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Economy of Burkina Faso vs Turkey compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Burkina Faso has a GDP of $23.3B compared to $1.32T for Turkey, ranking 122/197 and 17/197 by economy size, respectively.

Burkina Faso has $12.2B in government debt (50.2% of GDP), compared to $344B (26.7% of GDP) in Turkey.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Burkina Faso
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Turkey
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Burkina Faso Turkey
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $330,442,816 $1,166,782,786 $7,566,666,667 $68,944,998,409
1961 $350,247,234 $1,213,966,642 $7,988,888,889 $69,742,050,428
1962 $379,567,099 $1,288,368,214 $8,922,222,222 $73,627,678,959
1963 $394,040,667 $1,272,031,494 $10,355,555,556 $80,302,989,305
1964 $410,321,645 $1,301,069,674 $11,177,777,778 $84,686,775,101
1965 $422,916,790 $1,350,049,032 $11,966,666,667 $87,077,931,216
1966 $433,889,766 $1,357,307,072 $14,100,000,000 $96,841,818,580
1967 $450,753,924 $1,477,066,551 $15,644,444,444 $101,424,867,564
1968 $460,442,689 $1,522,423,925 $17,500,000,000 $108,299,441,041
1969 $478,298,645 $1,553,269,468 $19,466,666,667 $112,719,298,937
1970 $458,404,269 $1,555,087,098 $17,863,636,364 $116,364,087,582
1971 $482,411,179 $1,577,065,764 $16,166,666,667 $122,841,720,846
1972 $578,595,522 $1,613,519,619 $20,650,000,000 $131,963,687,012
1973 $674,773,570 $1,620,769,605 $26,000,000,000 $136,268,783,925
1974 $751,133,430 $1,755,073,487 $35,414,285,714 $143,892,306,161
1975 $939,972,703 $1,807,697,310 $46,042,857,143 $154,215,302,357
1976 $976,547,188 $1,961,982,376 $51,450,000,000 $170,348,042,040
1977 $1,131,224,878 $1,969,248,648 $58,683,333,333 $176,151,237,350
1978 $1,475,583,645 $2,059,988,180 $65,912,500,000 $178,798,672,446
1979 $1,748,480,621 $2,135,478,950 $89,616,129,032 $177,682,765,668
1980 $1,928,719,888 $2,152,496,130 $68,823,684,211 $173,334,245,746
1981 $1,775,842,334 $2,244,091,371 $71,180,180,180 $181,752,481,254
1982 $1,754,450,096 $2,458,675,800 $64,369,325,153 $188,228,736,215
1983 $1,600,278,605 $2,467,182,444 $61,803,555,556 $197,585,738,738
1984 $1,459,880,132 $2,423,298,751 $59,937,602,180 $210,847,724,567
1985 $1,552,493,196 $2,629,699,951 $67,232,758,621 $219,790,484,417
1986 $2,036,303,358 $2,838,902,120 $75,673,037,037 $235,202,261,562
1987 $2,369,834,950 $2,832,192,750 $87,190,081,680 $257,512,463,441
1988 $2,616,040,479 $2,996,335,114 $90,875,175,809 $263,488,649,929
1989 $2,615,587,734 $3,060,764,327 $107,127,191,329 $264,253,410,107
1990 $3,101,300,779 $3,042,310,108 $150,655,500,192 $288,739,518,672
1991 $3,135,045,584 $3,318,247,161 $151,034,731,544 $290,819,248,893
1992 $3,356,692,505 $3,325,969,080 $159,104,772,992 $305,463,844,599
1993 $3,199,536,465 $3,441,093,673 $180,415,757,852 $328,835,693,449
1994 $1,895,290,637 $3,486,344,305 $130,650,447,499 $313,485,158,693
1995 $2,379,517,975 $3,685,636,779 $169,319,579,016 $338,182,356,112
1996 $2,586,550,595 $4,091,600,230 $181,464,408,820 $363,139,079,303
1997 $2,447,669,102 $4,350,059,855 $189,878,399,895 $390,656,537,293
1998 $2,804,902,367 $4,667,950,033 $275,941,990,764 $400,048,507,437
1999 $3,389,566,713 $5,013,156,038 $256,395,932,738 $386,994,250,934
2000 $2,968,370,088 $5,107,828,181 $274,294,623,164 $413,825,489,994
2001 $3,190,371,081 $5,445,629,584 $201,753,123,807 $390,030,497,195
2002 $3,622,350,063 $5,682,675,870 $240,249,071,871 $415,178,579,552
2003 $4,740,768,143 $6,126,066,307 $314,595,572,146 $439,106,176,636
2004 $5,451,688,538 $6,400,419,255 $408,865,430,220 $482,120,738,380
2005 $6,146,353,173 $6,954,815,456 $506,314,717,662 $525,474,505,336
2006 $6,547,419,820 $7,389,711,521 $557,076,157,773 $561,984,411,360
2007 $7,625,722,837 $7,693,530,570 $681,321,124,296 $590,328,139,721
2008 $9,451,435,490 $8,139,754,707 $770,449,132,861 $595,139,459,121
2009 $9,450,696,873 $8,380,850,242 $649,289,324,628 $566,434,966,773
2010 $10,109,619,741 $9,088,720,452 $776,967,266,306 $614,169,032,343
2011 $12,080,295,978 $9,690,626,654 $838,785,289,694 $682,956,643,135
2012 $12,561,015,157 $10,315,931,044 $880,555,885,492 $715,659,972,211
2013 $13,444,300,486 $10,913,490,102 $957,799,120,008 $776,389,567,770
2014 $13,943,016,077 $11,385,699,970 $938,934,609,297 $814,741,000,960
2015 $11,832,159,316 $11,832,159,316 $864,313,810,469 $864,313,810,469
2016 $12,833,363,045 $12,537,116,612 $869,682,881,593 $893,035,686,216
2017 $14,106,955,615 $13,314,855,313 $858,988,492,854 $960,031,200,974
2018 $15,890,066,221 $14,194,244,129 $778,972,108,041 $988,958,576,886
2019 $16,032,813,503 $15,030,172,259 $761,005,915,751 $997,053,346,501
2020 $17,725,010,533 $15,332,394,849 $720,338,490,327 $1,015,597,272,885
2021 $19,697,516,284 $16,396,850,183 $819,865,223,976 $1,131,775,463,574
2022 $18,820,218,691 $16,642,350,340 $907,118,434,654 $1,194,401,442,557
2023 $20,324,617,845 $17,134,994,111 $1,118,252,958,514 $1,255,449,309,089
2024 $23,250,214,910 $17,989,191,218 $1,323,254,808,059 $1,295,423,120,852

