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Economy of Japan vs Senegal compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Japan has a GDP of $4.03T compared to $32.8B for Senegal, ranking 4/197 and 109/197 by economy size, respectively.

Japan has $9.51T in government debt (236.1% of GDP), compared to $42.1B (128.4% of GDP) in Senegal.

Japan vs Senegal GDP by year

Japan
Senegal
1x
Year GDP, current $
Japan Senegal
2024 $4,027,597,523,551 $32,808,056,601
2023 $4,213,167,237,906 $30,696,331,296
2022 $4,262,463,317,797 $27,783,332,223
2021 $5,039,148,168,861 $27,520,784,130
2020 $5,054,068,005,376 $24,530,513,038
2019 $5,117,993,853,017 $23,403,995,992
2018 $5,040,880,939,325 $23,116,701,556
2017 $4,930,837,369,151 $20,996,562,944
2016 $5,003,677,627,544 $19,040,312,333
2015 $4,444,930,651,964 $17,774,766,696
2014 $4,896,994,405,353 $19,797,253,440
2013 $5,212,328,181,166 $18,918,667,725
2012 $6,272,362,996,105 $17,660,870,412
2011 $6,233,147,172,341 $17,814,283,639
2010 $5,759,071,769,013 $16,121,315,909
2009 $5,289,493,117,994 $16,145,867,495
2008 $5,106,679,115,127 $16,853,989,628
2007 $4,579,750,920,355 $13,994,218,413
2006 $4,601,663,122,650 $11,697,918,243
2005 $4,831,467,035,390 $11,009,033,438
2004 $4,893,116,005,657 $10,076,816,667
2003 $4,519,561,645,254 $8,768,721,563
2002 $4,182,846,045,874 $7,006,402,320
2001 $4,374,711,694,091 $6,507,824,829
2000 $4,968,359,075,957 $6,013,185,004
1999 $4,635,982,224,064 $6,592,834,933
1998 $4,098,362,709,531 $6,505,607,909
1997 $4,492,448,605,639 $6,041,478,726
1996 $4,923,391,533,852 $6,559,712,166
1995 $5,545,563,663,890 $6,326,342,633
1994 $4,998,797,547,741 $5,034,588,196
1993 $4,536,940,479,038 $7,367,986,241
1992 $3,980,702,922,118 $7,769,817,840
1991 $3,648,065,760,649 $7,255,210,470
1990 $3,185,904,656,664 $7,390,967,360
1989 $3,109,455,047,824 $6,366,039,373
1988 $3,125,724,434,401 $6,418,419,389
1987 $2,580,748,422,781 $6,487,353,103
1986 $2,120,083,812,110 $5,392,093,446
1985 $1,427,019,759,717 $3,818,944,918
1984 $1,345,824,500,837 $3,485,165,432
1983 $1,270,859,919,743 $3,569,356,125
1982 $1,158,731,426,906 $4,013,951,443
1981 $1,245,221,410,764 $4,095,892,781
1980 $1,129,377,244,854 $4,510,108,291
1979 $1,077,910,077,676 $4,084,877,823
1978 $1,035,611,588,217 $3,280,354,921
1977 $737,069,290,928 $2,938,046,463
1976 $598,883,902,156 $2,869,777,884
1975 $532,861,438,885 $2,830,388,405
1974 $490,035,789,970 $2,099,325,229
1973 $441,460,582,536 $1,863,398,590
1972 $324,933,841,269 $1,620,857,104
1971 $245,364,056,622 $1,339,549,033
1970 $217,223,652,719 $1,297,407,655
1969 $184,298,841,305 $1,245,234,931
1968 $156,897,496,759 $1,309,384,862
1967 $132,475,614,227 $1,246,480,766
1966 $113,046,784,179 $1,246,908,186
1965 $97,338,107,606 $1,210,058,228
1964 $87,490,590,818 $1,188,930,645
1963 $74,379,284,603 $1,122,139,862
1962 $64,987,857,542 $1,085,475,791
1961 $57,266,758,180 $1,058,975,257
1960 $47,419,238,274 $1,003,692,370

