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Economy of Eswatini vs South Africa compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Eswatini has a GDP of $4.89B compared to $400B for South Africa, ranking 162/197 and 41/197 by economy size, respectively.

Eswatini has $1.82B in government debt (38.7% of GDP), compared to $306B (79.6% of GDP) in South Africa.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Eswatini
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
South Africa
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Eswatini South Africa
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $35,076,846 - $8,748,596,501 $65,652,787,806
1961 $43,026,043 - $9,225,996,310 $68,176,962,954
1962 $45,927,962 - $9,813,996,074 $72,388,888,581
1963 $54,129,438 - $10,854,195,658 $77,726,634,753
1964 $64,980,554 - $11,955,995,218 $83,897,825,365
1965 $70,279,972 - $13,068,994,772 $89,034,719,820
1966 $76,859,969 - $14,211,394,315 $92,986,424,439
1967 $74,759,970 - $15,821,393,671 $99,678,213,921
1968 $79,799,968 - $17,124,793,150 $103,818,221,928
1969 $105,419,958 - $19,256,992,297 $108,714,188,432
1970 $112,139,955 $401,852,565 $21,218,391,513 $114,420,228,111
1971 $136,462,081 $457,081,710 $23,411,076,638 $119,316,194,616
1972 $146,736,479 $481,875,167 $24,515,919,217 $121,290,674,451
1973 $221,915,128 $525,333,916 $33,262,772,008 $126,836,017,070
1974 $264,320,941 $555,506,401 $41,389,186,095 $134,587,120,945
1975 $288,299,789 $632,768,698 $42,906,905,672 $136,868,956,456
1976 $272,550,068 $619,357,559 $41,150,460,288 $139,948,316,810
1977 $304,060,076 $625,610,549 $45,328,411,332 $139,816,794,619
1978 $340,630,085 $633,913,207 $51,607,412,902 $144,031,543,620
1979 $412,093,134 $653,608,542 $63,038,658,089 $149,491,087,028
1980 $541,976,853 $734,976,610 $89,411,864,402 $159,388,269,161
1981 $570,774,825 $842,587,777 $93,141,472,164 $167,932,741,244
1982 $537,568,059 $852,467,691 $85,904,057,409 $167,288,855,025
1983 $555,336,146 $862,717,378 $96,204,110,942 $164,199,769,714
1984 $494,483,409 $915,875,910 $84,870,163,366 $172,572,564,948
1985 $360,079,419 $950,609,732 $64,459,376,087 $170,481,777,772
1986 $449,140,318 $1,067,197,054 $73,354,771,399 $170,512,207,474
1987 $584,126,092 $1,223,078,154 $96,535,763,418 $174,094,206,900
1988 $692,026,455 $1,303,432,207 $103,976,831,871 $181,406,354,481
1989 $696,921,542 $1,471,719,695 $108,055,624,082 $185,750,664,997
1990 $1,114,694,041 $1,781,045,749 $126,048,140,142 $185,160,422,892
1991 $1,156,135,718 $1,812,398,860 $135,203,698,238 $183,275,036,204
1992 $1,284,759,928 $1,870,870,590 $146,956,150,987 $179,358,388,483
1993 $1,357,189,552 $1,928,981,970 $147,194,747,566 $181,570,878,123
1994 $1,419,294,254 $1,975,290,870 $153,512,712,382 $187,381,146,228
1995 $1,698,989,464 $2,070,611,521 $171,735,933,897 $193,189,961,763
1996 $1,602,741,834 $2,150,165,529 $163,234,925,381 $201,497,130,113
1997 $1,716,714,070 $2,216,880,978 $168,978,057,328 $206,736,055,499
1998 $1,576,908,856 $2,274,609,434 $152,982,984,557 $207,769,735,777
1999 $1,547,888,496 $2,341,730,319 $151,516,957,079 $212,756,209,431
2000 $1,738,093,840 $2,382,948,839 $151,752,757,215 $221,691,970,228
2001 $1,542,477,309 $2,408,083,352 $135,429,905,923 $227,677,653,425
2002 $1,432,221,739 $2,513,559,784 $129,087,556,612 $236,102,579,036
2003 $2,197,598,466 $2,611,091,276 $197,018,965,309 $243,065,422,272
2004 $2,770,082,792 $2,705,714,981 $255,806,908,595 $254,135,982,543
2005 $3,178,112,499 $2,868,024,775 $288,867,217,197 $267,546,870,424
2006 $3,291,330,019 $3,039,881,607 $303,858,675,364 $282,539,679,230
2007 $3,469,381,231 $3,174,711,772 $333,077,117,254 $297,685,145,427
2008 $3,294,084,314 $3,200,797,233 $316,131,258,616 $307,184,409,061
2009 $3,580,428,053 $3,250,891,273 $329,754,060,647 $302,459,639,040
2010 $4,438,765,086 $3,374,222,126 $417,363,822,802 $311,653,604,140
2011 $4,820,478,680 $3,450,048,645 $458,199,494,831 $321,528,523,982
2012 $4,886,551,484 $3,636,235,032 $434,400,545,086 $329,233,094,599
2013 $4,464,726,181 $3,776,637,841 $400,886,013,596 $337,416,077,838
2014 $4,286,015,248 $3,830,866,489 $381,198,869,776 $342,186,555,601
2015 $3,909,281,650 $3,909,281,650 $346,709,790,459 $346,709,790,459
2016 $3,724,180,911 $4,092,073,634 $323,585,509,674 $349,013,858,373
2017 $4,463,673,661 $4,151,686,675 $381,448,814,653 $353,055,253,707
2018 $4,644,696,656 $4,162,339,322 $405,260,723,893 $358,551,560,869
2019 $4,616,996,145 $4,415,541,767 $389,330,032,224 $359,483,563,937
2020 $4,120,621,325 $4,289,130,011 $337,974,655,408 $337,307,318,680
2021 $4,785,708,166 $4,436,460,293 $420,886,877,629 $354,021,006,264
2022 $4,741,163,885 $4,486,130,489 $406,920,004,594 $360,788,046,854
2023 $4,604,172,127 $4,640,654,280 $380,699,271,816 $363,308,097,942
2024 $4,891,883,720 $4,763,200,252 $400,260,724,226 $365,414,753,362

