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Economy of Australia vs Belize compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Australia has a GDP of $1.75T compared to $3.52B for Belize, ranking 13/197 and 167/197 by economy size, respectively.

Australia has $873B in government debt (50.9% of GDP), compared to $2.14B (59.5% of GDP) in Belize.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Australia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Belize
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Australia Belize
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $18,607,682,977 $204,556,496,021 $28,072,478 $141,975,429
1961 $19,684,003,149 $209,634,264,252 $29,965,000 $148,921,260
1962 $19,923,683,188 $212,347,394,916 $31,857,592 $156,207,459
1963 $21,540,963,447 $225,547,290,344 $33,750,114 $163,949,779
1964 $23,801,123,808 $241,290,865,664 $36,194,586 $172,147,071
1965 $25,977,284,156 $255,720,398,205 $40,110,040 $180,634,853
1966 $27,308,964,369 $261,804,000,642 $44,450,044 $189,252,662
1967 $30,442,724,871 $278,310,424,155 $47,431,256 $198,550,879
1968 $32,714,085,234 $292,486,739,692 $44,999,910 $213,178,569
1969 $36,684,485,870 $313,093,232,453 $47,399,905 $224,064,266
1970 $41,334,726,614 $335,559,847,086 $53,339,893 $234,836,589
1971 $45,217,767,235 $348,984,184,858 $59,074,687 $244,134,805
1972 $52,042,056,075 $362,631,046,662 $65,998,069 $269,081,241
1973 $63,833,440,102 $372,130,520,890 $78,214,768 $283,482,184
1974 $88,965,364,775 $387,414,341,096 $103,160,450 $321,922,327
1975 $97,304,383,449 $392,589,303,732 $118,194,026 $333,488,431
1976 $105,060,616,985 $402,751,234,563 $97,094,227 $333,374,975
1977 $110,352,144,987 $417,230,643,180 $117,650,000 $355,032,995
1978 $118,492,761,338 $420,958,560,166 $136,300,000 $383,154,474
1979 $134,900,602,067 $438,009,144,461 $151,800,000 $411,956,277
1980 $149,987,743,733 $451,305,594,857 $257,400,000 $461,839,033
1981 $176,895,390,688 $466,379,040,332 $260,750,000 $467,073,042
1982 $194,041,708,044 $481,887,942,318 $248,550,000 $466,574,565
1983 $177,267,290,706 $471,169,061,969 $262,150,000 $456,555,176
1984 $193,525,337,526 $492,813,360,779 $290,350,000 $465,577,611
1985 $180,643,265,927 $518,826,292,325 $287,300,000 $470,263,296
1986 $182,481,113,598 $539,404,649,864 $311,500,000 $491,647,963
1987 $189,495,764,955 $553,211,370,887 $371,100,000 $544,386,841
1988 $236,161,314,544 $585,064,279,421 $421,450,000 $597,674,043
1989 $299,875,906,679 $607,725,922,301 $491,100,000 $675,436,470
1990 $311,426,665,220 $629,466,776,080 $547,150,000 $752,750,268
1991 $325,975,319,456 $627,060,575,116 $597,100,000 $841,429,344
1992 $325,525,379,567 $629,746,209,994 $696,250,000 $948,552,073
1993 $312,133,923,553 $655,230,327,244 $752,850,000 $1,006,774,198
1994 $322,806,641,301 $681,311,039,100 $772,300,000 $1,006,574,807
1995 $368,166,023,166 $707,786,283,507 $819,050,000 $1,013,952,268
1996 $401,341,880,621 $735,134,359,250 $850,850,000 $1,025,168,003
1997 $435,642,611,297 $763,901,984,858 $873,400,000 $1,068,585,359
1998 $399,674,421,759 $799,524,373,775 $929,500,000 $1,110,158,349
1999 $389,652,212,057 $839,721,933,538 $1,000,250,000 $1,214,788,692
2000 $416,167,815,093 $872,651,653,770 $1,138,900,000 $1,363,484,411
2001 $379,629,301,675 $890,323,770,708 $1,172,800,000 $1,431,576,383
2002 $395,788,696,012 $925,754,967,999 $1,244,650,000 $1,508,840,333
2003 $467,739,079,790 $954,367,849,882 $1,308,900,000 $1,654,694,732
2004 $614,659,980,083 $994,683,066,031 $1,400,850,000 $1,733,803,048
2005 $695,692,898,677 $1,026,057,036,344 $1,474,950,000 $1,772,285,480
2006 $748,417,562,770 $1,054,328,458,936 $1,591,150,000 $1,852,241,207
2007 $855,007,458,585 $1,094,111,663,604 $1,707,100,000 $1,914,351,454
2008 $1,056,112,427,190 $1,133,349,428,617 $1,738,900,000 $1,882,149,833
2009 $928,762,122,698 $1,154,798,699,180 $1,688,500,000 $1,874,822,220
2010 $1,148,838,233,481 $1,180,435,002,407 $1,745,700,000 $1,895,708,410
2011 $1,398,610,616,773 $1,208,849,019,422 $1,827,050,000 $1,891,072,573
2012 $1,547,532,281,116 $1,256,196,122,894 $1,909,400,000 $1,961,756,626
2013 $1,577,123,329,411 $1,288,884,775,424 $2,032,750,000 $2,049,139,661
2014 $1,468,265,356,428 $1,322,334,997,273 $2,138,250,000 $2,131,737,317
2015 $1,351,296,372,254 $1,351,296,372,254 $2,193,050,000 $2,193,050,000
2016 $1,206,836,962,282 $1,388,583,854,796 $2,240,200,000 $2,194,246,345
2017 $1,325,582,658,157 $1,420,237,898,461 $2,266,300,000 $2,154,467,872
2018 $1,427,809,041,019 $1,461,119,016,244 $2,293,250,000 $2,178,394,773
2019 $1,392,723,834,563 $1,492,847,874,024 $2,388,300,000 $2,271,360,752
2020 $1,328,414,058,378 $1,491,062,566,267 $2,042,850,000 $1,955,575,510
2021 $1,556,735,770,437 $1,522,541,404,228 $2,420,550,000 $2,302,615,267
2022 $1,690,858,246,994 $1,587,133,480,805 $2,846,700,000 $2,524,886,205
2023 $1,728,057,316,696 $1,641,762,491,419 $3,066,850,000 $2,553,897,572
2024 $1,752,193,307,380 $1,665,257,959,985 $3,515,783,329 $2,762,085,935