Economic indicators

Burkina Faso Turkey
Gross domestic product
$23.3B
2024
$1.32T
2024
GDP rank
122/197
2024
17/197
2024
GDP growth
14.4%
2023-2024
18.3%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$987
2024
$15,473
2024
GDP per capita rank
179/197
2024
68/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$2,896
2024
$43,932
2024
Government debt
$12.2B
2024
$344B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.2%
2025
26.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$520
2024
$4,019
2024
Government debt per person rank
166/185
2024
91/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,810
2025
$9,587
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$379B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
60,787
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
32
2025
Income share by richest 10%
30.2%
2021
35.2%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2021
2.1%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
24.1%
2025
32.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
4.19%
2023-2024
58.5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
40.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.44%
2024
8.71%
2024
Population
24497999
85914550

GDP per capita in Burkina Faso vs Turkey

Burkina Faso's GDP per capita is $987, ranking 179/197, compared to $15,473 in Turkey, ranking 68/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Burkina Faso ranks 182nd at $2,896, while Turkey ranks 52nd at $43,932.

Burkina Faso
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Turkey
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Burkina Faso Turkey
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $69.2 - $267.1 -
1961 $72.2 - $274.4 -
1962 $77.2 - $298.2 -
1963 $78.9 - $337 -
1964 $80.9 - $354 -
1965 $82.1 - $370 -
1966 $82.8 - $425 -
1967 $84.6 - $459 -
1968 $85 - $501 -
1969 $86.8 - $544 -
1970 $81.7 - $488 -
1971 $84.5 - $431 -
1972 $99.6 - $537 -
1973 $114.1 - $661 -
1974 $124.7 - $881 -
1975 $152.9 - $1,122 -
1976 $155.5 - $1,228 -
1977 $176 - $1,372 -
1978 $223.9 - $1,510 -
1979 $258.5 - $2,013 -
1980 $277.6 - $1,516 -
1981 $248.7 - $1,537 -
1982 $239 - $1,360 -
1983 $211.9 - $1,276 -
1984 $187.8 - $1,209 -
1985 $194.1 - $1,326 -
1986 $247.5 - $1,461 -
1987 $280.2 - $1,650 -
1988 $301 - $1,686 -
1989 $293.2 - $1,949 -
1990 $339 $567 $2,690 $8,205
1991 $334 $623 $2,649 $8,413
1992 $349 $623 $2,744 $8,967
1993 $324 $644 $3,058 $9,748
1994 $187.2 $650 $2,176 $9,252
1995 $229.1 $684 $2,775 $9,960
1996 $242.7 $753 $2,929 $10,676
1997 $223.9 $794 $3,021 $11,490
1998 $249.5 $838 $4,330 $8,759
1999 $292.8 $886 $3,969 $8,461
2000 $248.9 $896 $4,192 $9,308
2001 $259.5 $948 $3,046 $8,995
2002 $285.7 $974 $3,583 $9,134
2003 $362 $1,038 $4,638 $9,451
2004 $404 $1,079 $5,961 $10,727
2005 $441 $1,172 $7,303 $11,757
2006 $456 $1,244 $7,953 $13,495
2007 $515 $1,290 $9,711 $14,866
2008 $619 $1,351 $10,844 $16,038
