The latest officially reported population of the Gambia was 2,759,988 in 2024 vs 1,824,359 people in North Macedonia in 2024. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Gambia's population is 2,902,554 people compared to 1,805,954 in North Macedonia.
Population statistics:
- The Gambia's population is 1.61 times bigger than North Macedonia's.
- The Gambia is ranked the 138th most populous country in the world, while North Macedonia is the 150th.
- The countries together account for 0.06% of the world: 0.04% for the Gambia vs 0.02% for North Macedonia.
- For the last 10 years, the Gambia has had an average growth rate of +2.5% per year vs -0.48% in North Macedonia.
- Since 2006, the population of the Gambia has increased from 1.72M people to 2.9M (69.2% growth), while North Macedonia has declined from 1.99M to 1.81M (9.44% decline).
Gambia vs North Macedonia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Gambia
|
North Macedonia
|
|
| 2100 | 5,767,668 | 866,884 |
| 2099 | 5,765,660 | 877,788 |
| 2098 | 5,762,971 | 888,715 |
| 2097 | 5,759,632 | 899,716 |
| 2096 | 5,755,430 | 910,709 |
| 2095 | 5,750,385 | 921,559 |
| 2094 | 5,744,540 | 932,633 |
| 2093 | 5,737,026 | 943,984 |
| 2092 | 5,728,594 | 955,335 |
| 2091 | 5,719,408 | 966,773 |
| 2090 | 5,708,875 | 978,130 |
| 2089 | 5,697,140 | 989,666 |
| 2088 | 5,684,094 | 1,001,224 |
| 2087 | 5,669,958 | 1,012,831 |
| 2086 | 5,655,091 | 1,024,787 |
| 2085 | 5,638,646 | 1,036,668 |
| 2084 | 5,621,067 | 1,048,876 |
| 2083 | 5,602,456 | 1,061,031 |
| 2082 | 5,582,581 | 1,073,408 |
| 2081 | 5,561,294 | 1,085,823 |
| 2080 | 5,538,819 | 1,098,127 |
| 2079 | 5,515,086 | 1,110,614 |
| 2078 | 5,489,750 | 1,123,398 |
| 2077 | 5,463,305 | 1,136,448 |
| 2076 | 5,435,859 | 1,149,787 |
| 2075 | 5,406,946 | 1,163,080 |
| 2074 | 5,376,718 | 1,176,671 |
| 2073 | 5,345,328 | 1,190,351 |
| 2072 | 5,313,201 | 1,204,015 |
| 2071 | 5,279,975 | 1,217,691 |
| 2070 | 5,245,200 | 1,231,978 |
| 2069 | 5,209,379 | 1,246,408 |
| 2068 | 5,172,146 | 1,260,869 |
| 2067 | 5,134,037 | 1,275,289 |
| 2066 | 5,094,458 | 1,289,439 |
| 2065 | 5,053,246 | 1,303,917 |
| 2064 | 5,011,122 | 1,318,161 |
| 2063 | 4,968,038 | 1,332,807 |
| 2062 | 4,923,683 | 1,347,540 |
| 2061 | 4,877,966 | 1,362,299 |
| 2060 | 4,831,631 | 1,376,807 |
| 2059 | 4,784,535 | 1,390,921 |
| 2058 | 4,736,846 | 1,404,982 |
| 2057 | 4,688,039 | 1,419,185 |
| 2056 | 4,638,482 | 1,433,595 |
| 2055 | 4,588,184 | 1,447,857 |
| 2054 | 4,536,562 | 1,462,210 |
| 2053 | 4,484,692 | 1,476,351 |
| 2052 | 4,431,827 | 1,489,905 |
| 2051 | 4,378,133 | 1,503,526 |
| 2050 | 4,323,657 | 1,516,629 |
