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Economy of Brunei vs Bulgaria compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Brunei has a GDP of $15.3B compared to $113B for Bulgaria, ranking 142/197 and 67/197 by economy size, respectively.

Brunei has $351M in government debt (2.13% of GDP), compared to $26.5B (29.5% of GDP) in Bulgaria.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Brunei
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Bulgaria
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Brunei Bulgaria
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1965 $114,039,501 - - -
1966 $132,757,528 - - -
1967 $139,029,537 - - -
1968 $160,818,236 - - -
1969 $161,210,236 - - -
1970 $179,078,929 - - -
1971 $197,525,768 - - -
1972 $270,822,782 - - -
1973 $433,095,527 - - -
1974 $2,319,576,214 $9,912,272,268 - -
1975 $2,496,420,258 $9,848,309,210 - -
1976 $3,054,765,590 $11,904,059,045 - -
1977 $3,681,242,528 $13,086,612,418 - -
1978 $4,100,423,674 $14,005,179,314 - -
1979 $6,044,367,628 $17,413,814,293 - -
1980 $10,795,432,294 $15,723,288,140 $19,839,230,769 $30,370,601,226
1981 $9,367,218,664 $12,203,657,763 $19,870,000,000 $31,858,809,844
1982 $8,932,198,186 $12,484,528,604 $19,342,000,000 $32,602,574,656
1983 $7,927,590,750 $12,534,388,985 $16,563,666,667 $33,720,942,703
1984 $7,632,788,075 $12,236,497,489 $17,594,944,444 $34,866,255,511
1985 $6,967,623,884 $11,880,752,640 $17,155,421,053 $35,801,870,816
1986 $4,190,280,003 $11,238,334,169 $20,249,294,118 $37,308,271,049
1987 $4,918,010,080 $11,472,489,832 $28,101,000,000 $39,567,105,483
1988 $4,535,130,305 $11,296,288,084 $22,555,941,176 $43,897,603,337
1989 $4,983,622,881 $10,988,327,049 $21,988,444,444 $42,453,423,956
1990 $6,039,881,087 $11,278,756,616 $20,632,090,909 $38,582,785,204
1991 $6,284,497,294 $11,607,042,427 $7,628,738,475 $35,324,331,946
1992 $6,327,966,435 $11,244,830,876 $8,602,887,623 $32,755,409,472
1993 $6,203,339,912 $11,173,578,043 $10,832,064,942 $32,270,559,030
1994 $6,467,782,518 $11,284,502,059 $9,709,240,034 $32,857,241,446
1995 $7,700,144,069 $11,436,537,451 $18,991,484,420 $33,809,161,451
1996 $7,663,377,306 $11,433,413,508 $12,294,964,838 $35,569,061,221
1997 $7,793,034,376 $12,158,742,971 $11,316,127,379 $30,548,352,778
1998 $5,550,846,020 $11,349,316,081 $15,031,055,047 $31,705,866,816
1999 $6,309,070,378 $11,832,878,907 $13,637,098,579 $29,043,813,400
2000 $6,570,999,088 $12,244,033,143 $13,245,990,274 $30,376,118,589
2001 $6,096,155,767 $12,423,538,116 $14,183,446,026 $31,537,611,343
2002 $6,333,082,876 $12,915,688,988 $16,403,043,850 $33,389,478,146
2003 $7,167,725,262 $13,378,513,545 $21,144,957,990 $35,138,136,419
2004 $8,619,178,774 $13,392,499,225 $26,157,743,369 $37,425,778,713
2005 $10,547,202,621 $13,391,973,527 $29,868,657,858 $40,066,672,176
2006 $12,644,616,419 $13,940,831,854 $34,380,536,496 $42,792,243,384
2007 $13,432,029,484 $13,416,151,464 $44,431,257,129 $45,639,805,261
2008 $15,926,456,515 $12,892,826,165 $54,480,684,188 $48,437,323,785
2009 $11,912,904,510 $12,647,829,763 $52,023,801,230 $46,816,058,020
2010 $13,707,121,038 $12,994,552,865 $50,689,051,382 $47,544,216,166
2011 $18,524,791,063 $13,481,121,715 $57,681,293,007 $48,537,973,523
2012 $19,048,443,341 $13,604,222,581 $54,297,052,002 $48,901,433,350
2013 $18,094,148,099 $13,315,162,383 $55,819,262,375 $48,636,020,141
2014 $17,097,797,386 $12,981,233,119 $57,080,897,012 $49,097,794,392
2015 $12,930,296,870 $12,930,296,870 $50,765,918,159 $50,765,918,159
2016 $11,400,266,045 $12,609,894,753 $53,929,397,039 $52,302,413,862
2017 $12,128,168,045 $12,777,445,780 $59,167,647,388 $53,738,599,841
2018 $13,566,908,391 $12,784,137,462 $66,097,226,262 $54,990,790,972
2019 $13,469,235,365 $13,278,735,843 $68,507,731,354 $57,076,766,353
2020 $12,005,799,654 $13,429,260,054 $70,486,877,546 $55,288,418,257
2021 $14,006,496,617 $13,215,632,407 $84,374,613,233 $59,616,490,916
2022 $16,681,536,467 $13,000,438,096 $90,506,153,294 $62,051,147,381
2023 $15,095,084,656 $13,147,036,779 $102,199,231,385 $63,094,544,094
2024 $15,340,808,592 $13,679,822,692 $113,343,355,780 $65,231,613,491