2009 $602 $1,360 $9,013 $15,442
2010 $625 $1,449 $10,623 $17,344
2011 $725 $1,531 $11,301 $19,591
2012 $731 $1,572 $11,713 $20,627
2013 $760 $1,643 $12,578 $22,373
2014 $765 $1,661 $12,165 $24,105
2015 $630 $1,692 $11,050 $25,863
2016 $664 $1,882 $10,970 $26,696
2017 $709 $2,042 $10,696 $28,193
2018 $777 $2,073 $9,569 $28,299
2019 $765 $2,232 $9,215 $28,461
2020 $825 $2,381 $8,639 $28,680
2021 $896 $2,486 $9,743 $31,338
2022 $836 $2,642 $10,675 $39,101
2023 $883 $2,755 $13,106 $42,326
2024 $987 $2,896 $15,473 $43,932

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Burkina Faso's government spending was $6.21B, accounting for 24.1% of its GDP, while Turkey's spent $449B, or 32.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.2% in Burkina Faso and 26.7% in Turkey, ranking 110/185 and 165/185, respectively.

Burkina Faso
Government spending

Government debt
Turkey
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Burkina Faso Turkey
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 15.6% 19.9%
1961 - - 22.9% 28.9%
1962 - - 15.7% 28.8%
1963 - - 17.5% 27.6%
1964 - - 18.9% 25.7%
1965 - - 19% 33.4%
1966 - - 18.9% 33.4%
1967 - - 20.1% 33.3%
1968 - - 19% 33.2%
1969 - - 20.5% 33.2%
1970 - - 22.7% 39.8%
1971 - - 24.8% 34.4%
1972 - - 21.9% 30.1%
1973 - - 21.8% 23.1%
1974 - - 19% 19%
1975 - - 22% 20.2%
1976 - - 23.3% 20.4%
1977 - - 27.8% 24%
1978 - - 27.6% 25.8%
1979 - - 28.3% 23.6%
1980 - - 25.5% 22.4%
1981 - - 24% 32%
1982 - - 19.2% 33.4%
1983 - - 14.9% 32.7%
1984 - - 14.1% 42.6%
1985 11.5% 28.5% 18% 44.3%
1986 16.3% 27.6% 12.1% 38.2%
1987 19.2% 30.7% 13.3% 40.3%
1988 16.2% 28.8% 12.9% 38.6%
1989 14.2% 25.5% 13.8% 33.5%
1990 18.4% 25.6% 14.1% 25.8%
1991 17% 28.7% 18.2% 28.4%
1992 16.7% 29.6% 18.6% 29.2%
1993 17.9% 33.6% 22% 29.1%
1994 17.8% 55.1% 20.5% 39.2%
1995 19.4% 48.9% 19.4% 34.6%
1996 19.8% 45.8% 24.5% 35.5%
1997 20% 48.4% 26.4% 32.5%
1998 19.7% 47.7% 27.9% 36.5%
1999 21.4% 46.4% 32.7% 52.1%
2000 19.8% 47.5% 39.5% 51.3%
2001 19.7% 46.6% 44% 75.5%
2002 19.5% 43.3% 41% 71.5%
2003 17.6% 39.7% 38.4% 65.2%
2004 20.3% 40.7% 34.6% 57.2%
2005 20.2% 39.2% 32.1% 50.2%
2006 21.9% 20.1% 33.6% 44.2%
2007 22.8% 22.4% 32.9% 37.8%
2008 18.6% 24.9% 33.7% 37.7%
2009 21.5% 25.9% 37.2% 43.2%
2010 21.7% 22.7% 35.5% 39.5%
2011 20.4% 28.4% 32.8% 35.9%
2012 22.7% 25.2% 34.1% 32.2%
2013 25.3% 25.9% 33.7% 30.9%
2014 20.9% 26.1% 32.6% 28.3%
2015 20.4% 31.3% 32.5% 27.2%
2016 21.6% 32.9% 33.8% 27.7%
2017 26.3% 33.9% 32.6% 27.8%
2018 24.2% 38.1% 34.3% 29.9%
2019 23.3% 41.7% 35.5% 32.4%
2020 24.4% 43.6% 34.7% 39.4%
2021 27.8% 55.4% 31.3% 40.4%
2022 31.3% 56.4% 27.3% 30.8%
2023 27.9% 52.7% 33.2% 29.3%
2024 26.7% 52.7% 33.9% 26%
2025 24.1% 50.2% 32.9% 26.7%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Burkina Faso's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.32B, equivalent to -5.68% of GDP. This compares to Turkey's deficit of -$68.8B, or -5.2% of GDP.