| 2049 | 4,268,536 | 1,529,608 |
| 2048 | 4,212,677 | 1,542,390 |
| 2047 | 4,155,975 | 1,555,085 |
| 2046 | 4,098,930 | 1,568,151 |
| 2045 | 4,041,218 | 1,581,115 |
| 2044 | 3,982,976 | 1,593,878 |
| 2043 | 3,924,126 | 1,606,930 |
| 2042 | 3,864,662 | 1,619,941 |
| 2041 | 3,805,317 | 1,632,704 |
| 2040 | 3,745,312 | 1,645,446 |
| 2039 | 3,685,048 | 1,658,034 |
| 2038 | 3,624,271 | 1,670,347 |
| 2037 | 3,563,745 | 1,682,850 |
| 2036 | 3,502,991 | 1,695,204 |
| 2035 | 3,442,074 | 1,707,302 |
| 2034 | 3,381,008 | 1,719,193 |
| 2033 | 3,319,646 | 1,730,723 |
| 2032 | 3,258,080 | 1,742,288 |
| 2031 | 3,196,605 | 1,753,729 |
| 2030 | 3,134,968 | 1,765,162 |
| 2029 | 3,072,981 | 1,775,815 |
| 2028 | 3,010,624 | 1,786,051 |
| 2027 | 2,948,246 | 1,795,945 |
| 2026 | 2,885,613 | 1,805,954 |
| 2025 | 2,822,861 | 1,815,368 |
| 2024 | 2,759,988 | 1,824,359 |
| 2023 | 2,697,845 | 1,827,816 |
| 2022 | 2,636,470 | 1,831,712 |
| 2021 | 2,576,010 | 1,837,114 |
| 2020 | 2,515,733 | 1,856,124 |
| 2019 | 2,456,844 | 1,876,262 |
| 2018 | 2,399,632 | 1,889,051 |
| 2017 | 2,342,189 | 1,898,657 |
| 2016 | 2,283,769 | 1,906,313 |
| 2015 | 2,224,529 | 1,912,430 |
| 2014 | 2,164,528 | 1,917,557 |
| 2013 | 2,103,820 | 1,922,716 |
| 2012 | 2,043,094 | 1,929,821 |
| 2011 | 1,983,784 | 1,937,398 |
| 2010 | 1,926,630 | 1,946,298 |
| 2009 | 1,871,422 | 1,958,782 |
| 2008 | 1,817,852 | 1,971,493 |
| 2007 | 1,765,774 | 1,982,933 |
| 2006 | 1,715,275 | 1,994,287 |
| 2005 | 1,667,037 | 2,005,330 |
| 2004 | 1,621,312 | 2,016,186 |
| 2003 | 1,577,611 | 2,022,725 |
| 2002 | 1,535,691 | 2,020,157 |
| 2001 | 1,495,011 | 2,034,882 |
| 2000 | 1,455,084 | 2,026,350 |
| 1999 | 1,415,779 | 2,017,142 |
| 1998 | 1,376,987 | 2,007,523 |
| 1997 | 1,338,889 | 1,996,869 |
| 1996 | 1,301,410 | 2,012,553 |
| 1995 | 1,264,313 | 1,998,534 |
| 1994 | 1,227,226 | 1,992,666 |
| 1993 | 1,188,365 | 2,006,854 |
| 1992 | 1,145,582 | 2,032,523 |
| 1991 | 1,099,959 | 2,055,994 |
| 1990 | 1,054,696 | 2,063,689 |
| 1989 | 1,011,357 | 2,055,649 |
| 1988 | 970,160 | 2,045,737 |
| 1987 | 931,091 | 2,035,157 |
| 1986 | 894,019 | 2,024,732 |
| 1985 | 858,874 | 2,014,331 |
| 1984 | 825,631 | 2,003,399 |
| 1983 | 794,525 | 1,991,901 |
| 1982 | 765,753 | 1,978,956 |
| 1981 | 739,125 | 1,959,065 |
| 1980 | 713,913 | 1,933,038 |
| 1979 | 689,781 | 1,906,523 |
| 1978 | 667,103 | 1,879,847 |
| 1977 | 645,770 | 1,853,138 |
| 1976 | 625,667 | 1,825,830 |
| 1975 | 606,821 | 1,797,972 |
| 1974 | 589,085 | 1,770,545 |
| 1973 | 571,991 | 1,743,816 |
| 1972 | 555,370 | 1,717,395 |
| 1971 | 539,388 | 1,691,216 |
| 1970 | 524,105 | 1,664,208 |
| 1969 | 509,440 | 1,636,345 |
| 1968 | 495,269 | 1,608,930 |
