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Economy of Australia vs Colombia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Australia has a GDP of $1.8T compared to $457B for Colombia, ranking 15/197 and 37/197 by economy size, respectively.

Australia has $918B in government debt (51% of GDP), compared to $274B (59.9% of GDP) in Colombia.

Australia vs Colombia GDP by year

Australia
Colombia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Australia Colombia
2025 $1,798,518,933,689 $457,410,034,203
2024 $1,757,022,451,653 $420,504,033,143
2023 $1,734,451,264,656 $366,901,643,683
2022 $1,695,627,535,476 $345,632,492,851
2021 $1,560,617,493,203 $318,524,633,225
2020 $1,333,336,461,648 $270,348,342,541
2019 $1,398,349,602,956 $323,031,701,193
2018 $1,433,144,978,762 $334,198,218,098
2017 $1,330,890,554,614 $311,866,875,157
2016 $1,211,588,128,418 $282,720,100,286
2015 $1,356,805,839,936 $293,492,370,193
2014 $1,474,677,007,566 $381,240,864,422
2013 $1,583,737,461,925 $382,093,697,078
2012 $1,552,728,401,402 $370,691,143,018
2011 $1,402,939,868,653 $334,966,134,805
2010 $1,152,566,632,022 $286,498,534,095
2009 $931,761,689,771 $232,468,663,110
2008 $1,058,448,244,064 $242,504,150,473
2007 $856,603,595,823 $206,229,540,926
2006 $749,708,370,333 $161,792,958,905
2005 $696,811,489,613 $145,600,529,606
2004 $615,643,050,221 $117,092,416,666
2003 $468,517,181,130 $94,644,969,157
2002 $396,436,967,263 $97,945,812,803
2001 $380,360,222,861 $98,200,641,203
2000 $416,901,962,163 $99,875,074,951
1999 $390,347,787,943 $86,186,158,685
1998 $400,361,527,505 $98,443,739,941
1997 $436,321,902,767 $106,659,508,271
1996 $401,962,517,479 $97,160,109,278
1995 $368,725,126,225 $92,507,279,383
1994 $323,269,456,935 $81,703,500,846
1993 $312,568,858,910 $66,446,804,803
1992 $325,982,966,981 $58,418,985,443
1991 $326,416,407,861 $49,175,565,911
1990 $311,840,666,465 $47,844,090,710
1989 $300,264,309,002 $39,540,080,200
1988 $236,461,079,970 $39,212,550,050
1987 $189,726,707,253 $36,373,307,085
1986 $182,707,050,923 $34,942,489,684
1985 $180,861,108,959 $34,894,411,352
1984 $193,749,932,078 $38,253,120,738
1983 $177,523,719,680 $38,729,822,782
1982 $194,323,071,831 $38,968,039,722
1981 $177,151,979,566 $36,388,366,869
1980 $150,200,557,103 $33,400,735,644
1979 $135,093,718,051 $27,940,411,250
1978 $118,660,813,780 $23,263,511,958
1977 $110,504,702,914 $19,470,960,619
1976 $105,209,354,856 $15,341,403,660
1975 $97,440,939,506 $13,098,633,902
1974 $89,086,219,602 $12,370,029,584
1973 $63,923,126,201 $10,315,760,000
1972 $52,117,990,654 $8,671,358,733
1971 $45,283,847,245 $7,820,380,971
1970 $41,395,206,623 $7,198,360,460
1969 $36,738,245,878 $6,450,175,214
1968 $32,763,365,242 $5,960,212,869
1967 $30,487,524,878 $5,825,170,438
1966 $27,349,284,376 $5,428,518,519
1965 $26,014,244,162 $5,760,761,905
1964 $23,835,843,814 $5,973,366,667
1963 $21,573,443,452 $4,836,166,667
1962 $19,953,923,193 $4,955,543,963
1961 $19,713,123,154 $4,540,447,761
1960 $18,635,682,982 $4,031,152,977

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/colombia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Australia vs Colombia by year