Over the past 40 years, Burkina Faso recorded a fiscal deficit in 38 of those years, while Turkey ran a deficit in 40 years. On average, Burkina Faso posted an annual deficit equal to -3.37% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4.82% of GDP for Turkey.

Deficit/surplus
Burkina Faso

Turkey
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Burkina Faso Turkey
1936 - 1.43%
1937 - 1.43%
1938 - 1.18%
1939 - 1.18%
1940 - 1.18%
1941 - 1.18%
1942 - 1.18%
1943 - 0.22%
1944 - 0.22%
1945 - 1.01%
1946 - 1.01%
1947 - 1.01%
1948 - 0.84%
1949 - 0.81%
1950 - -0.53%
1951 - 0.48%
1952 - -0.1%
1953 - -0.12%
1954 - -1.12%
1955 - -0.85%
1956 - -0.84%
1957 - -0.66%
1958 - -0.45%
1959 - -0.78%
1960 - -0.83%
1961 - -1%
1962 - -0.16%
1963 - 0%
1964 - -0.84%
1965 - -1.18%
1966 - -0.66%
1967 - 0.1%
1968 - -0.62%
1969 - -1.45%
1970 - 0.14%
1971 - -3.05%
1972 - -0.13%
1973 - -0.98%
1974 - -1.02%
1975 - -0.19%
1976 - -0.6%
1977 - -5.1%
1978 - -1.83%
1979 - -3.06%
1980 - -3.67%
1981 - -1.5%
1982 - -1.61%
1983 - -1.45%
1984 - -3.77%
1985 -1.21% -5.84%
1986 -5.1% -2.43%
1987 -5.27% -3.47%
1988 -4.32% -3.2%
1989 1.96% -3.87%
1990 -7.54% -3.65%
1991 -2.77% -6.86%
1992 -2.51% -6.73%
1993 -3.81% -8.84%
1994 -1.89% -6.04%
1995 -2.65% -5.95%
1996 -1.67% -10.7%
1997 -2.64% -10.1%
1998 -2.6% -9.84%
1999 -3.29% -13.8%
2000 -3.03% -8.37%
2001 -3.56% -11.7%
2002 -4.43% -11.3%
2003 -1.79% -7.57%
2004 -4.19% -4.12%
2005 -4.89% -0.75%
2006 14.3% -0.22%
2007 -5.01% -1.38%
2008 -3.63% -2.14%
2009 -4.16% -5.18%
2010 -4.06% -3.02%
2011 -2.04% -0.35%
2012 -2.76% -1.79%
2013 -3.55% -1.21%
2014 -1.74% -0.97%
2015 -2.09% -0.51%
2016 -3.08% -1.68%
2017 -6.92% -1.88%
2018 -4.43% -3.13%
2019 -3.39% -4.78%
2020 -5.16% -4.72%
2021 -7.43% -3.05%
2022 -10.4% -1.12%
2023 -6.56% -5.32%
2024 -5.68% -5.2%
2025 -4.31% -4.33%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Burkina Faso has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.58%, compared with 29.6% in Turkey. In 2024, inflation was 4.19% in Burkina Faso and 58.5% in Turkey.

