The latest officially reported population of the Gambia was 2,822,093 in 2025 vs 237,527,782 people in Nigeria in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Gambia's population is 2,916,990 people compared to 245,016,045 in Nigeria.
Population statistics:
- Nigeria's population is 84 times bigger than the Gambia's.
- The Gambia is ranked the 138th most populous country in the world, while Nigeria is the 6th.
- The countries together account for 2.98% of the world: 0.04% for the Gambia vs 2.95% for Nigeria.
- For the last 10 years, the Gambia has had an average growth rate of +2.44% per year vs +2.25% in Nigeria.
- Since 2006, the population of the Gambia has increased from 1.72M people to 2.92M (70.1% growth), while Nigeria has grown from 149M to 245M (64.4% growth).
Gambia vs Nigeria: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Gambia
|
Nigeria
|
|
| 2100 | 5,766,099 | 481,640,156 |
| 2099 | 5,764,092 | 481,456,918 |
| 2098 | 5,761,403 | 481,181,892 |
| 2097 | 5,758,064 | 480,838,161 |
| 2096 | 5,753,864 | 480,422,467 |
| 2095 | 5,748,821 | 479,938,579 |
| 2094 | 5,742,977 | 479,395,022 |
| 2093 | 5,735,465 | 478,769,369 |
| 2092 | 5,727,035 | 478,059,864 |
| 2091 | 5,717,851 | 477,236,907 |
| 2090 | 5,707,322 | 476,329,495 |
| 2089 | 5,695,590 | 475,326,347 |
| 2088 | 5,682,547 | 474,231,442 |
| 2087 | 5,668,415 | 473,035,563 |
| 2086 | 5,653,552 | 471,732,001 |
| 2085 | 5,637,112 | 470,328,175 |
| 2084 | 5,619,538 | 468,806,172 |
| 2083 | 5,600,932 | 467,187,453 |
| 2082 | 5,581,062 | 465,472,417 |
| 2081 | 5,559,781 | 463,643,190 |
| 2080 | 5,537,312 | 461,705,493 |
| 2079 | 5,513,586 | 459,644,523 |
| 2078 | 5,488,256 | 457,477,264 |
| 2077 | 5,461,819 | 455,218,871 |
| 2076 | 5,434,380 | 452,849,991 |
| 2075 | 5,405,474 | 450,367,356 |
| 2074 | 5,375,255 | 447,789,885 |
| 2073 | 5,343,873 | 445,117,028 |
| 2072 | 5,311,755 | 442,340,440 |
| 2071 | 5,278,538 | 439,464,323 |
| 2070 | 5,243,773 | 436,505,329 |
| 2069 | 5,207,961 | 433,437,998 |
| 2068 | 5,170,739 | 430,286,232 |
| 2067 | 5,132,640 | 427,032,499 |
| 2066 | 5,093,072 | 423,702,640 |
| 2065 | 5,051,871 | 420,285,359 |
| 2064 | 5,009,758 | 416,778,394 |
| 2063 | 4,966,686 | 413,198,800 |
| 2062 | 4,922,343 | 409,551,159 |
| 2061 | 4,876,639 | 405,827,482 |
| 2060 | 4,830,317 | 402,041,765 |
| 2059 | 4,783,233 | 398,197,311 |
| 2058 | 4,735,557 | 394,284,767 |
| 2057 | 4,686,764 | 390,311,065 |
| 2056 | 4,637,220 | 386,267,580 |
| 2055 | 4,586,935 | 382,162,992 |
| 2054 | 4,535,328 | 378,000,511 |
| 2053 | 4,483,472 | 373,769,779 |
| 2052 | 4,430,621 | 369,472,476 |