Economic indicators

Brunei Bulgaria
Gross domestic product
$15.3B
2024
$113B
2024
GDP rank
142/197
2024
67/197
2024
GDP growth
1.63%
2023-2024
10.9%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$33,153
2024
$17,596
2024
GDP per capita rank
36/197
2024
64/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$89,879
2024
$41,520
2024
Government debt
$351M
2024
$26.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
2.13%
2026
29.5%
2026
Government debt per person
$759
2024
$4,110
2024
Government debt per person rank
153/185
2024
92/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,191
2026
$12,784
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$8.41B
2024
Number of billionaires n/a
2
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
31.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
2.1%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
29.3%
2026
38.2%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
0.6%
2025-2026
3.4%
2025-2026
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.82%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.3%
2023
4.17%
2024
Population
469802
6355610

GDP per capita in Brunei vs Bulgaria

Brunei's GDP per capita is $33,153, ranking 36/197, compared to $17,596 in Bulgaria, ranking 64/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Brunei ranks 9th at $89,879, while Bulgaria ranks 55th at $41,520.

Brunei
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Bulgaria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Brunei Bulgaria
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1965 $1,029 - - -
1966 $1,146 - - -
1967 $1,149 - - -
1968 $1,274 - - -
1969 $1,226 - - -
1970 $1,325 - - -
1971 $1,432 - - -
1972 $1,905 - - -
1973 $2,939 - - -
1974 $15,195 - - -
1975 $15,793 - - -
1976 $18,671 - - -
1977 $21,747 - - -
1978 $23,447 - - -
1979 $33,501 - - -
1980 $58,005 - $2,239 -
1981 $48,793 - $2,235 -
1982 $45,075 - $2,169 -
1983 $38,720 - $1,853 -
1984 $36,061 - $1,964 -
1985 $31,827 - $1,915 -
1986 $18,501 - $2,260 -
1987 $21,030 - $3,132 -
1988 $18,825 - $2,511 -
1989 $20,090 - $2,477 -
1990 $23,659 $70,201 $2,367 $7,543
1991 $23,932 $72,610 $884 $7,211
1992 $23,451 $70,016 $1,007 $6,912
1993 $22,397 $69,387 $1,279 $7,027
1994 $22,767 $69,779 $1,150 $7,333
1995 $26,443 $70,440 $2,259 $7,738
1996 $25,692 $70,008 $1,470 $6,846
1997 $25,522 $73,980 $1,361 $5,749
1998 $17,769 $68,257 $1,820 $6,178
1999 $19,752 $70,585 $1,661 $5,808
2000 $20,130 $73,087 $1,621 $6,423
2001 $18,288 $74,254 $1,771 $6,961
2002 $18,621 $76,838 $2,093 $7,786
2003 $20,678 $79,632 $2,719 $8,417
2004 $24,423 $80,404 $3,390 $9,202
2005 $29,386 $81,534 $3,900 $10,291
2006 $34,675 $86,114 $4,523 $11,408
2007 $36,217 $83,693 $5,889 $12,822
2008 $42,157 $80,477 $7,271 $14,347
2009 $30,946 $77,957 $6,988 $14,181
2010 $34,938 $79,543 $6,854 $14,956
2011 $46,383 $82,735 $7,850 $15,747
2012 $46,969 $87,256 $7,432 $16,327
2013 $44,003 $83,237 $7,796 $16,894
2014 $41,027 $81,226 $8,070 $17,991
2015 $30,625 $62,708 $7,269 $18,901
2016 $26,663 $56,680 $7,822 $20,745
2017 $28,024 $61,658 $8,697 $22,317
2018 $30,988 $65,149 $9,849 $23,997
2019 $30,427 $69,354 $10,354 $26,765
2020 $26,834 $69,788 $10,760 $27,352
2021 $31,007 $78,249 $12,966 $30,959
2022 $36,633 $81,802 $13,999 $35,815
2023 $32,891 $85,033 $15,853 $37,435
2024 $33,153 $89,879 $17,596 $41,520

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Brunei's government spending was $4.56B, accounting for 29.3% of its GDP, while Bulgaria's spent $41.5B, or 38.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 2.13% in Brunei and 29.5% in Bulgaria, ranking 185/185 and 160/185, respectively.