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

GDP per capita in Japan vs Senegal by year

Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Senegal
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Japan Senegal
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $32,487 $52,039 $1,773 $5,071
2023 $33,836 $50,662 $1,698 $4,778
2022 $34,066 $47,192 $1,574 $4,530
2021 $40,095 $44,355 $1,598 $4,174
2020 $40,029 $42,426 $1,461 $3,753
2019 $40,416 $42,678 $1,431 $3,648
2018 $39,751 $42,142 $1,453 $3,380
2017 $38,834 $41,444 $1,357 $3,234
2016 $39,375 $40,597 $1,266 $3,101
2015 $34,961 $40,899 $1,218 $2,994
2014 $38,475 $39,555 $1,399 $2,854
2013 $40,899 $39,402 $1,380 $2,769
2012 $49,145 $37,606 $1,327 $2,764
2011 $48,760 $36,214 $1,375 $2,685
2010 $44,968 $35,336 $1,276 $2,663
2009 $41,309 $33,543 $1,309 $2,606
2008 $39,876 $35,274 $1,399 $2,581
2007 $35,779 $35,015 $1,189 $2,499
2006 $35,992 $33,632 $1,017 $2,422
2005 $37,813 $32,170 $980 $2,350
2004 $38,299 $30,832 $918 $2,236
2003 $35,387 $29,392 $818 $2,131
2002 $32,821 $28,624 $669 $2,027
2001 $34,406 $27,943 $637 $2,044
2000 $39,169 $27,288 $603 $1,963
1999 $36,610 $25,736 $678 $1,893
1998 $32,424 $25,508 $685 $1,798
1997 $35,638 $25,619 $651 $1,719
1996 $39,150 $24,999 $723 $1,679
1995 $44,198 $23,858 $715 $1,656
1994 $39,934 $22,823 $584 $1,578
1993 $36,345 $22,168 $878 $1,588
1992 $31,993 $21,825 $951 $1,573
1991 $29,428 $21,227 $913 $1,561
1990 $25,801 $19,912 $957 $1,513
1989 $25,266 - $849 -
1988 $25,500 - $880 -
1987 $21,142 - $916 -
1986 $17,452 - $784 -
1985 $11,809 - $571 -
1984 $11,207 - $536 -
1983 $10,652 - $564 -
1982 $9,780 - $652 -
1981 $10,583 - $683 -
1980 $9,669 - $772 -
1979 $9,301 - $716 -
1978 $9,012 - $589 -
1977 $6,473 - $540 -
1976 $5,310 - $541 -
1975 $4,776 - $547 -
1974 $4,448 - $417 -
1973 $4,061 - $381 -
1972 $3,031 - $342 -
1971 $2,321 - $291.1 -
1970 $2,101 - $290.5 -
1969 $1,803 - $287.3 -
1968 $1,553 - $311 -
1967 $1,326 - $305 -
1966 $1,144 - $315 -
1965 $994 - $314 -
1964 $903 - $318 -
1963 $776 - $309 -
1962 $685 - $307 -
1961 $609 - $308 -
1960 $509 - $300 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

Japan's GDP per capita is $32,487, ranking 38/197, compared to $1,773 in Senegal, ranking 159/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Japan ranks 41st at $52,039, while Senegal ranks 158th at $5,071.