Economic indicators

Australia Belize
Gross domestic product
$1.75T
2024
$3.52B
2024
GDP rank
13/197
2024
167/197
2024
GDP growth
1.4%
2023-2024
14.6%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$64,407
2024
$8,430
2024
GDP per capita rank
14/197
2024
94/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$71,193
2024
$15,093
2024
Government debt
$873B
2024
$2.14B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.9%
2025
59.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$32,093
2024
$5,138
2024
Government debt per person rank
22/185
2024
77/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$45,914
2025
$8,036
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.74T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,936,114
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
47
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2020
30%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2020
2.2%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
38.8%
2025
24.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.16%
2023-2024
1.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.6%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.94%
2024
29.3%
2020
Population
27677455
427523

GDP per capita in Australia vs Belize

Australia's GDP per capita is $64,407, ranking 14/197, compared to $8,430 in Belize, ranking 94/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Australia ranks 23rd at $71,193, while Belize ranks 114th at $15,093.

Australia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Belize
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Australia Belize
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,811 - $307 -
1961 $1,878 - $320 -
1962 $1,855 - $332 -
1963 $1,967 - $342 -
1964 $2,131 - $356 -
1965 $2,281 - $383 -
1966 $2,344 - $412 -
1967 $2,580 - $426 -
1968 $2,724 - $392 -
1969 $2,991 - $402 -
1970 $3,305 - $442 -
1971 $3,495 - $481 -
1972 $3,949 - $529 -
1973 $4,771 - $619 -
1974 $6,483 - $805 -
1975 $7,004 - $906 -
1976 $7,487 - $729 -
1977 $7,776 - $866 -
1978 $8,253 - $983 -
1979 $9,295 - $1,071 -
1980 $10,209 - $1,774 -
1981 $11,854 - $1,753 -
1982 $12,779 - $1,629 -
1983 $11,516 - $1,677 -
1984 $12,422 - $1,814 -
1985 $11,442 - $1,754 -
1986 $11,392 - $1,859 -
1987 $11,651 - $2,166 -
1988 $14,285 - $2,406 -
1989 $17,834 - $2,742 -
1990 $18,249 $17,381 $2,989 $4,474
1991 $18,860 $17,836 $3,192 $5,061
1992 $18,624 $18,254 $3,646 $5,714
1993 $17,700 $19,216 $3,863 $6,084
1994 $18,130 $20,171 $3,879 $6,082
1995 $20,448 $21,039 $4,012 $6,100
1996 $22,022 $22,132 $4,046 $6,096
1997 $23,647 $23,125 $4,017 $6,252
1998 $21,479 $24,378 $4,128 $6,343
1999 $20,713 $25,485 $4,292 $6,801
2000 $21,870 $26,542 $4,730 $7,555
2001 $19,696 $27,646 $4,722 $7,864
2002 $20,302 $29,032 $4,862 $8,166
2003 $23,718 $30,122 $4,962 $8,863
2004 $30,837 $31,764 $5,156 $9,259
2005 $34,480 $33,037 $5,273 $9,480
2006 $36,596 $34,847 $5,527 $9,925
2007 $41,052 $36,654 $5,765 $10,243
2008 $49,701 $37,533 $5,713 $9,986
2009 $42,817 $40,312 $5,401 $9,744
2010 $52,145 $39,373 $5,451 $9,735