| 2051 | 4,376,942 | 365,120,741 |
| 2050 | 4,322,480 | 360,706,317 |
| 2049 | 4,267,374 | 356,243,287 |
| 2048 | 4,211,530 | 351,724,743 |
| 2047 | 4,154,844 | 347,142,279 |
| 2046 | 4,097,814 | 342,505,549 |
| 2045 | 4,040,118 | 337,807,869 |
| 2044 | 3,981,892 | 333,050,132 |
| 2043 | 3,923,058 | 328,230,652 |
| 2042 | 3,863,611 | 323,363,366 |
| 2041 | 3,804,282 | 318,443,989 |
| 2040 | 3,744,293 | 313,468,061 |
| 2039 | 3,684,045 | 308,450,008 |
| 2038 | 3,623,285 | 303,399,842 |
| 2037 | 3,562,776 | 298,327,800 |
| 2036 | 3,502,038 | 293,227,654 |
| 2035 | 3,441,138 | 288,115,630 |
| 2034 | 3,380,088 | 282,995,818 |
| 2033 | 3,318,743 | 277,875,880 |
| 2032 | 3,257,194 | 272,747,599 |
| 2031 | 3,195,735 | 267,645,657 |
| 2030 | 3,134,115 | 262,562,767 |
| 2029 | 3,072,145 | 257,484,616 |
| 2028 | 3,009,805 | 252,445,821 |
| 2027 | 2,947,443 | 247,437,680 |
| 2026 | 2,884,828 | 242,458,365 |
| 2025 | 2,822,093 | 237,527,782 |
| 2024 | 2,759,988 | 232,679,478 |
| 2023 | 2,697,845 | 227,882,945 |
| 2022 | 2,636,470 | 223,150,896 |
| 2021 | 2,576,010 | 218,529,286 |
| 2020 | 2,515,733 | 213,996,181 |
| 2019 | 2,456,844 | 209,485,641 |
| 2018 | 2,399,632 | 204,938,755 |
| 2017 | 2,342,189 | 200,254,579 |
| 2016 | 2,283,769 | 195,443,700 |
| 2015 | 2,224,529 | 190,671,878 |
| 2014 | 2,164,528 | 185,896,915 |
| 2013 | 2,103,820 | 181,049,443 |
| 2012 | 2,043,094 | 176,200,625 |
| 2011 | 1,983,784 | 171,379,598 |
| 2010 | 1,926,630 | 166,642,886 |
| 2009 | 1,871,422 | 162,049,464 |
| 2008 | 1,817,852 | 157,595,014 |
| 2007 | 1,765,774 | 153,267,261 |
| 2006 | 1,715,275 | 149,077,334 |
| 2005 | 1,667,037 | 145,017,253 |
| 2004 | 1,621,312 | 141,057,045 |
| 2003 | 1,577,611 | 137,202,644 |
| 2002 | 1,535,691 | 133,471,989 |
| 2001 | 1,495,011 | 129,862,595 |
| 2000 | 1,455,084 | 126,382,494 |
| 1999 | 1,415,779 | 123,047,320 |
| 1998 | 1,376,987 | 119,846,254 |
| 1997 | 1,338,889 | 116,754,792 |
| 1996 | 1,301,410 | 113,754,779 |
| 1995 | 1,264,313 | 110,819,428 |
| 1994 | 1,227,226 | 107,935,714 |
| 1993 | 1,188,365 | 105,122,069 |
| 1992 | 1,145,582 | 102,372,770 |
| 1991 | 1,099,959 | 99,720,162 |
| 1990 | 1,054,696 | 97,120,925 |
| 1989 | 1,011,357 | 94,531,014 |
| 1988 | 970,160 | 92,020,090 |
| 1987 | 931,091 | 89,591,716 |
| 1986 | 894,019 | 87,235,953 |
| 1985 | 858,874 | 84,897,973 |
| 1984 | 825,631 | 82,526,443 |
| 1983 | 794,525 | 80,438,260 |
| 1982 | 765,753 | 78,378,701 |
| 1981 | 739,125 | 76,068,103 |
| 1980 | 713,913 | 73,764,641 |
| 1979 | 689,781 | 71,498,242 |
| 1978 | 667,103 | 69,326,532 |
