $14,712 $20,916
2002 $25,006 $30,282 $11,639 $20,004
2001 $23,015 $28,794 $10,376 $18,763
2000 $23,099 $27,794 $10,136 $17,892
1999 $25,253 $25,441 $11,401 $17,007
1998 $25,338 $24,370 $11,132 $15,994
1997 $24,821 $23,733 $10,437 $15,257
1996 $27,490 $22,745 $10,797 $14,284
1995 $28,414 $22,446 $10,738 $13,637
1994 $24,209 $21,518 $8,244 $13,975
1993 $22,284 $20,473 $7,255 $12,976
1992 $23,373 $20,272 $7,151 $12,296
1991 $21,042 $19,601 $7,229 $12,698
1990 $20,600 $18,688 $9,925 $13,491
1989 $16,525 - - -
1988 $16,391 - - -
1987 $15,136 - - -
1986 $12,170 - - -
1985 $8,751 - - -
1984 $8,457 - - -
1983 $8,846 - - -
1982 $9,344 - - -
1981 $10,623 - - -
1980 $12,864 - - -
1979 $11,811 - - -
1978 $10,290 - - -
1977 $8,427 - - -
1976 $7,243 - - -
1975 $6,701 - - -
1974 $5,734 - - -
1973 $4,901 - - -
1972 $3,832 - - -
1971 $3,083 - - -
1970 $2,766 - - -
1969 $2,490 - - -
1968 $2,251 - - -
1967 $2,114 - - -
1966 $1,983 - - -
1965 $1,860 - - -
1964 $1,724 - - -
1963 $1,555 - - -
1962 $1,457 - - -
1961 $1,368 - - -
1960 $1,290 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/slovenia | CC BY

Belgium's GDP per capita is $56,615, ranking 18/197, compared to $34,301 in Slovenia, ranking 34/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Belgium ranks 21st at $73,514, while Slovenia ranks 37th at $57,186.

Economic indicators

Belgium Slovenia
Gross domestic product
$671B
2024
$73B
2024
GDP rank
23/197
2024
86/197
2024
GDP growth
1.07%
2023-2024
1.73%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$56,615
2024
$34,301
2024
GDP per capita rank
18/197
2024
34/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,514
2024
$57,186
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
21/197
2024
37/197
2024
Government debt
$703B
2024
$48.6B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
104.7%
2024
66.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$59,278
2024
$22,842
2024
Government debt per person rank
5/185
2024
29/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,259
2026
$22,215
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$321B
2018
$11.4B
2024
Number of millionaires
549,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
11
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.2%
2023
20.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
4.1%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
54.5%
2024
46.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.14%
2023-2024
1.97%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
5.7%
2024
3.7%
2024
Population
11902714
2124138

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Belgium
Spending

Debt
Slovenia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Belgium Slovenia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 54.5% 104.7% 46.5% 66.6%
2023 53.3% 103.2% 46.4% 68.3%
2022 52.3% 102.7% 47.7% 72.8%
2021 54.9% 108.5% 49.9% 74.8%
2020 58.5% 111.2% 51.8% 80.2%
2019 51.8% 97.6% 43.8% 66%
2018 52.5% 100.1% 44.1% 71%
2017 52.3% 102.5% 44.6% 74.9%
2016 53.4% 105.5% 46.9% 79.4%
2015 53.9% 105.6% 49.5% 83.4%
2014 55.4% 106.6% 50.6% 81.1%
2013 55.9% 105% 57.7% 70.8%
2012 56.2% 104.3% 50% 54.1%
2011 55% 102.7% 51.4% 46.8%
2010 53.9% 100.2% 50.7% 38.6%
2009 54.5% 99.9% 50% 34.9%
2008 50.8% 93.2% 45.2% 21.9%
2007 48.6% 87.3% 43.5% 22.9%
2006 48.8% 91.5% 45.7% 26.2%
2005 51.9% 95.1% 46.7% 26.6%
2004 49.3% 97.2% 46.9% 27.1%
2003 51% 101.7% 47.6% 27%
2002 49.9% 105.4% 47.8% 27.7%
2001 49.4% 108.2% 49.2% 26.3%
2000 49.4% 109.6% 47.8% 26.1%
1999 50.5% 115.4% 47.2% 23.8%
1998 51% 119.2% 46.4% 22.8%
1997 51.6% 124.3% 45.4% 22.1%
1996 53.1% 129% 45.2% 21.6%
1995 52.6% 131.3% 53% 18.2%
1994 54.7% 137.1% - -
1993 57.1% 138.9% - -
1992 55.9% 134.7% - -
1991 55.6% 131.8% - -
1990 54.4% 130.3% - -
1989 52.3% 126.4% - -
1988 53.9% 129.7% - -
1987 55.8% 129.2% - -
1986 57.6% 124.7% - -
1985 58.4% 119.4% - -
1984 59.1% 114.6% - -
1983 62.2% 110.3% - -
1982 59.6% 99.6% - -
1981 61.5% 89.7% - -
1980 54.9% 76.8% - -
1979 54.8% 69.2% - -
1978 52.8% 65.2% - -
1977 52.2% 61.6% - -
1976 50.4% 61.4% - -
1975 50.2% 59.5% - -
1974 44.5% 61.7% - -
1973 45% 63.7% - -
1972 45% 64.9% - -
1971 43.9% 63.5% - -
1970 42.7% 66.6% - -
1969 26.5% 51.6% - -
1968 26.7% 54.5% - -
1967 25.5% 54.1% - -
1966 25.1% 55.6% - -
1965 23.4% 57.6% - -
1964 22.5% 59.4% - -
1963 23.1% 64.1% - -
1962 22.5% 65.3% - -
1961 22.1% 67.8% - -
1960 23.7% 69.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/slovenia | CC BY