2011 $62,606 $42,023 $5,582 $9,698
2012 $68,073 $42,863 $5,710 $9,266
2013 $68,191 $45,931 $5,950 $9,514
2014 $62,544 $46,904 $6,128 $9,490
2015 $56,739 $46,264 $6,154 $9,538
2016 $49,888 $47,260 $6,142 $9,402
2017 $53,902 $48,371 $6,073 $9,122
2018 $57,196 $50,184 $6,031 $9,528
2019 $54,973 $52,673 $6,190 $10,531
2020 $51,792 $53,984 $5,227 $9,618
2021 $60,608 $58,182 $6,123 $11,677
2022 $64,997 $65,872 $7,068 $13,466
2023 $64,836 $70,513 $7,460 $13,823
2024 $64,407 $71,193 $8,430 $15,093

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Australia's government spending was $672B, accounting for 38.8% of its GDP, while Belize's spent $869M, or 24.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.9% in Australia and 59.5% in Belize, ranking 108/185 and 84/185, respectively.

Australia
Government spending

Government debt
Belize
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Australia Belize
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 21.8% 48.2% - -
1961 23.3% 49.3% - -
1962 22.7% 50.2% - -
1963 23% 47.5% - -
1964 23.5% 44.9% - -
1965 25.8% 43.7% - -
1966 25.6% 42.4% - -
1967 26.4% 40.5% - -
1968 25.3% 39.4% - -
1969 24.7% 36.7% - -
1970 25.3% 34.9% - -
1971 26.1% 32.2% - -
1972 27% 30.7% - -
1973 26.6% 27.3% - -
1974 30.9% 22.3% - -
1975 33% 23.6% - -
1976 33.3% 22.9% - -
1977 34.1% 23.6% - -
1978 33.2% 24.7% - -
1979 32.5% 22.8% - -
1980 33.2% 21.2% - -
1981 33.4% 19.1% - -
1982 36.7% 16.8% - -
1983 37% 21% - -
1984 38.4% 22.3% - -
1985 38.7% 24% - -
1986 38.4% 25.5% - -
1987 36% 25.2% - -
1988 34.6% 20.5% - -
1989 34.5% 17% - -
1990 30.5% 16.4% - -
1991 33.1% 21.6% - -
1992 34.1% 27.6% - -
1993 34.1% 30.7% - -
1994 33.7% 31.7% - -
1995 33.7% 31.1% - -
1996 33.5% 29.3% 19.9% 39.4%
1997 32.8% 25.9% 19.9% 40.7%
1998 34.6% 23.7% 20.9% 40.3%
1999 36.2% 22.5% 23.6% 43.7%
2000 35.2% 19.5% 23.1% 79%
2001 35.6% 17.1% 25.8% 49.5%
2002 34.9% 15% 24.4% 53.2%
2003 34.9% 13.2% 24.5% 67.2%
2004 34.8% 11.9% 21.7% 70.6%
2005 34.6% 10.9% 21.4% 72.7%
2006 34.5% 9.94% 21.2% 71.3%
2007 34.3% 9.67% 22% 66.4%
2008 35.1% 11.7% 21.8% 64.6%
2009 37.8% 16.6% 23.2% 69.7%
2010 37% 20.3% 23.3% 68.5%
2011 36.3% 24% 23.5% 66.4%
2012 36.5% 27.5% 22.1% 63.4%
2013 36.4% 30.5% 23.8% 62.9%
2014 36.7% 34% 24.8% 61.5%
2015 37.3% 37.7% 27.9% 65.1%
2016 37.3% 40.6% 27.7% 70.4%
2017 36.8% 41.2% 27.7% 78.1%
2018 36.9% 41.8% 26.8% 78.8%
2019 38.9% 46.7% 27.4% 78.4%
2020 44.4% 57.1% 33.2% 103.3%
2021 41.8% 55.5% 25.8% 82.5%
2022 37.5% 50.2% 22.8% 66.8%
2023 37.2% 49% 24.8% 67.2%
2024 38.3% 49.8% 24.7% 61%
2025 38.8% 50.9% 24.1% 59.5%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Australia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$37.8B, equivalent to -2.16% of GDP. This compares to Belize's deficit of -$83.1M, or -2.36% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Australia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Belize ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Australia posted an annual deficit equal to -1.73% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.19% of GDP for Belize.