Brunei
Government spending

Government debt
Bulgaria
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Brunei Bulgaria
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1990 28.2% 0% - -
1991 27.1% 0% - -
1992 30.1% 0% - -
1993 33.5% 0% - -
1994 41.6% 0% - -
1995 38.8% 0% 45.4% 72%
1996 32.6% 0% 44% 113.8%
1997 34.4% 0% 32.9% 88.4%
1998 40.1% 0% 30.6% 67.3%
1999 39% 0% 36.2% 78.7%
2000 37.5% 0% 37.1% 73.3%
2001 35.5% 0% 36.5% 67.1%
2002 41.4% 0% 35.1% 53.4%
2003 30.9% 0% 35.8% 45.4%
2004 33.2% 0% 34.6% 37.8%
2005 29.1% 0% 34% 28.5%
2006 28% 0.59% 32.5% 22.6%
2007 29.3% 0.68% 33.1% 17.6%
2008 27.2% 0.94% 33.5% 14.7%
2009 34.8% 1.11% 33.8% 14.5%
2010 36.2% 1.11% 34.6% 14.1%
2011 29.7% 2.13% 32% 14.3%
2012 31% 2.1% 32.5% 16.5%
2013 33.6% 2.21% 35.5% 17.2%
2014 34.1% 3.23% 37.1% 26.3%
2015 38.7% 2.95% 37.3% 25.4%
2016 39.4% 3% 32.7% 27%
2017 36.6% 2.83% 32% 22.9%
2018 32.2% 2.59% 34.4% 20.1%
2019 32.4% 2.58% 36% 18.4%
2020 33.2% 2.86% 37.6% 22.7%
2021 29.3% 2.51% 38.4% 22.4%
2022 26.4% 2.06% 37.6% 21.5%
2023 29.4% 2.33% 37.4% 21.9%
2024 29.8% 2.29% 36.6% 23.4%
2025 30% 2.21% 39% 28%
2026 29.3% 2.13% 38.2% 29.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Brunei's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$1.56B, equivalent to -10.2% of GDP. This compares to Bulgaria's deficit of -$3.43B, or -3.03% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Brunei recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Bulgaria ran a deficit in 18 years. On average, Brunei posted an annual deficit equal to -1.27% of GDP, compared to deficit of -0.89% of GDP for Bulgaria.

Deficit/surplus
Brunei

Bulgaria
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Brunei Bulgaria
1924 - 1.26%
1925 - -0.97%
1926 - -0.25%
1927 - -0.02%
1928 - -1.09%
1929 - -6.67%
1930 - -5.48%
1931 - -3.07%
1932 - -2.14%
1933 - -0.56%
1934 - -0.12%
1935 - 1.34%
1936 - 1.17%
1937 - 1.41%
1938 - 1%
1939 - 0.72%
1940 - 0.75%
1941 - 3.96%
1942 - -0.3%
1943 - 0%
1944 - 0%
1945 - 0%
1946 - 0%
1947 - 0%
1948 - 0%
1949 - 0%
1950 - 0%
1951 - 0%
1952 - 0%
1953 - 0%
1954 - 0%
1955 - 0%
1956 - 0%
1957 - 0%
1958 - 0%
1959 - 0%
1960 - 0%
1961 - 0%
1962 - 0%
1963 - 0%
1964 - 0%
1965 - 0%
1966 - 0%
1967 - 0%
1968 - 0%
1969 - 0%
1970 - 0%
1971 - 0%
1972 - 0%
1973 - 0%
1974 - 0%
1975 - 0%
1976 - 0%
1977 - 0%
1978 - 0%
1979 - 0%
1980 - 0%
1981 - 0%
1982 - 0%
1983 - 0%
1984 - 0%
1985 - 0%
1986 - 0%
1987 - 0%
1988 - 0%
1989 - 0%
1990 -1.44% 0%
1991 -0.94% 0%
1992 -7.31% 0%
1993 -11.3% 0%
1994 -19.9% 0%
1995 -17.5% -7.98%
1996 -7.69% -10.1%
1997 -10.4% 0.83%
1998 -21.2% 1.08%
1999 -16.1% 0.15%
2000 6.86% -0.6%
2001 2.59% -0.58%
2002 -4.61% -0.61%
2003 8.06% 0.003%
2004 8.57% 1.59%
2005 16% 2.19%
2006 19.8% 3.22%
2007 3.12% 3.09%
2008 36.1% 2.73%
2009 3.61% -0.86%
2010 7.61% -3.77%
2011 25.6% -1.83%
2012 15.8% -0.43%
2013 13% -1.75%
2014 3.58% -3.65%
2015 -14.5% -2.77%
2016 -21.7% 1.54%
2017 -10.4% 0.82%
2018 -3.59% 0.12%
2019 -3.69% -0.96%
2020 -15.8% -2.92%
2021 -8.16% -2.8%
2022 2.53% -0.8%
2023 -10.9% -3.03%
2024 -10.2% -3.03%
2025 -10.3% -3.03%
2026 -11.1% -2.96%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 30 years, Brunei has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 0.5%, compared with 39.9% in Bulgaria. In 2026, inflation was 0.6% in Brunei and 3.4% in Bulgaria.