In 2024, Belgium's government spending was $366B, accounting for 54.5% of its GDP, while Slovenia spent $33.9B, or 46.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 104.7% in Belgium and 66.6% in Slovenia, ranking 19/185 and 66/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Belgium

Slovenia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Belgium Slovenia
2024 -4.52% -0.93%
2023 -4.1% -2.59%
2022 -3.62% -3.02%
2021 -5.4% -4.61%
2020 -9.03% -7.68%
2019 -2.05% 0.68%
2018 -1.05% 0.9%
2017 -0.76% 0.05%
2016 -2.43% -2%
2015 -2.48% -2.84%
2014 -3.18% -4.53%
2013 -3.16% -11.2%
2012 -4.35% -4.2%
2011 -4.44% -6.69%
2010 -4.13% -5.56%
2009 -5.45% -5.87%
2008 -1.1% -1.44%
2007 0.07% -0.08%
2006 0.24% -1.26%
2005 -2.72% -1.38%
2004 -0.24% -1.98%
2003 -1.86% -2.66%
2002 -0.04% -2.47%
2001 0.23% -4.58%
2000 -0.08% -3.77%
1999 -0.65% -3.04%
1998 -1.03% -2.39%
1997 -2.15% -2.37%
1996 -4% -1.16%
1995 -4.51% -8.19%
1994 -5.29% -
1993 -7.71% -
1992 -8.42% -
1991 -7.67% -
1990 -6.99% -
1989 -7.58% -
1988 -7.28% -
1987 -7.89% -
1986 -9.96% -
1985 -10.1% -
1984 -10.8% -
1983 -14.5% -
1982 -12.3% -
1981 -15.5% -
1980 -9.43% -
1979 -8.33% -
1978 -6.51% -
1977 -6.51% -
1976 -6.61% -
1975 -6.45% -
1974 -3.87% -
1973 -5.02% -
1972 -6.07% -
1971 -4.45% -
1970 -3.51% -
1969 -3.34% -
1968 -3.69% -
1967 -2.76% -
1966 -3.08% -
1965 -2.9% -
1964 -2.27% -
1963 -2.8% -
1962 -2.12% -
1961 -2.34% -
1960 -4.89% -
1959 -5.21% -
1958 -4.33% -
1957 -1.27% -
1956 1.85% -
1955 -1.05% -
1954 2.34% -
1953 0.14% -
1952 -0.26% -
1951 0.59% -
1950 -2.01% -
1949 -2.05% -
1948 -2.29% -
1947 -14.5% -
1946 1.87% -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 -5.81% -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -6.86% -
1938 -5.17% -
1937 -4.71% -
1936 -4.92% -
1935 -5.94% -
1934 -2.78% -
1933 -1.69% -
1932 - -
1931 - -
1930 -2.48% -
1929 - -
1928 - -
1927 3.06% -
1926 - -
1925 - -
1924 -5.53% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -1.4% -
1912 -1.39% -
1911 -0.92% -
1910 -0.18% -
1909 0.13% -
1908 -0.95% -
1907 -0.81% -
1906 -1.35% -
1905 1.23% -
1904 0.004% -
1903 0.08% -
1902 0.22% -
1901 0.55% -
1900 -0.54% -
1899 -1.64% -
1898 -0.28% -
1897 -0.25% -
1896 0.94% -
1895 -0.33% -
1894 0.06% -
1893 0.07% -
1892 0.17% -
1891 -0.005% -
1890 -0.83% -
1889 0.3% -
1888 -0.21% -
1887 -0.12% -
1886 0.54% -
1885 -0.43% -
1884 -0.26% -
1883 -0.54% -
1882 -0.3% -
1881 0.08% -
1880 0.12% -
1879 -1.51% -
1878 -1.78% -
1877 -2.52% -
1876 -0.77% -
1875 -0.88% -
1874 -1.02% -
1873 -2.08% -
1872 -0.7% -
1871 -0.64% -
1870 -0.58% -
1869 -0.35% -
1868 -0.39% -
1867 -0.49% -
1866 -0.87% -
1865 -0.55% -
1864 -0.62% -
1863 -0.72% -
1862 -0.49% -
1861 -0.22% -
1860 -0.13% -
1859 0.1% -
1858 0.35% -
1857 0% -
1856 -0.26% -
1855 -0.28% -
1854 -0.4% -
1853 -0.3% -
1852 -0.44% -
1851 -0.05% -
1850 -0.11% -
1849 0.11% -
1848 -1.41% -
1847 -0.69% -
1846 -0.52% -
1845 -1.17% -
1844 -4.92% -
1843 -0.86% -
1842 -0.89% -
1841 -0.75% -
1840 0.16% -
1839 -0.43% -
1838 0.23% -
1837 -0.11% -
1836 0.18% -
1835 0.27% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/slovenia | CC BY