Deficit/surplus
Australia

Belize
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Australia Belize
1901 1.46% -
1902 0.16% -
1903 -0.02% -
1904 -0.13% -
1905 0.11% -
1906 0.23% -
1907 0.41% -
1908 -0.15% -
1909 0.37% -
1910 0.39% -
1911 0.39% -
1912 0.12% -
1913 0% -
1914 -0.29% -
1915 -1.11% -
1916 -3.47% -
1917 -4.99% -
1918 -4.36% -
1919 -4.8% -
1920 -2.43% -
1921 -2% -
1922 -0.94% -
1923 -0.33% -
1924 -0.5% -
1925 -0.26% -
1926 -0.31% -
1927 -0.5% -
1928 -0.69% -
1929 -0.53% -
1930 -1% -
1931 -0.8% -
1932 0.02% -
1933 0.28% -
1934 0.28% -
1935 0.24% -
1936 0.17% -
1937 0.28% -
1938 0.24% -
1939 0.77% -
1940 0.51% -
1941 -2.14% -
1942 -5.17% -
1943 -12.4% -
1944 -11.8% -
1945 -8.87% -
1946 -4.09% -
1947 -0.45% -
1948 2% -
1949 0.72% -
1950 4.29% -
1951 1.85% -
1952 -0.44% -
1953 -0.86% -
1954 -0.27% -
1955 0.08% -
1956 1% -
1957 -0.33% -
1958 -0.25% -
1959 0.06% -
1960 0.47% -
1961 -0.78% -
1962 -0.38% -
1963 -0.26% -
1964 0.19% -
1965 -1.46% -
1966 -1.77% -
1967 -1.65% -
1968 -0.7% -
1969 0.53% -
1970 -0.23% -
1971 -0.23% -
1972 -0.97% -
1973 0.16% -
1974 -2.46% -
1975 -3.47% -
1976 -3.44% -
1977 -4.39% -
1978 -4.19% -
1979 -2.32% -
1980 -2.87% -
1981 -3.25% -
1982 -5.19% -
1983 -5.66% -
1984 -5.48% -
1985 -5.24% -
1986 -3.5% -
1987 -1.66% -
1988 -0.77% -
1989 -1.29% -
1990 -0.23% -
1991 -2.79% -
1992 -4.74% -
1993 -4.73% -
1994 -3.79% -
1995 -2.6% -
1996 -1.46% -1.76%
1997 -0.49% -1.81%
1998 -0.25% -2.69%
1999 0.67% -6.51%
2000 1.25% -6.68%
2001 -0.03% -7.23%
2002 0.19% -5.4%
2003 1.05% -8.41%
2004 1.32% -4.52%
2005 1.71% -3.7%
2006 1.77% -2.27%
2007 1.47% -0.19%
2008 -1.1% 1.25%
2009 -4.56% -2.46%
2010 -5.12% -1.91%
2011 -4.53% -1.06%
2012 -3.51% -0.22%
2013 -2.81% -1.21%
2014 -2.92% -1.72%
2015 -2.79% -5.14%
2016 -2.42% -4.47%
2017 -1.72% -3.48%
2018 -1.26% -1.36%
2019 -4.41% -2.89%
2020 -8.73% -8.59%
2021 -6.36% -3.3%
2022 -2.18% -0.48%
2023 -0.92% -1.99%
2024 -2.16% -2.36%
2025 -2.58% -1.65%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Australia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.66%, compared with 1.89% in Belize. In 2024, inflation was 3.16% in Australia and 1.4% in Belize.