Economic indicators

Eswatini South Africa
Gross domestic product
$4.89B
2024
$400B
2024
GDP rank
162/197
2024
41/197
2024
GDP growth
6.25%
2023-2024
5.14%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$3,936
2024
$6,253
2024
GDP per capita rank
131/197
2024
112/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,784
2024
$15,457
2024
Government debt
$1.82B
2024
$306B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
38.7%
2025
79.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$1,465
2024
$4,775
2024
Government debt per person rank
129/185
2024
83/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,418
2025
$13,449
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$234M
2007
$986B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
90,595
2024
Number of billionaires
1
2025
7
2025
Income share by richest 10%
42.7%
2016
50.5%
2014
Income share by poorest 10%
1.4%
2016
0.9%
2014
Government expenditure, % of GDP
32.8%
2025
34%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.6%
2018-2019
4.36%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
7%
2024
7%
2025
Unemployment rate
34.6%
2023
32.3%
2024
Population
1267161
65314246

GDP per capita in Eswatini vs South Africa

Eswatini's GDP per capita is $3,936, ranking 131/197, compared to $6,253 in South Africa, ranking 112/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Eswatini ranks 125th at $11,784, while South Africa ranks 113th at $15,457.

Eswatini
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Africa
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Eswatini South Africa
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $101.6 - $532 -
1961 $121.8 - $546 -
1962 $127.1 - $563 -
1963 $146.4 - $605 -
1964 $171.6 - $646 -
1965 $181 - $685 -
1966 $192.7 - $722 -
1967 $182.8 - $779 -
1968 $190.4 - $817 -
1969 $245.2 - $891 -
1970 $254.2 - $952 -
1971 $301 - $1,020 -
1972 $315 - $1,038 -
1973 $463 - $1,369 -
1974 $536 - $1,656 -
1975 $568 - $1,670 -
1976 $521 - $1,559 -
1977 $563 - $1,671 -
1978 $610 - $1,852 -
1979 $714 - $2,202 -
1980 $908 - $3,029 -
1981 $925 - $3,050 -
1982 $843 - $2,717 -
1983 $843 - $2,938 -
1984 $726 - $2,504 -
1985 $510 - $1,839 -
1986 $611 - $2,027 -
1987 $765 - $2,586 -
1988 $865 - $2,702 -
1989 $832 - $2,727 -
1990 $1,278 $3,218 $3,093 $6,382
1991 $1,273 $3,252 $3,243 $6,383
1992 $1,362 $3,305 $3,462 $6,275
1993 $1,397 $3,388 $3,400 $6,375
1994 $1,461 $3,544 $3,489 $6,611
1995 $1,751 $3,796 $3,856 $6,875
1996 $1,619 $3,935 $3,618 $7,208
1997 $1,705 $4,059 $3,700 $7,433
1998 $1,547 $4,157 $3,310 $7,463
1999 $1,502 $4,294 $3,242 $7,667
2000 $1,669 $4,423 $3,218 $8,095
2001 $1,468 $4,528 $2,847 $8,428
2002 $1,352 $4,762 $2,688 $8,792
2003 $2,060 $5,010 $4,062 $9,139
2004 $2,581 $5,299 $5,221 $9,714
2005 $2,945 $5,761 $5,837 $10,441
2006 $3,035 $6,264 $6,077 $11,250
2007 $3,181 $6,680 $6,592 $12,047
2008 $3,000 $6,818 $6,185 $12,525
2009 $3,240 $6,923 $6,375 $12,261