Economic indicators

Japan Senegal
Gross domestic product
$4.03T
2024
$32.8B
2024
GDP rank
4/197
2024
109/197
2024
GDP growth
0.1%
2023-2024
6.06%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$32,487
2024
$1,773
2024
GDP per capita rank
38/197
2024
159/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$52,039
2024
$5,071
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
41/197
2024
158/197
2024
Government debt
$9.51T
2024
$42.1B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
236.1%
2024
128.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$76,704
2024
$2,277
2024
Government debt per person rank
3/185
2024
115/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$23,653
2026
$2,194
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$6.31T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
2,732,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
42
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
23.9%
2020
28.8%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.4%
2020
3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.1%
2024
33.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.74%
2023-2024
0.8%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
0.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
2.54%
2024
5.78%
2024
Population
122677250
19491599

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Japan
Spending

Debt
Senegal
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Japan Senegal
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 39.1% 236.1% 33.5% 128.4%
2023 39.2% 240.5% 35.5% 118.4%
2022 41.8% 248.2% 36.2% 105%
2021 42.5% 253.7% 33.6% 98.6%
2020 44.5% 258.4% 29.6% 90.2%
2019 37.3% 236.4% 34.3% 81.5%
2018 36.7% 232.4% 22.6% 61.5%
2017 36.7% 231.3% 22.5% 61.1%
2016 37.2% 232.4% 24% 47.5%
2015 37.3% 228.3% 22.9% 44.5%
2014 38.4% 233.3% 23.1% 42.4%
2013 38.8% 229.5% 22.1% 36.9%
2012 38.6% 226.1% 23% 34.5%
2011 38.6% 219.2% 23.3% 32.9%
2010 37.7% 205.9% 21.7% 34.6%
2009 38.7% 198.8% 21.1% 29.9%
2008 34.1% 180.9% 20.9% 19.1%
2007 33.1% 173% 22.2% 19%
2006 33.1% 174.1% 21.3% 17.5%
2005 33.5% 174.6% 18.7% 36.1%
2004 33.7% 169.5% 18.1% 38%
2003 35% 160% 17.1% 42.9%
2002 35.4% 154.1% 15.5% 52%
2001 35.2% 145.1% 15.7% 53.2%
2000 36% 135.6% 14% 57.5%
1999 35.6% 129.5% 14.6% 15%
1998 38.6% 116% 13.5% 18.8%
1997 33.1% 105% 14.1% 67.8%
1996 33.8% 98.1% 15.4% 0.07%
1995 33.4% 92.5% 14.4% 65.3%
1994 32.8% 84.4% 15.9% 77.3%
1993 32.1% 72.8% - -
1992 30.3% 66.8% - -
1991 29.3% 62.4% - -
1990 29.5% 63.2% - -
1989 29.2% 65.7% - -
1988 29.9% 71.9% - -
1987 30.6% 75.8% - -
1986 30.4% 74.1% - -
1985 30.4% 68.3% - -
1984 31.2% 65.6% - -
1983 31.8% 63.5% - -
1982 31.7% 57.7% - -
1981 31.5% 52.8% - -
1980 33.5% 47.8% - -
1979 33.2% 43.8% - -
1978 32.1% 39% - -
1977 30.4% 31.1% - -
1976 29.1% 26.1% - -
1975 28.5% 20.9% - -
1974 25.5% 16.7% - -
1973 23.3% 15.9% - -
1972 23.1% 16.3% - -
1971 21.8% 12.6% - -
1970 20.2% 11.2% - -
1969 19.8% 11.4% - -
1968 20.1% 11.8% - -
1967 19.9% 11.4% - -
1966 20.8% 11.2% - -
1965 20.4% 9.78% - -
1964 19.8% 8.53% - -
1963 20% 8.66% - -
1962 19.4% 9.01% - -
1961 18.2% 8.44% - -
1960 18.4% 10.4% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government spending was $1.57T, accounting for 39.1% of its GDP, while Senegal spent $11B, or 33.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 236.1% in Japan and 128.4% in Senegal, ranking 3/185 and 11/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Japan