| 1977 | 645,770 | 67,234,590 |
| 1976 | 625,667 | 65,258,009 |
| 1975 | 606,821 | 63,410,815 |
| 1974 | 589,085 | 61,679,144 |
| 1973 | 571,991 | 60,082,139 |
| 1972 | 555,370 | 58,601,748 |
| 1971 | 539,388 | 57,214,684 |
| 1970 | 524,105 | 55,893,838 |
| 1969 | 509,440 | 54,631,914 |
| 1968 | 495,269 | 53,432,783 |
| 1967 | 481,588 | 52,293,065 |
| 1966 | 468,516 | 51,188,234 |
| 1965 | 455,952 | 50,086,764 |
| 1964 | 443,687 | 49,012,016 |
| 1963 | 431,757 | 47,973,575 |
| 1962 | 420,163 | 46,965,292 |
| 1961 | 408,930 | 45,989,310 |
| 1960 | 398,060 | 45,053,782 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/nigeria | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Gambia increased by 568,494 people (a 33.1% growth), while Nigeria gained 46,366,366 people (a 31.1% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Gambia gained 633,221 people (a 27.7% growth), while Nigeria's population increased by 49,572,345 people (a 25.4% growth).
The Gambia was ranked 146th most populous country in 2006 and is 138th in 2026. Nigeria was ranked 7th in 2006 and ranked 6th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Gambia's population will grow by 48.2% to 4,322,480 people with a rank change from 138th to 132nd. The population of Nigeria will increase by 47.2% to 360,706,317 people and rank change from 6th to 5th.
The Gambia is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 5.77M people compared to the peak of 482M people in 2100 for Nigeria.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Nigeria
|
|
| 2100 | 0.03% | 0.04% |
| 2099 | 0.05% | 0.06% |
| 2098 | 0.06% | 0.07% |
| 2097 | 0.07% | 0.09% |
| 2096 | 0.09% | 0.1% |
| 2095 | 0.1% | 0.11% |
| 2094 | 0.13% | 0.13% |
| 2093 | 0.15% | 0.15% |
| 2092 | 0.16% | 0.17% |
| 2091 | 0.18% | 0.19% |
| 2090 | 0.21% | 0.21% |
| 2089 | 0.23% | 0.23% |
| 2088 | 0.25% | 0.25% |
| 2087 | 0.26% | 0.28% |
| 2086 | 0.29% | 0.3% |
| 2085 | 0.31% | 0.32% |
| 2084 | 0.33% | 0.35% |
| 2083 | 0.36% | 0.37% |
| 2082 | 0.38% | 0.39% |
| 2081 | 0.41% | 0.42% |
| 2080 | 0.43% | 0.45% |
| 2079 | 0.46% | 0.47% |
| 2078 | 0.48% | 0.5% |
| 2077 | 0.5% | 0.52% |
| 2076 | 0.53% | 0.55% |
| 2075 | 0.56% | 0.58% |
| 2074 | 0.59% | 0.6% |
| 2073 | 0.6% | 0.63% |
| 2072 | 0.63% | 0.65% |
| 2071 | 0.66% | 0.68% |
| 2070 | 0.69% | 0.71% |
| 2069 | 0.72% | 0.73% |
| 2068 | 0.74% | 0.76% |
| 2067 | 0.78% | 0.79% |
| 2066 | 0.82% | 0.81% |
| 2065 | 0.84% | 0.84% |
| 2064 | 0.87% | 0.87% |
| 2063 | 0.9% | 0.89% |
| 2062 | 0.94% | 0.92% |
| 2061 | 0.96% | 0.94% |
| 2060 | 0.98% | 0.97% |
| 2059 | 1.01% | 0.99% |