2010 $3,993 $7,231 $7,973 $12,637
2011 $4,312 $7,504 $8,646 $13,143
2012 $4,348 $7,756 $8,077 $12,987
2013 $3,951 $8,234 $7,332 $13,369
2014 $3,772 $8,368 $6,857 $13,359
2015 $3,421 $8,393 $6,112 $13,398
2016 $3,240 $8,488 $5,651 $13,519
2017 $3,854 $8,586 $6,618 $13,738
2018 $3,973 $8,537 $6,914 $13,347
2019 $3,913 $9,248 $6,534 $13,361
2020 $3,455 $9,298 $5,581 $12,671
2021 $3,966 $9,946 $6,843 $13,711
2022 $3,890 $10,665 $6,523 $14,759
2023 $3,742 $11,322 $6,023 $15,194
2024 $3,936 $11,784 $6,253 $15,457

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Eswatini's government spending was $1.59B, accounting for 32.8% of its GDP, while South Africa's spent $133B, or 34% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 38.7% in Eswatini and 79.6% in South Africa, ranking 138/185 and 42/185, respectively.

Eswatini
Government spending

Government debt
South Africa
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Eswatini South Africa
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 - - 16.7% 52.9%
1961 - - 15.7% 52.8%
1962 - - 15.9% 45.7%
1963 - - 15.9% 43.4%
1964 - - 11.3% 30%
1965 - - 18.2% 42.7%
1966 - - 18.3% 41.4%
1967 - - 18.8% 41.1%
1968 - - 19.4% 42.7%
1969 - - 18.8% 44.4%
1970 - - 20% 43.3%
1971 - - 19.9% 41.1%
1972 - - 22.9% 41.1%
1973 - - 21% 38.2%
1974 - - 19.1% 33.7%
1975 - - 21.2% 32.8%
1976 - - 23% 35%
1977 - - 27.3% 45.3%
1978 - - 26.8% 44.7%
1979 - - 26.5% 41.9%
1980 15.3% 27.2% 21.8% 33.3%
1981 18.9% 24.3% 23.3% 27.4%
1982 18.1% 29.2% 23.8% 31.3%
1983 17% 28.7% 25.1% 28.7%
1984 17% 29.7% 25.2% 23.2%
1985 19% 45.5% 26.8% 26.3%
1986 18.8% 44% 27.8% 32.5%
1987 16.8% 36.1% 28% 33.5%
1988 16.6% 27.5% 23.9% 30.6%
1989 15.4% 26.8% 29.6% 33.3%
1990 18.2% 20.4% 28.7% 31.8%
1991 19.7% 20.1% 27.8% 34.7%
1992 25.2% 16.6% 29.8% 34.8%
1993 23.3% 15.2% 29.1% 39.8%
1994 24% 13.4% 31.3% 46.4%
1995 19.9% 12.5% 27.2% 47%
1996 22.6% 11.6% 28.5% 44.3%
1997 20.6% 12.6% 27.9% 45.8%
1998 21.8% 15.5% 27.1% 45.8%
1999 25.8% 16.7% 26.7% 45.9%
2000 24.6% 18.2% 22.6% 37.9%
2001 25.7% 21.8% 22.6% 38%
2002 26.4% 17.1% 22.2% 31.8%
2003 25.6% 17.5% 22.6% 31.5%
2004 31% 15% 22.7% 30.7%
2005 28.9% 13.5% 25.1% 29.6%
2006 27.4% 14.6% 24.7% 28%
2007 30.3% 16.1% 24.4% 24.3%
2008 33.4% 14.6% 26% 24%
2009 33.5% 10.5% 28.5% 27%
2010 30.7% 14.1% 28.3% 31.2%
2011 25.3% 14.7% 28.1% 34.7%
2012 27% 14.8% 28.6% 37.4%
2013 28.5% 15% 28.9% 40.4%
2014 32.2% 13.9% 29.3% 43.3%
2015 34.3% 15.8% 30.2% 45.2%
2016 34.6% 20% 29.9% 47.1%
2017 35.5% 22.2% 29.9% 48.6%
2018 35% 26.9% 30.2% 51.5%
2019 34.1% 31.5% 31.4% 56.1%
2020 34% 39.6% 34.6% 68.9%
2021 29.7% 37.9% 32.5% 68.7%
2022 30.5% 42.2% 31.9% 70.8%
2023 30.1% 37.9% 32.5% 73.4%
2024 32.4% 37.2% 33.2% 76.4%
2025 32.8% 38.7% 34% 79.6%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Eswatini's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$95M, equivalent to -1.94% of GDP. This compares to South Africa's deficit of -$24.2B, or -6.05% of GDP.