Senegal
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Japan Senegal
2024 -1.53% -13.4%
2023 -2.26% -14.8%
2022 -4.21% -16.1%
2021 -6.13% -13.7%
2020 -9.08% -9.64%
2019 -3.04% -13.9%
2018 -2.47% -3.66%
2017 -3.1% -2.97%
2016 -3.6% -3.27%
2015 -3.68% -3.66%
2014 -5.62% -3.9%
2013 -7.61% -4.34%
2012 -8.2% -4.18%
2011 -8.99% -4.92%
2010 -9.08% -3.94%
2009 -9.69% -3.66%
2008 -4.11% -3.53%
2007 -2.9% -2.8%
2006 -3.03% -3.67%
2005 -4.44% -0.26%
2004 -5.31% 0.18%
2003 -7.43% -0.52%
2002 -7.34% 0.19%
2001 -6.2% -1.44%
2000 -7.28% 0.78%
1999 -6.75% -0.62%
1998 -10% 0.93%
1997 -3.53% 0.98%
1996 -4.87% 0.92%
1995 -4.3% 2.41%
1994 -3.76% 5.9%
1993 -2.39% -
1992 0.57% -
1991 1.67% -
1990 1.96% -
1989 1.23% -
1988 0.49% -
1987 -0.36% -
1986 -1.36% -
1985 -1.37% -
1984 -2.62% -
1983 -3.95% -
1982 -3.81% -
1981 -3.85% -
1980 -4.66% -
1979 -5% -
1978 -5.79% -
1977 -4.02% -
1976 -3.89% -
1975 -2.92% -
1974 0.38% -
1973 0.56% -
1972 -0.13% -
1971 1.21% -
1970 1.74% -
1969 1.26% -
1968 0.88% -
1967 0.8% -
1966 -0.34% -
1965 0.48% -
1964 0.85% -
1963 1.08% -
1962 1.49% -
1961 2.58% -
1960 1.85% -
1959 0.97% -
1958 -0.1% -
1957 1.27% -
1956 1.39% -
1955 -0.67% -
1954 0.7% -
1953 1.65% -
1952 2.22% -
1951 5.06% -
1950 6.99% -
1949 12.5% -
1948 7.53% -
1947 6.09% -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 0.32% -
1942 -0.13% -
1941 -0.19% -
1940 0.31% -
1939 0.11% -
1938 0.45% -
1937 0.71% -
1936 0.34% -
1935 0.26% -
1934 0.34% -
1933 0.28% -
1932 0.31% -
1931 0.23% -
1930 0.19% -
1929 0.5% -
1928 0.42% -
1927 0.58% -
1926 0.65% -
1925 0.75% -
1924 0.84% -
1923 0.87% -
1922 0.89% -
1921 1.43% -
1920 1.19% -
1919 1.21% -
1918 1.58% -
1917 1.54% -
1916 1.37% -
1915 1.41% -
1914 1.31% -
1913 1.21% -
1912 1.27% -
1911 1.21% -
1910 1.57% -
1909 1.51% -
1908 1.63% -
1907 1.77% -
1906 0.46% -
1905 -0.68% -
1904 -0.81% -
1903 0.19% -
1902 0.44% -
1901 0.21% -
1900 0.53% -
1899 0.2% -
1898 0.6% -
1897 0.33% -
1896 0.88% -
1895 0.28% -
1894 -0.24% -
1893 0.6% -
1892 0.63% -
1891 0.61% -
1890 0.74% -
1889 0.18% -
1888 0.13% -
1887 0.11% -
1886 0.03% -
1885 0.01% -
1884 0.001% -
1883 0.03% -
1882 0.001% -
1881 0.001% -
1880 0.004% -
1879 0.02% -
1878 0.02% -
1877 -0.29% -
1876 -0.42% -
1875 0.005% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

In 2024, Japan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $61.6B, equivalent to 1.53% of GDP. This compares to Senegal's deficit of $4.4B, or 13.4% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Japan recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Senegal ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, Japan posted an annual deficit equal to 5.47% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.89% of GDP for Senegal.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Japan