| 2058 | 1.04% | 1.02% |
| 2057 | 1.07% | 1.05% |
| 2056 | 1.1% | 1.07% |
| 2055 | 1.14% | 1.1% |
| 2054 | 1.16% | 1.13% |
| 2053 | 1.19% | 1.16% |
| 2052 | 1.23% | 1.19% |
| 2051 | 1.26% | 1.22% |
| 2050 | 1.29% | 1.25% |
| 2049 | 1.33% | 1.28% |
| 2048 | 1.36% | 1.32% |
| 2047 | 1.39% | 1.35% |
| 2046 | 1.43% | 1.39% |
| 2045 | 1.46% | 1.43% |
| 2044 | 1.5% | 1.47% |
| 2043 | 1.54% | 1.51% |
| 2042 | 1.56% | 1.54% |
| 2041 | 1.6% | 1.59% |
| 2040 | 1.64% | 1.63% |
| 2039 | 1.68% | 1.66% |
| 2038 | 1.7% | 1.7% |
| 2037 | 1.73% | 1.74% |
| 2036 | 1.77% | 1.77% |
| 2035 | 1.81% | 1.81% |
| 2034 | 1.85% | 1.84% |
| 2033 | 1.89% | 1.88% |
| 2032 | 1.92% | 1.91% |
| 2031 | 1.97% | 1.94% |
| 2030 | 2.02% | 1.97% |
| 2029 | 2.07% | 2% |
| 2028 | 2.12% | 2.02% |
| 2027 | 2.17% | 2.05% |
| 2026 | 2.22% | 2.08% |
| 2025 | 2.25% | 2.08% |
| 2024 | 2.3% | 2.1% |
| 2023 | 2.33% | 2.12% |
| 2022 | 2.35% | 2.11% |
| 2021 | 2.4% | 2.12% |
| 2020 | 2.4% | 2.15% |
| 2019 | 2.38% | 2.22% |
| 2018 | 2.45% | 2.34% |
| 2017 | 2.56% | 2.46% |
| 2016 | 2.66% | 2.5% |
| 2015 | 2.77% | 2.57% |
| 2014 | 2.89% | 2.68% |
| 2013 | 2.97% | 2.75% |
| 2012 | 2.99% | 2.81% |
| 2011 | 2.97% | 2.84% |
| 2010 | 2.95% | 2.83% |
| 2009 | 2.95% | 2.83% |
| 2008 | 2.95% | 2.82% |
| 2007 | 2.94% | 2.81% |
| 2006 | 2.89% | 2.8% |
| 2005 | 2.82% | 2.81% |
| 2004 | 2.77% | 2.81% |
| 2003 | 2.73% | 2.8% |
| 2002 | 2.72% | 2.78% |
| 2001 | 2.74% | 2.75% |
| 2000 | 2.78% | 2.71% |
| 1999 | 2.82% | 2.67% |
| 1998 | 2.85% | 2.65% |
| 1997 | 2.88% | 2.64% |
| 1996 | 2.93% | 2.65% |
| 1995 | 3.02% | 2.67% |
| 1994 | 3.27% | 2.68% |
| 1993 | 3.73% | 2.69% |
| 1992 | 4.15% | 2.66% |
| 1991 | 4.29% | 2.68% |
| 1990 | 4.29% | 2.74% |
| 1989 | 4.25% | 2.73% |
| 1988 | 4.2% | 2.71% |
| 1987 | 4.15% | 2.7% |
| 1986 | 4.09% | 2.75% |
| 1985 | 4.03% | 2.87% |
| 1984 | 3.92% | 2.6% |
| 1983 | 3.76% | 2.63% |
| 1982 | 3.6% | 3.04% |
| 1981 | 3.53% | 3.12% |
| 1980 | 3.5% | 3.17% |
| 1979 | 3.4% | 3.13% |
| 1978 | 3.3% | 3.11% |
| 1977 | 3.21% | 3.03% |
| 1976 | 3.11% | 2.91% |
| 1975 | 3.01% | 2.81% |
| 1974 | 2.99% | 2.66% |
| 1973 | 2.99% | 2.53% |
| 1972 | 2.96% | 2.42% |
| 1971 | 2.92% | 2.36% |
| 1970 | 2.88% | 2.31% |
| 1969 | 2.86% | 2.24% |
| 1968 | 2.84% | 2.18% |
| 1967 | 2.79% | 2.16% |
| 1966 | 2.76% | 2.2% |
| 1965 | 2.76% | 2.19% |
| 1964 | 2.76% | 2.16% |
| 1963 | 2.76% | 2.15% |
| 1962 | 2.75% | 2.12% |
| 1961 | 2.73% | 2.08% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/nigeria | CC BY
In 2025, the population of the Gambia grew by 2.25%, while Nigeria's population grew by 2.08%.