Inflation
Brunei

Bulgaria
Year Inflation
Brunei Bulgaria
1997 1.7% 1,061%
1998 -0.4% 18.7%
1999 -0.4% 2.6%
2000 1.6% 10.3%
2001 0.6% 7.4%
2002 -2.3% 5.8%
2003 0.3% 2.3%
2004 0.8% 6.1%
2005 1.2% 6%
2006 0.2% 7.4%
2007 1% 7.6%
2008 2.1% 12%
2009 1% 2.5%
2010 0.4% 3%
2011 0.1% 3.4%
2012 0.1% 2.4%
2013 0.4% 0.4%
2014 -0.2% -1.6%
2015 -0.5% -1.1%
2016 -0.3% -1.3%
2017 -1.3% 1.2%
2018 1% 2.6%
2019 -0.4% 2.5%
2020 1.9% 1.2%
2021 1.7% 2.8%
2022 3.7% 13%
2023 0.4% 8.6%
2024 -0.4% 2.6%
2025 0.4% 3.6%
2026 0.6% 3.4%

Top exports between countries

Brunei
Export category Export value
Bulgaria
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $28K
Machinery & equipment $7K
Metals $1K
Precious metals & jewellery $1K

Balance of trade

Brunei Bulgaria
Current account balance
$2.23B
2024
-$1.74B
2024
Current account balance ranking
45/190
2024
138/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+14.5%
2024
-1.54%
2024
Goods imports
$7.36B
2024
$52.8B
2024
Goods exports
$11.1B
2024
$47.3B
2024
Service imports
$1.75B
2024
$8.26B
2024
Service exports
$410M
2024
$16.6B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
58.3%
2024
53.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
74.3%
2024
56.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Brunei Bulgaria
Economic freedom 67 68.8
Economic freedom ranking 52/197 43/197
Property rights 69.7 75.7
Government integrity 34.2 48.5
Judicial effectiveness 52.8 56.6
Tax burden 95 94.2
Government spending 75.9 56.7
Fiscal health 51.7 91.1
Business freedom 77.1 74.9
Labor freedom 75.1 68
Monetary freedom 72.8 70.8
Trade freedom 84.8 79.6
Investment freedom 65 60
Financial freedom 50 50

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Brunei is 67, ranking 52/197, compared to 68.8 for Bulgaria, ranking 43/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Brunei
Bulgaria
Year Economic freedom index
Brunei Bulgaria
1995 - 50
1996 - 48.6
1997 - 47.6
1998 - 45.7
1999 - 46.2
2000 - 47.3
2001 - 51.9
2002 - 57.1
2003 - 57
2004 - 59.2
2005 - 62.3
2006 - 64.1
2007 - 62.7
2008 - 63.7
2009 - 64.6
2010 - 62.3
2011 - 64.9
2012 - 64.7
2013 - 65
2014 69 65.7
2015 68.9 66.8
2016 67.3 65.9
2017 69.8 67.9
2018 64.2 68.3
2019 65.1 69
2020 66.6 70.2
2021 66.6 70.4
2022 64.8 71
2023 65.7 69.3
2024 65.9 68.5
2025 67 68.8

More economic indicators

Brunei Bulgaria
Services, % of GDP
39%
2024
63.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
61.7%
2024
21.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.17%
2024
2.35%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$16.7B
2024
$99B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$92,750
2024
$39,420
2024
Total reserves including gold
$4.41B
2024
$43.7B
2024
Total reserves ranking
105/177
2024
47/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$29.1M
2024
-$2.22B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$29.1M
2024
$3.48B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$1.25B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
6.8%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
21.7%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.9%
2024
20.4%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.