Australia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Colombia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Australia Colombia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $65,130 - $8,562 -
2024 $64,610 $72,111 $7,951 $22,349
2023 $65,058 $72,273 $7,012 $21,246
2022 $65,170 $66,103 $6,680 $20,854
2021 $60,759 $58,327 $6,223 $17,383
2020 $51,983 $54,184 $5,340 $15,519
2019 $55,195 $52,886 $6,473 $16,182
2018 $57,410 $50,371 $6,817 $15,239
2017 $54,118 $48,565 $6,480 $14,401
2016 $50,084 $47,446 $5,960 $14,027
2015 $56,970 $46,465 $6,249 $13,332
2014 $62,817 $47,109 $8,187 $13,355
2013 $68,477 $46,123 $8,279 $12,780
2012 $68,301 $43,007 $8,109 $12,093
2011 $62,799 $42,153 $7,401 $11,707
2010 $52,314 $39,504 $6,398 $10,841
2009 $42,955 $40,434 $5,251 $10,367
2008 $49,811 $37,616 $5,542 $10,307
2007 $41,128 $36,708 $4,770 $9,909
2006 $36,659 $34,890 $3,790 $9,154
2005 $34,535 $33,090 $3,456 $8,432
2004 $30,886 $31,815 $2,819 $7,909
2003 $23,758 $30,167 $2,312 $7,420
2002 $20,335 $29,080 $2,429 $7,109
2001 $19,734 $27,688 $2,473 $6,935
2000 $21,909 $26,585 $2,555 $6,776
1999 $20,750 $25,531 $2,241 $6,544
1998 $21,516 $24,386 $2,605 $6,854
1997 $23,683 $23,142 $2,873 $6,861
1996 $22,056 $22,134 $2,665 $6,639
1995 $20,479 $21,050 $2,584 $6,506
1994 $18,156 $20,174 $2,326 $6,174
1993 $17,725 $19,220 $1,929 $5,826
1992 $18,650 $18,259 $1,730 $5,509
1991 $18,885 $17,839 $1,486 $5,281
1990 $18,274 $17,385 $1,475 $5,109
1989 $17,858 - $1,244 -
1988 $14,303 - $1,260 -
1987 $11,666 - $1,193 -
1986 $11,406 - $1,169 -
1985 $11,455 - $1,192 -
1984 $12,436 - $1,336 -
1983 $11,532 - $1,384 -
1982 $12,798 - $1,425 -
1981 $11,871 - $1,362 -
1980 $10,223 - $1,280 -
1979 $9,308 - $1,095 -
1978 $8,264 - $932 -
1977 $7,786 - $798 -
1976 $7,497 - $643 -
1975 $7,014 - $561 -
1974 $6,492 - $542 -
1973 $4,778 - $462 -
1972 $3,955 - $397 -
1971 $3,500 - $367 -
1970 $3,310 - $346 -
1969 $2,996 - $318 -
1968 $2,728 - $302 -
1967 $2,584 - $303 -
1966 $2,347 - $290.3 -
1965 $2,284 - $317 -
1964 $2,134 - $339 -
1963 $1,970 - $282.6 -
1962 $1,858 - $298.5 -
1961 $1,880 - $282.1 -
1960 $1,813 - $258.3 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/colombia | CC BY

Australia's GDP per capita is $65,130, ranking 14/197, compared to $8,562 in Colombia, ranking 94/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Australia ranks 22nd at $72,111, while Colombia ranks 87th at $22,349.

Economic indicators

Australia Colombia
Gross domestic product
$1.8T
2025
$457B
2025
GDP rank
15/197
2025
37/197
2025
GDP growth
1.35%
2024-2025
2.64%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$65,130
2025
$8,562
2025
GDP per capita rank
14/197
2025
94/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$72,111
2024
$22,349
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
22/197
2024
87/197
2024
Government debt
$918B
2025
$274B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
51%
2025
59.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$33,239
2025
$5,126
2025
Government debt per person rank
22/185
2025
85/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,637
2026
$6,463
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.05T
2025
$133B
2025
Number of millionaires
1,634,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
47
2026
4
2026
Income share by richest 10%
25.9%
2020
42.7%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.6%
2020
1%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
33.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.87%
2024-2025
5.14%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
4.35%
2026
11.3%
2026
Unemployment rate
4.2%
2025
8.43%
2025
Population
28010980
54209462