Senegal
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Japan Senegal
2024 2.74% 0.8%
2023 3.27% 5.94%
2022 2.5% 9.7%
2021 -0.23% 2.18%
2020 -0.02% 2.54%
2019 0.47% 1.76%
2018 0.99% 0.46%
2017 0.48% 1.32%
2016 -0.13% 0.84%
2015 0.8% 0.14%
2014 2.76% -1.09%
2013 0.34% 0.71%
2012 -0.04% 1.42%
2011 -0.27% 3.4%
2010 -0.73% 1.23%
2009 -1.35% -2.25%
2008 1.38% 7.35%
2007 0.06% 5.85%
2006 0.25% 2.11%
2005 -0.28% 1.71%
2004 -0.009% 0.51%
2003 -0.26% -0.05%
2002 -0.92% 2.34%
2001 -0.74% 2.97%
2000 -0.68% 0.73%
1999 -0.34% 0.83%
1998 0.66% 1.16%
1997 1.75% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Japan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.44%, compared with 2.01% in Senegal. In 2024, inflation was 2.74% in Japan and 0.8% in Senegal.

Top exports between countries

Japan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $36M
Machinery & equipment $10.7M
Raw materials & minerals $9.11M
Chemicals & pharma $3.58M
Metals $2.47M
Miscellaneous $1.8M
Raw agricultural goods $1.2M
Animal & marine products $234K
Wood & paper products $24K
Precious metals & jewellery $16K
Senegal
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $8.04M
Metals $7.38M
Animal & marine products $3.66M
Wood & paper products $203K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $174K
Textiles & consumer goods $70K
Raw agricultural goods $50K
Machinery & equipment $43K
Miscellaneous $13K
Chemicals & pharma $10K

Balance of trade

Japan Senegal
Current account balance
$194B
2024
-$6.07B
2023
Current account balance ranking
3/190
2024
170/190
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
+4.82%
2024
-19.8%
2023
Goods imports
$719B
2024
$10.8B
2023
Goods exports
$694B
2024
$5.52B
2023
Service imports
$246B
2024
$4.08B
2023
Service exports
$228B
2024
$1.48B
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
43.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.8%
2024
24.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Japan Senegal
Economic freedom 70.3 53.2
Economic freedom ranking 36/197 140/197
Property rights 94.2 57.4
Government integrity 81.1 47.3
Judicial effectiveness 97.9 50.5
Tax burden 63 68.8
Government spending 52 63.1
Fiscal health 41.7 0
Business freedom 77.8 55.2
Labor freedom 65.9 54.4
Monetary freedom 74.3 74.3
Trade freedom 76.2 67
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Japan
Senegal
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Japan Senegal
2026 70.3 53.2
2025 70.2 56.4
2024 67.5 55.4
2023 69.3 57.7
2022 69.9 60
2021 74.1 58
2020 73.3 58
2019 72.1 56.3
2018 72.3 55.7
2017 69.6 55.9
2016 73.1 58.1
2015 73.3 57.8
2014 72.4 55.4
2013 71.8 55.5
2012 71.6 55.4
2011 72.8 55.7
2010 72.9 54.6
2009 72.8 56.3
2008 73 58.3
2007 72.7 58.1
2006 73.3 56.2
2005 67.3 57.9
2004 64.3 58.9
2003 67.6 58.1
2002 66.7 58.6
2001 70.9 58.7
2000 70.7 58.9
1999 69.1 60.6
1998 70.2 59.7
1997 70.3 58.1
1996 72.6 58.2
1995 75 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Japan is 70.3, ranking 36/197, compared to 53.2 for Senegal, ranking 140/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Japan Senegal
Services, % of GDP
69.8%
2023
48.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
28.6%
2023
25%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.94%
2023
16.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.46T
2024
$31.1B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$55,490
2024
$4,920
2024
Total reserves including gold
$1.23T
2024
n/a
Total reserves ranking
2/177
2024
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
$191B
2024
-$4.72B
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$16.2B
2024
$2.02B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$203B
2024
$48.1M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.8%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.1%
2020
37.5%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.2%
2024
37.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/japan/senegal | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1995, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.