Inflation
Burkina Faso

Turkey
Year Inflation
Burkina Faso Turkey Burkina Faso Turkey
1996 6.1% 80.4%
1997 2.32% 85.7%
1998 5.08% 84.6%
1999 -1.07% 64.9%
2000 -0.3% 54.9%
2001 5.01% 54.4%
2002 2.18% 45%
2003 2.03% 21.6%
2004 -0.4% 8.6%
2005 6.42% 8.18%
2006 2.33% 9.6%
2007 -0.23% 8.76%
2008 10.7% 10.4%
2009 2.61% 6.25%
2010 -0.76% 8.57%
2011 2.76% 6.47%
2012 3.82% 8.89%
2013 0.53% 7.49%
2014 -0.26% 8.85%
2015 0.72% 7.67%
2016 0.44% 7.78%
2017 1.48% 11.1%
2018 1.96% 16.3%
2019 -3.23% 15.2%
2020 1.88% 12.3%
2021 3.65% 19.6%
2022 14.3% 72.3%
2023 0.74% 53.9%
2024 4.19% 58.5%

Top exports between countries

Burkina Faso
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $11.5M
Machinery & equipment $5.63M
Raw agricultural goods $601K
Chemicals & pharma $316K
Textiles & consumer goods $65K
Metals $57K
Precious metals & jewellery $55K
Weapons & explosives $17K
Wood & paper products $16K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2K
Turkey
Export category Export value
Weapons & explosives $82.7M
Machinery & equipment $41.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $16.6M
Raw materials & minerals $9.77M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.1M
Metals $4.84M
Chemicals & pharma $3.04M
Animal & marine products $1.36M
Raw agricultural goods $538K
Wood & paper products $426K

Balance of trade

Burkina Faso Turkey
Current account balance
-$1.02B
2023
-$10.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
121/189
2023
176/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-5%
2023
-0.77%
2024
Goods imports
$5.38B
2023
$314B
2024
Goods exports
$5.29B
2023
$257B
2024
Service imports
$1.45B
2023
$53.3B
2024
Service exports
$621M
2023
$115B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.9%
2024
27.8%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.5%
2024
28%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Burkina Faso Turkey
Economic freedom 51 56.1
Economic freedom ranking 157/197 122/197
Property rights 28.1 40.6
Government integrity 40.7 34.3
Judicial effectiveness 35.7 23.8
Tax burden 82 72.2
Government spending 73.3 71.9
Fiscal health 13.7 82.3
Business freedom 38.6 58.5
Labor freedom 61.9 48.4
Monetary freedom 71.9 37.9
Trade freedom 61.4 72.8
Investment freedom 65 70
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Burkina Faso is 51, ranking 157/197, compared to 56.1 for Turkey, ranking 122/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Burkina Faso
Turkey
Year Economic freedom index
Burkina Faso Turkey
1995 - 58.4
1996 49.4 56.7
1997 54 60.8
1998 54.5 60.9
1999 55 59.2
2000 55.7 63.4
2001 56.7 60.6
2002 58.8 54.2
2003 58.9 51.9
2004 58 52.8
2005 56.6 50.6
2006 55.8 57
2007 55.1 57.4
2008 55.7 59.9
2009 59.5 61.6
2010 59.4 63.8
2011 60.6 64.2
2012 60.6 62.5
2013 59.9 62.9
2014 58.9 64.9
2015 58.6 63.2
2016 59.1 62.1
2017 59.6 65.2
2018 60 65.4
2019 59.4 64.6
2020 56.7 64.4
2021 56.5 64
2022 58.3 56.9
2023 56.2 56.9
2024 51.9 56.2
2025 51 56.1

More economic indicators

Burkina Faso Turkey
Services, % of GDP
40.2%
2024
56.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29.7%
2024
25.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
18.6%
2024
5.59%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$20.7B
2024
$1.12T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$2,770
2024
$43,410
2024
Total reserves including gold n/a
$155B
2024
Total reserves ranking n/a
21/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$64.3M
2023
-$5.13B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$82.9M
2024
$11.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.73M
2024
$6.61B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
4.41%
2023
6.9%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
43.2%
2021
13.6%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.1%
2024
25.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.