Inflation
Australia

Belize
Year Inflation
Australia Belize Australia Belize
1996 2.62% 6.4%
1997 0.22% 1%
1998 0.86% -0.8%
1999 1.48% -1.2%
2000 4.46% 0.6%
2001 4.41% 1.1%
2002 2.98% 2.2%
2003 2.73% 2.6%
2004 2.34% 3.1%
2005 2.69% 3.7%
2006 3.56% 4.2%
2007 2.33% 2.3%
2008 4.35% 6.4%
2009 1.77% -1.1%
2010 2.92% 0.9%
2011 3.3% 1.7%
2012 1.76% 1.2%
2013 2.45% 0.5%
2014 2.49% 1.2%
2015 1.51% -0.9%
2016 1.28% 0.7%
2017 1.95% 1.1%
2018 1.91% 0.3%
2019 1.61% 0.2%
2020 0.85% 0.1%
2021 2.86% 3.2%
2022 6.59% 6.3%
2023 5.6% 4.4%
2024 3.16% 3.3%
2025 - 1.4%

Top exports between countries

Australia
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $51K
Precious metals & jewellery $33K
Machinery & equipment $29K
Textiles & consumer goods $9K
Raw agricultural goods $3K
Metals $1K
Belize
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $454K
Miscellaneous $7K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

Australia Belize
Current account balance
-$36.3B
2024
-$51.7M
2024
Current account balance ranking
186/189
2024
80/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.07%
2024
-1.47%
2024
Goods imports
$297B
2024
$1.36B
2024
Goods exports
$341B
2024
$482M
2024
Service imports
$110B
2024
$362M
2024
Service exports
$83.9B
2024
$1.16B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.6%
2024
51.2%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.7%
2024
55.3%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Australia Belize
Economic freedom 79.3 64.2
Economic freedom ranking 7/197 73/197
Property rights 90.4 35.1
Government integrity 86.2 44.4
Judicial effectiveness 95.3 72.6
Tax burden 62.1 83.2
Government spending 54.8 82.2
Fiscal health 79.5 86.5
Business freedom 92.5 68.3
Labor freedom 65.3 65.1
Monetary freedom 75 71.2
Trade freedom 90 56.6
Investment freedom 80 55
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Australia is 79.3, ranking 7/197, compared to 64.2 for Belize, ranking 73/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Australia
Belize
Year Economic freedom index
Australia Belize
1995 74.1 62.9
1996 74 61.6
1997 75.5 64.3
1998 75.6 59.1
1999 76.4 60.7
2000 77.1 63.3
2001 77.4 65.9
2002 77.3 65.6
2003 77.4 63.5
2004 77.9 62.8
2005 79 64.5
2006 79.9 64.7
2007 81.1 63.3
2008 82.2 63
2009 82.6 63
2010 82.6 61.5
2011 82.5 63.8
2012 83.1 61.9
2013 82.6 57.3
2014 82 56.7
2015 81.4 56.8
2016 80.3 57.4
2017 81 58.6
2018 80.9 57.1
2019 80.9 55.4
2020 82.6 57.4
2021 82.4 57.5
2022 77.7 56.6
2023 74.8 59.8
2024 76.2 61.2
2025 79.3 64.2

More economic indicators

Australia Belize
Services, % of GDP
65.5%
2024
62.4%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
26%
2024
14.3%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.22%
2024
8.1%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$1.7T
2024
$3.19B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$68,800
2024
$14,530
2024
Total reserves including gold
$60.4B
2024
$498M
2024
Total reserves ranking
39/177
2024
156/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$39.4B
2024
-$126M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$54.2B
2024
$128M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$14.8B
2024
$2.61M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.86%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
52%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.4%
2024
18.3%
2023

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.