| 1967 | 481,588 | 1,582,492 |
| 1966 | 468,516 | 1,557,349 |
| 1965 | 455,952 | 1,533,466 |
| 1964 | 443,687 | 1,510,900 |
| 1963 | 431,757 | 1,488,737 |
| 1962 | 420,163 | 1,471,745 |
| 1961 | 408,930 | 1,455,171 |
| 1960 | 398,060 | 1,435,059 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/north-macedonia | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of the Gambia increased by 568,494 people (a 33.1% growth), while North Macedonia lost 87,974 people (a 4.41% decline).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, the Gambia gained 618,785 people (a 27.1% growth), while North Macedonia's population decreased by 100,359 people (a 5.26% decline).
The Gambia was ranked 146th most populous country in 2006 and is 138th in 2026. North Macedonia was ranked 142nd in 2006 and ranked 150th now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) the Gambia's population will grow by 49% to 4,323,657 people with a rank change from 138th to 132nd. The population of North Macedonia will decrease by 16% to 1,516,629 people and rank change from 150th to 152nd.
The Gambia is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 5.77M people, while North Macedonia's population already peaked in 1990 at 2.06M people and is projected to decrease to 867K people by 2100.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
North Macedonia
|
|
| 2100 | 0.03% | -1.24% |
| 2099 | 0.05% | -1.23% |
| 2098 | 0.06% | -1.22% |
| 2097 | 0.07% | -1.21% |
| 2096 | 0.09% | -1.18% |
| 2095 | 0.1% | -1.19% |
| 2094 | 0.13% | -1.2% |
| 2093 | 0.15% | -1.19% |
| 2092 | 0.16% | -1.18% |
| 2091 | 0.18% | -1.16% |
| 2090 | 0.21% | -1.17% |
| 2089 | 0.23% | -1.15% |
| 2088 | 0.25% | -1.15% |
| 2087 | 0.26% | -1.17% |
| 2086 | 0.29% | -1.15% |
| 2085 | 0.31% | -1.16% |
| 2084 | 0.33% | -1.15% |
| 2083 | 0.36% | -1.15% |
| 2082 | 0.38% | -1.14% |
| 2081 | 0.41% | -1.12% |
| 2080 | 0.43% | -1.12% |
| 2079 | 0.46% | -1.14% |
| 2078 | 0.48% | -1.15% |
| 2077 | 0.5% | -1.16% |
| 2076 | 0.53% | -1.14% |
| 2075 | 0.56% | -1.15% |
| 2074 | 0.59% | -1.15% |
| 2073 | 0.6% | -1.13% |
| 2072 | 0.63% | -1.12% |
| 2071 | 0.66% | -1.16% |
| 2070 | 0.69% | -1.16% |
| 2069 | 0.72% | -1.15% |
| 2068 | 0.74% | -1.13% |
| 2067 | 0.78% | -1.1% |
| 2066 | 0.82% | -1.11% |
| 2065 | 0.84% | -1.08% |
| 2064 | 0.87% | -1.1% |
| 2063 | 0.9% | -1.09% |
| 2062 | 0.94% | -1.08% |
| 2061 | 0.96% | -1.05% |
| 2060 | 0.98% | -1.01% |
| 2059 | 1.01% | -1% |
| 2058 | 1.04% | -1% |
| 2057 | 1.07% | -1.01% |
| 2056 | 1.1% | -0.99% |
| 2055 | 1.14% | -0.98% |
| 2054 | 1.16% | -0.96% |
| 2053 | 1.19% | -0.91% |
| 2052 | 1.23% | -0.91% |