In 2024, Belgium's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $30.3B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Slovenia's deficit of $681M, or 0.93% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Belgium recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while Slovenia ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Belgium posted an annual deficit equal to 2.6% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.23% of GDP for Slovenia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Belgium

Slovenia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Belgium Slovenia
2024 3.14% 1.97%
2023 4.05% 7.45%
2022 9.6% 8.83%
2021 2.44% 1.92%
2020 0.74% -0.05%
2019 1.44% 1.63%
2018 2.05% 1.74%
2017 2.13% 1.43%
2016 1.97% -0.05%
2015 0.56% -0.53%
2014 0.34% 0.2%
2013 1.11% 1.77%
2012 2.84% 2.6%
2011 3.53% 1.8%
2010 2.19% 1.8%
2009 -0.05% 0.84%
2008 4.49% 5.65%
2007 1.82% 3.66%
2006 1.79% 2.46%
2005 2.78% 2.45%
2004 2.1% 3.59%
2003 1.59% 5.54%
2002 1.65% 7.48%
2001 2.47% 8.38%
2000 2.54% 8.91%
1999 1.12% 6.16%
1998 0.95% 7.89%
1997 1.63% 8.36%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/slovenia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Belgium has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.25%, compared with 3.71% in Slovenia. In 2024, inflation was 3.14% in Belgium and 1.97% in Slovenia.

Top exports between countries

Belgium
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $366M
Machinery & equipment $349M
Raw materials & minerals $117M
Textiles & consumer goods $75.9M
Metals $66.7M
IT & IP services $46.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $42.5M
Transport & tourism services $30.2M
Animal & marine products $19.7M
Business & finance services $16.2M
Slovenia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $187M
Chemicals & pharma $122M
Transport & tourism services $85.9M
Metals $48.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $47M
Business & finance services $37.4M
Wood & paper products $16M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $15.1M
Raw materials & minerals $13.5M
IT & IP services $8.32M

Balance of trade

Belgium Slovenia
Current account balance
-$2.54B
2024
$3.32B
2024
Current account balance ranking
151/190
2024
37/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.38%
2024
+4.55%
2024
Goods imports
$370B
2024
$45.2B
2024
Goods exports
$382B
2024
$45.6B
2024
Service imports
$164B
2024
$9.52B
2024
Service exports
$150B
2024
$13.6B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
79.7%
2024
74.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
79.3%
2024
80.9%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Belgium Slovenia
Economic freedom 69.2 69.7
Economic freedom ranking 42/197 40/197
Property rights 91.1 87.6
Government integrity 78.2 66.1
Judicial effectiveness 91.6 91.6
Tax burden 50.6 55.5
Government spending 14.6 34.1
Fiscal health 53.4 83.5
Business freedom 82.5 78.7
Labor freedom 57.5 62.7
Monetary freedom 76.8 77.5
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 85 70
Financial freedom 70 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Belgium
Slovenia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Belgium Slovenia
2026 69.2 69.7
2025 69 68.3
2024 65.6 65.9
2023 67.1 68.5
2022 69.6 70.5
2021 70.1 68.3
2020 68.9 67.8
2019 67.3 65.5
2018 67.5 64.8
2017 67.8 59.2
2016 68.4 60.6
2015 68.8 60.3
2014 69.9 62.7
2013 69.2 61.7
2012 69 62.9
2011 70.2 64.6
2010 70.1 64.7
2009 72.1 62.9
2008 71.7 60.2
2007 72.5 59.6
2006 71.8 61.9
2005 69 59.6
2004 68.7 59.2
2003 68.1 57.7
2002 67.6 57.8
2001 63.8 61.8
2000 63.5 58.3
1999 62.9 61.3
1998 64.7 60.7
1997 64.6 55.6
1996 66 50.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/belgium/slovenia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Belgium is 69.2, ranking 42/197, compared to 69.7 for Slovenia, ranking 40/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Belgium Slovenia
Services, % of GDP
71%
2024
57.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
18.7%
2024
29.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.79%
2024
1.54%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$656B
2024
$67.6B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,770
2024
$56,520
2024
Total reserves including gold
$41.4B
2024
$2.83B
2024
Total reserves ranking
49/177
2024
118/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$46.1B
2024
-$405M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$41.4B
2024
$1.87B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.71B
2024
$1.46B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.3%
2022
12.7%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.5%
2024
21.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1835–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1996–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.