Over the past 45 years, Eswatini recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while South Africa ran a deficit in 43 years. On average, Eswatini posted an annual deficit equal to -1.29% of GDP, compared to deficit of -4% of GDP for South Africa.

Deficit/surplus
Eswatini

South Africa
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Eswatini South Africa
1913 - -4.15%
1914 - -11.6%
1915 - -10.7%
1916 - -2.57%
1917 - -3.52%
1918 - -3.7%
1919 - -2.6%
1920 - -5.52%
1921 - -5.38%
1922 - -4.51%
1923 - -5.53%
1924 - -4.72%
1925 - -4.92%
1926 - -4.76%
1927 - -3.79%
1928 - -3.29%
1929 - -4.41%
1930 - -5.19%
1931 - -5.31%
1932 - -4.72%
1933 - -3.31%
1934 - -3.29%
1935 - -3.2%
1936 - -2.58%
1937 - -2.16%
1938 - -3.91%
1939 - -2.96%
1940 - -10.9%
1941 - -7.3%
1942 - -9.08%
1943 - -8.49%
1944 - -8.94%
1945 - -7.41%
1946 - -4.03%
1947 - -1.82%
1948 - -6.03%
1949 - -6.87%
1950 - -2.33%
1951 - -0.4%
1952 - -4.14%
1953 - -3.72%
1954 - -2.53%
1955 - -2.9%
1956 - -2.12%
1957 - -2.8%
1958 - -3.5%
1959 - -4.4%
1960 - -2.36%
1961 - -3.25%
1962 - -1.4%
1963 - -2.26%
1964 - -1.19%
1965 - -3.15%
1966 - -3.04%
1967 - -3.8%
1968 - -3.38%
1969 - -3.94%
1970 - -3.19%
1971 - -1.96%
1972 - -5.39%
1973 - -4.54%
1974 - -1.5%
1975 - -2.62%
1976 - -4.19%
1977 - -5.52%
1978 - -5.42%
1979 - -4.65%
1980 5.11% -1.91%
1981 -3.4% -3.72%
1982 0.08% -3.88%
1983 -0.44% -5.3%
1984 0.95% -5.24%
1985 -1.13% -4.86%
1986 -2.28% -5.69%
1987 2% -6.36%
1988 3.42% -3.29%
1989 5.65% -8.3%
1990 5.45% -3.82%
1991 3.3% -4.85%
1992 -2.81% -7.09%
1993 -3.2% -8.54%
1994 -3.51% -8.09%
1995 0.87% -4.38%
1996 -0.97% -4.53%
1997 2.05% -4.08%
1998 1.04% -2.56%
1999 -1.23% -2.21%
2000 -1.19% -1.38%
2001 -2.25% -1.02%
2002 -3.67% -0.96%
2003 -2.09% -1.59%
2004 -3.98% -1.04%
2005 -1.65% -0.1%
2006 8.62% 0.81%
2007 2.36% 1.22%
2008 1.58% -0.49%
2009 -2.97% -4.67%
2010 -9.24% -4.51%
2011 -3.9% -3.7%
2012 3.38% -4.04%
2013 0.57% -3.9%
2014 -1.15% -3.93%
2015 -6.14% -4.37%
2016 -9.09% -3.72%
2017 -6.93% -4.02%
2018 -9.66% -3.73%
2019 -6.7% -5.07%
2020 -4.62% -9.62%
2021 -4.59% -5.52%
2022 -4.74% -4.26%
2023 0.94% -5.45%
2024 -1.94% -6.05%
2025 -5.51% -6.55%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 24 years, Eswatini has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.84%, compared with 5.58% in South Africa. In 2019, inflation was 2.6% in Eswatini and 4.36% in South Africa.