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Australia
Spending

Debt
Colombia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Australia Colombia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 39.5% 51% 33.2% 59.9%
2024 38.7% 50.6% 34.4% 61%
2023 37.4% 49.4% 35.1% 55.4%
2022 37.4% 50% 34.1% 61.3%
2021 41.7% 55.4% 34.5% 64.4%
2020 44.3% 56.9% 33.7% 65.3%
2019 38.8% 46.5% 32.9% 51%
2018 36.7% 41.6% 34.7% 51.8%
2017 36.6% 41% 29.3% 49.4%
2016 37.1% 40.5% 30% 49.9%
2015 37.1% 37.6% 31.3% 50.4%
2014 36.6% 33.9% 31.3% 43.3%
2013 36.2% 30.3% 30% 37.6%
2012 36.4% 27.4% 29.1% 34%
2011 36.2% 24% 30.2% 35.8%
2010 36.8% 20.3% 30.4% 36.5%
2009 37.6% 16.6% 30.9% 35.4%
2008 35% 11.7% 28.4% 32.4%
2007 34.2% 9.65% 28.2% 32.7%
2006 34.5% 9.92% 28.4% 36%
2005 34.5% 10.8% 25.9% 38.5%
2004 34.8% 11.9% 26.6% 41.5%
2003 34.9% 13.2% 28% 45%
2002 34.9% 15% 28.1% 47.5%
2001 35.6% 17.1% 27.5% 41.1%
2000 35.1% 19.5% 26.6% 38%
1999 36.2% 22.5% 28.3% 34%
1998 34.6% 23.7% 26.3% 27.5%
1997 32.8% 25.9% 26.2% 25.3%
1996 33.5% 29.3% 25.1% 23.3%
1995 33.6% 31.1% 22.2% 13.8%
1994 33.7% 31.7% 20.6% 12.5%
1993 34.1% 30.6% 20% 14.2%
1992 34% 27.6% 18.4% 16.1%
1991 33% 21.6% 17.7% 14.5%
1990 30.4% 16.4% 17.4% 16.7%
1989 34.5% 17% 10.3% 17.3%
1988 34.6% 20.5% 10.3% 17.9%
1987 36% 25.2% 9.7% 18.9%
1986 38.4% 25.5% 9.8% 20.2%
1985 38.7% 24% 10.5% 19.3%
1984 38.4% 22.3% 10.3% 15.5%
1983 37% 21% 10.2% 10.8%
1982 36.7% 16.8% 10.6% 8.8%
1981 33.4% 19.1% 9.9% 8.5%
1980 33.2% 21.2% 9.6% 8%
1979 32.5% 22.8% 8.6% 7.7%
1978 33.2% 24.7% 8.1% 7.6%
1977 34.1% 23.6% 7.7% 9.2%
1976 33.3% 22.9% 8% 12.2%
1975 33% 23.6% 9.4% 14.6%
1974 30.9% 22.3% 8.8% 15.9%
1973 26.6% 27.3% 9.4% 16.3%
1972 27% 30.7% 10.3% 16.9%
1971 26.1% 32.2% 10.3% 16.2%
1970 25.3% 34.9% 10% 16.7%
1969 24.7% 36.7% 9.2% 17%
1968 25.3% 39.4% 8.9% 16.2%
1967 26.4% 40.5% 8.2% 15.8%
1966 25.6% 42.4% 8% 15.3%
1965 25.8% 43.7% 7% 15.2%
1964 23.5% 44.9% 8.1% 13.1%
1963 23% 47.5% 8.6% 13.9%
1962 22.7% 50.2% 7.8% 14.8%
1961 23.3% 49.3% 8.6% 8.7%
1960 21.8% 48.3% 6.7% 7.2%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/colombia | CC BY

In 2025, Australia's government spending was $710B, accounting for 39.5% of its GDP, while Colombia spent $152B, or 33.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 51% in Australia and 59.9% in Colombia, ranking 104/185 and 78/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Australia