| 2051 | 1.26% | -0.86% |
| 2050 | 1.29% | -0.85% |
| 2049 | 1.33% | -0.83% |
| 2048 | 1.36% | -0.82% |
| 2047 | 1.39% | -0.83% |
| 2046 | 1.43% | -0.82% |
| 2045 | 1.46% | -0.8% |
| 2044 | 1.5% | -0.81% |
| 2043 | 1.54% | -0.8% |
| 2042 | 1.56% | -0.78% |
| 2041 | 1.6% | -0.77% |
| 2040 | 1.64% | -0.76% |
| 2039 | 1.68% | -0.74% |
| 2038 | 1.7% | -0.74% |
| 2037 | 1.73% | -0.73% |
| 2036 | 1.77% | -0.71% |
| 2035 | 1.81% | -0.69% |
| 2034 | 1.85% | -0.67% |
| 2033 | 1.89% | -0.66% |
| 2032 | 1.92% | -0.65% |
| 2031 | 1.97% | -0.65% |
| 2030 | 2.02% | -0.6% |
| 2029 | 2.07% | -0.57% |
| 2028 | 2.12% | -0.55% |
| 2027 | 2.17% | -0.55% |
| 2026 | 2.22% | -0.52% |
| 2025 | 2.28% | -0.49% |
| 2024 | 2.3% | -0.19% |
| 2023 | 2.33% | -0.21% |
| 2022 | 2.35% | -0.29% |
| 2021 | 2.4% | -1.02% |
| 2020 | 2.4% | -1.07% |
| 2019 | 2.38% | -0.68% |
| 2018 | 2.45% | -0.51% |
| 2017 | 2.56% | -0.4% |
| 2016 | 2.66% | -0.32% |
| 2015 | 2.77% | -0.27% |
| 2014 | 2.89% | -0.27% |
| 2013 | 2.97% | -0.37% |
| 2012 | 2.99% | -0.39% |
| 2011 | 2.97% | -0.46% |
| 2010 | 2.95% | -0.64% |
| 2009 | 2.95% | -0.64% |
| 2008 | 2.95% | -0.58% |
| 2007 | 2.94% | -0.57% |
| 2006 | 2.89% | -0.55% |
| 2005 | 2.82% | -0.54% |
| 2004 | 2.77% | -0.32% |
| 2003 | 2.73% | 0.13% |
| 2002 | 2.72% | -0.72% |
| 2001 | 2.74% | 0.42% |
| 2000 | 2.78% | 0.46% |
| 1999 | 2.82% | 0.48% |
| 1998 | 2.85% | 0.53% |
| 1997 | 2.88% | -0.78% |
| 1996 | 2.93% | 0.7% |
| 1995 | 3.02% | 0.29% |
| 1994 | 3.27% | -0.71% |
| 1993 | 3.73% | -1.26% |
| 1992 | 4.15% | -1.14% |
| 1991 | 4.29% | -0.37% |
| 1990 | 4.29% | 0.39% |
| 1989 | 4.25% | 0.48% |
| 1988 | 4.2% | 0.52% |
| 1987 | 4.15% | 0.51% |
| 1986 | 4.09% | 0.52% |
| 1985 | 4.03% | 0.55% |
| 1984 | 3.92% | 0.58% |
| 1983 | 3.76% | 0.65% |
| 1982 | 3.6% | 1.02% |
| 1981 | 3.53% | 1.35% |
| 1980 | 3.5% | 1.39% |
| 1979 | 3.4% | 1.42% |
| 1978 | 3.3% | 1.44% |
| 1977 | 3.21% | 1.5% |
| 1976 | 3.11% | 1.55% |
| 1975 | 3.01% | 1.55% |
| 1974 | 2.99% | 1.53% |
| 1973 | 2.99% | 1.54% |
| 1972 | 2.96% | 1.55% |
| 1971 | 2.92% | 1.62% |
| 1970 | 2.88% | 1.7% |
| 1969 | 2.86% | 1.7% |
| 1968 | 2.84% | 1.67% |
| 1967 | 2.79% | 1.61% |
| 1966 | 2.76% | 1.56% |
| 1965 | 2.76% | 1.49% |
| 1964 | 2.76% | 1.49% |
| 1963 | 2.76% | 1.15% |
| 1962 | 2.75% | 1.14% |
| 1961 | 2.73% | 1.4% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2025–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10); World Bank | Health (1961–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/north-macedonia | CC BY
In 2024, the population of the Gambia grew by 2.3%, while North Macedonia's population declined by 0.19%.