Live population counters
|
Gambia
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2916990
|
245016045
|
| Population rank | 138/197 | 6/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.04% | 2.95% |
| One net population change |
8.49 minutes
|
6.52 seconds
|
| One birth every |
6.38 minutes
|
4.17 seconds
|
| One death every |
30.5 minutes
|
11.6 seconds
|
| Daily growth/decline | +170 | +13,283 |
| Annual growth/decline | +62,105 | +4,848,304 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.25% | +2.08% |
| Population growth rate rank | 37/197 | 45/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.94 hours
|
34.5 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -2,984 | -15,258 |
| Net migration rank | 107/196 | 145/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 236,137 | 1,403,281 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 107/195 | 49/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 8.6% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 72/195 | 173/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
Nigeria
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,984 | - | -15,258 |
| 2024 | 65,157 | -2,989 | 4,851,833 | -35,202 |
| 2023 | 65,118 | -3,000 | 4,834,309 | -57,936 |
| 2022 | 63,634 | -3,000 | 4,739,502 | -51,680 |
| 2021 | 62,239 | -1,949 | 4,641,562 | -86,115 |
| 2020 | 62,209 | -1,949 | 4,525,164 | -14,497 |
| 2019 | 61,701 | -4,186 | 4,609,941 | -99,722 |
| 2018 | 60,854 | -3,944 | 4,659,898 | -76,565 |
| 2017 | 61,665 | -3,696 | 4,706,183 | 78,685 |
| 2016 | 62,358 | -3,486 | 4,761,594 | 75,265 |
| 2015 | 62,832 | -3,224 | 4,823,045 | -116,162 |
| 2014 | 63,185 | -2,793 | 4,862,319 | -19,376 |
| 2013 | 63,510 | -2,476 | 4,811,751 | 40,201 |
| 2012 | 62,745 | -2,332 | 4,774,508 | 71,138 |
| 2011 | 60,571 | -2,360 | 4,728,363 | 67,808 |
| 2010 | 58,554 | -2,456 | 4,629,173 | 47,966 |
| 2009 | 56,575 | -2,259 | 4,528,149 | -18,422 |
| 2008 | 55,032 | -2,204 | 4,412,976 | -13,646 |
| 2007 | 53,653 | -2,320 | 4,265,428 | -9,162 |
| 2006 | 52,335 | -2,666 | 4,135,703 | -12,093 |
| 2005 | 50,010 | -3,209 | 4,013,788 | -17,146 |
| 2004 | 48,276 | -3,636 | 3,877,376 | 46,370 |
| 2003 | 46,473 | -3,713 | 3,751,120 | 33,857 |
| 2002 | 45,156 | -4,067 | 3,606,814 | 69,594 |
| 2001 | 44,154 | -3,882 | 3,478,370 | 64,163 |
| 2000 | 43,249 | -3,670 | 3,343,196 | 74,535 |
| 1999 | 42,533 | -3,493 | 3,155,425 | 97,195 |
| 1998 | 41,842 | -3,291 | 3,003,946 | 145,575 |
| 1997 | 40,742 | -3,098 | 2,936,500 | 96,885 |
| 1996 | 40,253 | -2,948 | 2,882,205 | 84,448 |
| 1995 | 39,681 | -2,797 | 2,830,771 | 73,243 |
| 1994 | 38,880 | -1,586 | 2,735,198 | 128,134 |
| 1993 | 37,302 | 3,131 | 2,673,675 | 90,200 |