Colombia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Australia Colombia
2025 -2.78% -5.75%
2024 -2.25% -6.04%
2023 -1.26% -2.92%
2022 -2.21% -6.36%
2021 -6.35% -7.28%
2020 -8.7% -7.12%
2019 -4.39% -3.48%
2018 -1.25% -4.67%
2017 -1.71% -2.5%
2016 -2.41% -2.27%
2015 -2.78% -3.52%
2014 -2.91% -1.74%
2013 -2.8% -1.02%
2012 -3.5% 0.15%
2011 -4.51% -1.99%
2010 -5.1% -3.3%
2009 -4.55% -2.67%
2008 -1.1% 0.04%
2007 1.47% -0.82%
2006 1.77% -0.99%
2005 1.7% -0.02%
2004 1.32% -1.31%
2003 1.05% -2.7%
2002 0.19% -3.45%
2001 -0.03% -2.71%
2000 1.25% -2.94%
1999 0.66% -5.37%
1998 -0.25% -3.86%
1997 -0.49% -3.23%
1996 -1.45% -2.49%
1995 -2.6% -1%
1994 -3.79% -0.14%
1993 -4.72% -0.24%
1992 -4.74% -0.07%
1991 -2.78% 0.35%
1990 -0.23% -0.41%
1989 -1.29% -1.4%
1988 -0.77% -1.3%
1987 -1.66% -0.4%
1986 -3.5% -1.4%
1985 -5.24% -2.4%
1984 -5.48% -3.3%
1983 -5.66% -3.1%
1982 -5.19% -3.6%
1981 -3.25% -2.8%
1980 -2.87% -2.2%
1979 -2.32% -0.7%
1978 -4.19% 0.3%
1977 -4.39% 0.5%
1976 -3.44% 0.6%
1975 -3.47% -0.5%
1974 -2.46% -1.2%
1973 0.16% -1.1%
1972 -0.97% -1.7%
1971 -0.23% -1%
1970 -0.23% -0.7%
1969 0.53% -0.5%
1968 -0.7% 0%
1967 -1.65% -0.2%
1966 -1.77% 0.1%
1965 -1.46% -0.6%
1964 0.19% -1.1%
1963 -0.26% -1.7%
1962 -0.38% -1.6%
1961 -0.78% -1.5%
1960 0.47% 1.2%
1959 0.06% 2%
1958 -0.25% 1.7%
1957 -0.33% 1.4%
1956 1% -0.2%
1955 0.08% 0.7%
1954 -0.27% 1.3%
1953 -0.86% 1.3%
1952 -0.44% 1.6%
1951 1.85% 2.1%
1950 4.29% 0.9%
1949 0.72% 0.5%
1948 2% -0.1%
1947 -0.45% 0.2%
1946 -4.09% -0.5%
1945 -8.87% 0.1%
1944 -11.8% -0.2%
1943 -12.4% -0.7%
1942 -5.17% -1.5%
1941 -2.14% 0%
1940 0.51% -1.5%
1939 0.77% 0.8%
1938 0.24% 0.5%
1937 0.28% 1.4%
1936 0.17% 1.1%
1935 0.24% 1.3%
1934 0.28% 0.2%
1933 0.28% -0.4%
1932 0.02% -0.8%
1931 -0.8% -0.2%
1930 -1% 0.3%
1929 -0.53% 0.4%
1928 -0.69% -0.4%
1927 -0.5% -0.6%
1926 -0.31% 0%
1925 -0.26% 1%
1924 -0.5% 0.5%
1923 -0.33% 0.3%
1922 -0.94% -0.7%
1921 -2% -1.6%
1920 -2.43% 0.4%
1919 -4.8% -0.8%
1918 -4.36% -2.1%
1917 -4.99% -0.5%
1916 -3.47% 0.2%
1915 -1.11% -0.2%
1914 -0.29% -0.5%
1913 0% 0.5%
1912 0.12% -0.3%
1911 0.39% -0.1%
1910 0.39% -0.3%
1909 0.37% -3.3%
1908 -0.15% -2.7%
1907 0.41% -2.7%
1906 0.23% 0.2%
1905 0.11% -0.9%
1904 -0.13% -
1903 -0.02% -
1902 0.16% -
1901 1.46% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1901–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/colombia | CC BY

In 2025, Australia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $50B, equivalent to 2.78% of GDP. This compares to Colombia's deficit of $26.3B, or 5.75% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Australia recorded a fiscal deficit in 54 of those years, while Colombia ran a deficit in 57 years. On average, Australia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.93% of GDP for Colombia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Australia