Inflation
Eswatini

South Africa
Year Inflation
Eswatini South Africa Eswatini South Africa
1996 6.43% 7.35%
1997 7.13% 8.6%
1998 8.11% 6.88%
1999 6.09% 5.18%
2000 12.2% 5.34%
2001 5.94% 5.7%
2002 12% 9.49%
2003 7.29% 5.68%
2004 3.45% -0.69%
2005 4.77% 2.06%
2006 5.3% 3.24%
2007 8.08% 6.18%
2008 12.7% 9.91%
2009 7.45% 7.24%
2010 4.51% 4.07%
2011 6.11% 5%
2012 8.94% 5.74%
2013 5.62% 5.78%
2014 5.68% 6.13%
2015 4.95% 4.52%
2016 7.85% 6.6%
2017 6.22% 5.19%
2018 4.82% 4.51%
2019 2.6% 4.1%
2020 - 3.23%
2021 - 4.62%
2022 - 7.04%
2023 - 6.08%
2024 - 4.36%

Top exports between countries

Eswatini
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $516M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $394M
Textiles & consumer goods $224M
Wood & paper products $144M
Raw materials & minerals $81.5M
Machinery & equipment $27.5M
Raw agricultural goods $14M
Miscellaneous $5.54M
Metals $3.68M
Animal & marine products $2.06M
South Africa
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $414M
Machinery & equipment $299M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $220M
Chemicals & pharma $201M
Textiles & consumer goods $168M
Raw agricultural goods $153M
Metals $103M
Wood & paper products $73M
Animal & marine products $40.3M
Miscellaneous $14.1M

Balance of trade

Eswatini South Africa
Current account balance
$108M
2023
-$2.58B
2024
Current account balance ranking
65/189
2023
149/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+2.34%
2023
-0.64%
2024
Goods imports
$1.86B
2023
$99.8B
2024
Goods exports
$2.03B
2023
$112B
2024
Service imports
$489M
2023
$20B
2024
Service exports
$145M
2023
$16.1B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
51.4%
2023
29.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
48.7%
2023
31.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Eswatini South Africa
Economic freedom 56.4 57.3
Economic freedom ranking 118/197 114/197
Property rights 44.8 44.3
Government integrity 29.9 45.1
Judicial effectiveness 36.8 57.7
Tax burden 76.1 67.9
Government spending 73.9 68.6
Fiscal health 70.6 45.8
Business freedom 49.5 64
Labor freedom 55.9 71
Monetary freedom 76.1 74.5
Trade freedom 73.6 68.4
Investment freedom 50 40
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Eswatini is 56.4, ranking 118/197, compared to 57.3 for South Africa, ranking 114/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Eswatini
South Africa
Year Economic freedom index
Eswatini South Africa
1995 63.3 60.7
1996 58.6 62.5
1997 59.4 63.2
1998 62 64.3
1999 62.1 63.3
2000 62.6 63.7
2001 63.6 63.8
2002 60.9 64
2003 59.6 67.1
2004 58.6 66.3
2005 59.4 62.9
2006 61.4 63.7
2007 60.1 63.5
2008 58.4 63.4
2009 59.1 63.8
2010 57.4 62.8
2011 59.1 62.7
2012 57.2 62.7
2013 57.2 61.8
2014 61.2 62.5
2015 59.9 62.6
2016 59.7 61.9
2017 61.1 62.3
2018 55.9 63
2019 54.7 58.3
2020 55.3 58.8
2021 55.1 59.7
2022 51.4 56.2
2023 54.9 55.7
2024 55.6 55.3
2025 56.4 57.3

More economic indicators

Eswatini South Africa
Services, % of GDP
51.7%
2023
62.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
34.7%
2023
24.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
6.78%
2023
2.92%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.45B
2024
$390B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$10,750
2024
$15,150
2024
Total reserves including gold
$479M
2023
$65.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
159/177
2023
36/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$50.8M
2023
-$3.59B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$75.5M
2024
$2.33B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$63.8M
2024
-$1.26B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
3.92%
2023
6.1%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
58.9%
2016
55.5%
2014
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.2%
2023
13.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.