Live population counters
|
Gambia
|
North Macedonia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
2902554
|
1805954
|
| Population rank | 138/197 | 150/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.04% | 0.02% |
| One net population change |
8.46 minutes
|
2.53 hours
|
| One birth every |
6.4 minutes
|
31.3 minutes
|
| One death every |
31 minutes
|
26.1 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +170 | -9 |
| Annual growth/decline | +62,143 | -3,457 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.3% | -0.19% |
| Population growth rate rank | 37/197 | 176/197 |
| One migration net change every |
2.94 hours
|
1.56 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -2,984 | -5,645 |
| Net migration rank | 107/196 | 119/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 236,137 | 150,902 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 107/195 | 122/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 8.6% | 8.3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 72/195 | 73/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Gambia
|
North Macedonia
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -2,984 | - | -5,645 |
| 2024 | - | -2,989 | - | -5,728 |
| 2023 | 65,118 | -3,000 | -3,290 | -5,597 |
| 2022 | 63,634 | -3,000 | -4,397 | -5,296 |
| 2021 | 62,239 | -1,949 | -9,737 | -5,483 |
| 2020 | 62,209 | -1,949 | -5,939 | -23,458 |
| 2019 | 61,701 | -4,186 | -375 | -24,204 |
| 2018 | 60,854 | -3,944 | 1,512 | -24,878 |
| 2017 | 61,665 | -3,696 | 1,329 | -24,227 |
| 2016 | 62,358 | -3,486 | 2,374 | -24,144 |
| 2015 | 62,832 | -3,224 | 2,294 | -23,010 |
| 2014 | 63,185 | -2,793 | 3,644 | -22,132 |
| 2013 | 63,510 | -2,476 | 3,653 | -20,297 |
| 2012 | 62,745 | -2,332 | 3,087 | -19,083 |
| 2011 | 60,571 | -2,360 | 3,100 | -17,871 |
| 2010 | 58,554 | -2,456 | 4,866 | -16,668 |
| 2009 | 56,575 | -2,259 | 4,309 | -15,455 |
| 2008 | 55,032 | -2,204 | 3,746 | -17,645 |
| 2007 | 53,653 | -2,320 | 2,974 | -15,705 |
| 2006 | 52,335 | -2,666 | 3,988 | -9,632 |
| 2005 | 50,010 | -3,209 | 4,011 | -2,244 |
| 2004 | 48,276 | -3,636 | 5,444 | -2,640 |
| 2003 | 46,473 | -3,713 | 8,900 | -2,880 |
| 2002 | 45,156 | -4,067 | 9,697 | -2,858 |
| 2001 | 44,154 | -3,882 | 10,174 | -922 |
| 2000 | 43,249 | -3,670 | 12,159 | -2,824 |
| 1999 | 42,533 | -3,493 | 10,489 | -1,261 |
| 1998 | 41,842 | -3,291 | 12,446 | -589 |
| 1997 | 40,742 | -3,098 | 12,979 | -477 |
| 1996 | 40,253 | -2,948 | 14,806 | -397 |
| 1995 | 39,681 | -2,797 | 17,239 | -3,603 |
| 1994 | 38,880 | -1,586 | 19,103 | -21,006 |
| 1993 | 37,302 | 3,131 | 20,797 | -47,273 |
| 1992 | 35,951 | 9,182 | 21,659 | -46,509 |
| 1991 | 34,584 | 11,530 | 23,387 | -45,484 |
| 1990 | 33,163 | 11,242 | 22,868 | -16,174 |
| 1989 | 31,504 | 10,765 | 22,912 | -13,528 |
| 1988 | 29,938 | 10,187 | 24,064 | -13,621 |
| 1987 | 28,452 | 9,563 | 24,359 | -13,635 |
| 1986 | 27,195 | 8,934 | 23,720 | -13,589 |