Colombia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Australia Colombia
2025 2.87% 5.14%
2024 3.17% 6.61%
2023 5.6% 11.7%
2022 6.59% 10.2%
2021 2.86% 3.5%
2020 0.85% 2.53%
2019 1.61% 3.52%
2018 1.91% 3.24%
2017 1.95% 4.31%
2016 1.28% 7.51%
2015 1.51% 4.99%
2014 2.49% 2.9%
2013 2.45% 2.02%
2012 1.76% 3.17%
2011 3.3% 3.42%
2010 2.92% 2.27%
2009 1.77% 4.2%
2008 4.35% 7%
2007 2.33% 5.54%
2006 3.56% 4.29%
2005 2.69% 5.05%
2004 2.34% 5.9%
2003 2.73% 7.13%
2002 2.98% 6.35%
2001 4.41% 7.97%
2000 4.46% 9.23%
1999 1.48% 10.9%
1998 0.86% 18.7%
1997 0.22% 18.5%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/colombia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Australia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.67%, compared with 6.47% in Colombia. In 2025, inflation was 2.87% in Australia and 5.14% in Colombia.

Top exports between countries

Australia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $41.4M
Chemicals & pharma $5.19M
Metals $1.26M
Textiles & consumer goods $613K
Raw materials & minerals $558K
Animal & marine products $331K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $309K
Wood & paper products $286K
Raw agricultural goods $211K
Weapons & explosives $97K
Colombia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $127M
Precious metals & jewellery $58.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.28M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.69M
Chemicals & pharma $3.22M
Raw materials & minerals $3.06M
Machinery & equipment $1.88M
Metals $683K
Miscellaneous $494K
Weapons & explosives $368K

Balance of trade

Australia Colombia
Current account balance
-$48.2B
2025
-$10.9B
2025
Current account balance ranking
187/190
2025
176/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.68%
2025
-2.38%
2025
Goods imports
$309B
2025
$66.3B
2025
Goods exports
$337B
2025
$51.5B
2025
Service imports
$116B
2025
$19.6B
2025
Service exports
$91.6B
2025
$19.6B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.7%
2025
20.4%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.2%
2025
15%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Australia Colombia
Economic freedom 80.1 59.8
Economic freedom ranking 5/197 101/197
Property rights 88.2 43.1
Government integrity 88.1 41.6
Judicial effectiveness 96.3 57.4
Tax burden 61.8 68.6
Government spending 56.6 64
Fiscal health 89 49.8
Business freedom 92.3 71.2
Labor freedom 61.5 59.1
Monetary freedom 77.2 71.9
Trade freedom 89.8 71.4
Investment freedom 80 60
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Australia
Colombia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Australia Colombia
2026 80.1 59.8
2025 79.3 59.8
2024 76.2 59.2
2023 74.8 63.1
2022 77.7 65.1
2021 82.4 68.1
2020 82.6 69.2
2019 80.9 67.3
2018 80.9 68.9
2017 81 69.7
2016 80.3 70.8
2015 81.4 71.7
2014 82 70.7
2013 82.6 69.6
2012 83.1 68
2011 82.5 68
2010 82.6 65.5
2009 82.6 62.3
2008 82.2 62.2
2007 81.1 59.9
2006 79.9 60.4
2005 79 59.6
2004 77.9 61.2
2003 77.4 64.2
2002 77.3 64.2
2001 77.4 65.6
2000 77.1 63.3
1999 76.4 65.3
1998 75.6 65.5
1997 75.5 66.4
1996 74 64.3
1995 74.1 64.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/australia/colombia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Australia is 80.1, ranking 5/197, compared to 59.8 for Colombia, ranking 101/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Australia Colombia
Services, % of GDP
67.5%
2025
58.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
23.9%
2025
21.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.27%
2025
9.95%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.77T
2025
$422B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$69,930
2025
$22,250
2025
Total reserves including gold
$72.6B
2025
$65.8B
2025
Total reserves ranking
37/177
2025
41/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$41.1B
2025
-$7.31B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$53.7B
2024
$13.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.9B
2024
$4.51B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
8.17%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
31.8%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.5%
2025
16.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1901–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.