| 1992 | 35,951 | 9,182 | 2,596,173 | 138,412 |
| 1991 | 34,584 | 11,530 | 2,527,807 | 42,760 |
| 1990 | 33,163 | 11,242 | 2,491,928 | 135,959 |
| 1989 | 31,504 | 10,765 | 2,452,324 | 99,588 |
| 1988 | 29,938 | 10,187 | 2,376,419 | 93,510 |
| 1987 | 28,452 | 9,563 | 2,322,397 | 64,418 |
| 1986 | 27,195 | 8,934 | 2,295,003 | 29,682 |
| 1985 | 25,795 | 8,373 | 2,289,784 | 61,514 |
| 1984 | 24,586 | 7,733 | 2,278,060 | 113,758 |
| 1983 | 23,175 | 6,713 | 2,292,089 | -507,539 |
| 1982 | 21,894 | 5,757 | 2,233,401 | 101,116 |
| 1981 | 20,156 | 5,438 | 2,179,884 | 106,723 |
| 1980 | 19,566 | 5,268 | 2,121,618 | 198,672 |
| 1979 | 18,543 | 4,898 | 2,074,807 | 137,721 |
| 1978 | 17,424 | 4,493 | 2,019,621 | 111,258 |
| 1977 | 16,773 | 3,969 | 1,923,917 | 129,075 |
| 1976 | 16,032 | 3,436 | 1,827,289 | 72,889 |
| 1975 | 15,256 | 2,979 | 1,718,623 | 75,603 |
| 1974 | 14,628 | 2,610 | 1,624,813 | 44,281 |
| 1973 | 14,046 | 2,907 | 1,525,485 | -618 |
| 1972 | 13,432 | 2,861 | 1,448,928 | -12,962 |
| 1971 | 12,842 | 2,817 | 1,373,896 | -35,639 |
| 1970 | 12,128 | 2,777 | 1,295,507 | 7,953 |
| 1969 | 11,670 | 2,757 | 1,213,484 | 6,912 |
| 1968 | 11,215 | 2,705 | 1,168,254 | 9,615 |
| 1967 | 10,823 | 2,617 | 1,082,884 | 18,683 |
| 1966 | 10,422 | 2,272 | 1,095,582 | 12,513 |
| 1965 | 10,162 | 2,272 | 1,061,840 | 32,988 |
| 1964 | 9,825 | 2,272 | 1,028,272 | 26,411 |
| 1963 | 9,493 | 2,272 | 995,116 | 27,115 |
| 1962 | 9,150 | 2,272 | 966,452 | 27,906 |
| 1961 | 8,778 | 2,272 | 932,111 | 25,515 |
| 1960 | 8,420 | 2,272 | 901,301 | 12,131 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/nigeria | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 95.2% of the population change in the Gambia is from natural causes (a gain of 627,767 people) and 4.77% is from migration (a loss of 31,423 people). In Nigeria 99.2% is from natural causes (a gain of 47,153,031 people) and 0.81% is from migration (a loss of 383,929 people).
As of 2024, 236,137 residents or 8.6% of the population were not native-born in the Gambia, compared to 1,403,281 people or 0.6% in Nigeria.
Biggest cities by population
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Population differences between the Gambia and Nigeria
|
Gambia
|
Nigeria
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.5 years | 55 years |
| Average age | 23.9 years | 23.6 years |
| Median age | 19.6 years | 19.2 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.8:50.2 | 50.6:49.4 |
| Fertility rate | 3.91 births per woman | 4.38 births per woman |
| Population density | 738 ppl/mi² | 689 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/nigeria | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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