| 1985 | 25,795 | 8,373 | 24,167 | -13,492 |
| 1984 | 24,586 | 7,733 | 24,436 | -13,251 |
| 1983 | 23,175 | 6,713 | 24,690 | -12,884 |
| 1982 | 21,894 | 5,757 | 25,810 | -11,716 |
| 1981 | 20,156 | 5,438 | 25,689 | 0 |
| 1980 | 19,566 | 5,268 | 26,547 | -189 |
| 1979 | 18,543 | 4,898 | 27,096 | -426 |
| 1978 | 17,424 | 4,493 | 27,150 | -462 |
| 1977 | 16,773 | 3,969 | 27,410 | -683 |
| 1976 | 16,032 | 3,436 | 28,799 | -911 |
| 1975 | 15,256 | 2,979 | 28,983 | -1,147 |
| 1974 | 14,628 | 2,610 | 28,400 | -1,376 |
| 1973 | 14,046 | 2,907 | 28,032 | -1,600 |
| 1972 | 13,432 | 2,861 | 28,236 | -1,834 |
| 1971 | 12,842 | 2,817 | 28,010 | -2,064 |
| 1970 | 12,128 | 2,777 | 28,022 | 60 |
| 1969 | 11,670 | 2,757 | 27,464 | 181 |
| 1968 | 11,215 | 2,705 | 28,378 | -1,201 |
| 1967 | 10,823 | 2,617 | 28,401 | -2,696 |
| 1966 | 10,422 | 2,272 | 28,766 | -4,176 |
| 1965 | 10,162 | 2,272 | 28,564 | -5,385 |
| 1964 | 9,825 | 2,272 | 27,889 | -5,938 |
| 1963 | 9,493 | 2,272 | 28,124 | -5,759 |
| 1962 | 9,150 | 2,272 | 25,317 | -13,702 |
| 1961 | 8,778 | 2,272 | 27,846 | -6,309 |
| 1960 | 8,420 | 2,272 | 28,816 | -10,126 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/north-macedonia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 95.2% of the population change in the Gambia is from natural causes (a gain of 625,795 people) and 4.75% is from migration (a loss of 31,227 people). In North Macedonia 6.45% is from natural causes (a loss of 12,585 people) and 93.5% is from migration (a loss of 182,429 people).
As of 2024, 236,137 residents or 8.6% of the population were not native-born in the Gambia, compared to 150,902 people or 8.3% in North Macedonia.
Biggest cities by population
|
Gambia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Brikama | 81K |
| Banjul | 31.4K |
| Lamin | 31.1K |
|
North Macedonia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Skopje | 423K |
| Kumanovo | 70.8K |
| Bitola | 69.3K |
| Prilep | 63.3K |
| Tetovo | 63.2K |
| Stip | 42K |
| Veles | 40.7K |
| Ohrid | 38.8K |
| Strumica | 33.8K |
| Kavadarci | 32K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between the Gambia and North Macedonia
|
Gambia
|
North Macedonia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 66.5 years | 77.8 years |
| Average age | 23.7 years | 41.2 years |
| Median age | 19.4 years | 41.6 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.8:50.2 | 48.6:51.4 |
| Fertility rate | 4.01 births per woman | 1.5 births per woman |
| Population density | 739 ppl/mi² | 185.5 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-03-10); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-02-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-02-20).
GeoRank.org/population/gambia/north-macedonia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-04-06)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-03-10)
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