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Economy of Australia vs Belize compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Australia has a GDP of $1.76T compared to $3.2B for Belize, ranking 14/197 and 168/197 by economy size, respectively.

Australia has $875B in government debt (50.5% of GDP), compared to $1.95B (58.8% of GDP) in Belize.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Australia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Belize
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Australia Belize
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $18,635,682,982 $205,087,842,012 $28,072,478 $142,139,035
1961 $19,713,123,154 $210,175,778,904 $29,965,000 $149,092,871
1962 $19,953,923,193 $212,901,615,359 $31,857,592 $156,387,466
1963 $21,573,443,452 $226,132,122,992 $33,750,114 $164,138,708
1964 $23,835,843,814 $241,910,654,448 $36,194,586 $172,345,446
1965 $26,014,244,162 $256,370,876,810 $40,110,040 $180,843,009
1966 $27,349,284,376 $262,475,153,274 $44,450,044 $189,470,749
1967 $30,487,524,878 $279,029,197,366 $47,431,256 $198,779,681
1968 $32,763,365,242 $293,246,097,180 $44,999,910 $213,424,228
1969 $36,738,245,878 $313,912,916,257 $47,399,905 $224,322,469
1970 $41,395,206,623 $336,435,225,747 $53,339,893 $235,107,205
1971 $45,283,847,245 $349,895,953,947 $59,074,687 $244,416,136
1972 $52,117,990,654 $363,566,313,880 $65,998,069 $269,391,320
1973 $63,923,126,201 $373,086,464,591 $78,214,768 $283,808,858
1974 $89,086,219,602 $388,407,674,435 $103,160,450 $322,293,297
1975 $97,440,939,506 $393,607,290,139 $118,194,026 $333,872,729
1976 $105,209,354,856 $403,793,146,388 $97,094,227 $333,759,143
1977 $110,504,702,914 $418,298,913,741 $117,650,000 $355,442,120
1978 $118,660,813,780 $422,044,209,285 $136,300,000 $383,596,005
1979 $135,093,718,051 $439,143,545,450 $151,800,000 $412,430,999
1980 $150,200,557,103 $452,469,510,391 $257,400,000 $462,371,238
1981 $177,151,979,566 $467,592,942,676 $260,750,000 $467,611,279
1982 $194,323,071,831 $483,157,475,069 $248,550,000 $467,112,227
1983 $177,523,719,680 $472,403,242,301 $262,150,000 $457,081,291
1984 $193,749,932,078 $493,965,987,482 $290,350,000 $466,114,124
1985 $180,861,108,959 $520,055,779,886 $287,300,000 $470,805,208
1986 $182,707,050,923 $540,700,762,324 $311,500,000 $492,214,519
1987 $189,726,707,253 $554,525,226,539 $371,100,000 $545,014,170
1988 $236,461,079,970 $586,473,477,240 $421,450,000 $598,362,778
1989 $300,264,309,002 $609,222,887,777 $491,100,000 $676,214,816
1990 $311,840,666,465 $630,990,273,461 $546,750,912 $752,917,474
1991 $326,416,407,861 $628,563,287,009 $596,682,100 $841,601,389
1992 $325,982,966,981 $631,285,380,040 $695,741,150 $948,789,622
1993 $312,568,858,910 $656,826,136,947 $752,255,150 $1,007,025,242
1994 $323,269,456,935 $682,960,226,532 $771,838,000 $1,006,823,975
1995 $368,725,126,225 $709,528,553,282 $818,590,250 $1,014,189,476
1996 $401,962,517,479 $736,956,619,706 $850,339,100 $1,025,399,371
1997 $436,321,902,767 $765,830,271,633 $872,916,050 $1,068,821,096
1998 $400,361,527,505 $801,646,726,962 $929,047,000 $1,110,430,515
1999 $390,347,787,943 $841,955,290,890 $999,713,050 $1,215,068,544
2000 $416,901,962,163 $874,926,744,106 $1,138,138,100 $1,363,800,371
2001 $380,360,222,861 $892,700,520,464 $1,172,045,150 $1,431,902,589
2002 $396,436,967,263 $927,960,453,450 $1,243,912,050 $1,509,212,058
2003 $468,517,181,130 $956,646,310,281 $1,308,280,250 $1,655,080,826
2004 $615,643,050,221 $997,006,658,240 $1,400,202,000 $1,734,204,697
2005 $696,811,489,613 $1,028,467,016,035 $1,474,298,400 $1,772,690,003
2006 $749,708,370,333 $1,056,965,077,771 $1,590,463,100 $1,852,664,108
2007 $856,603,595,823 $1,097,018,464,974 $1,706,190,450 $1,914,531,925
2008 $1,058,448,244,064 $1,136,774,249,983 $1,738,453,600 $1,883,373,344
2009 $931,761,689,771 $1,158,996,461,663 $1,688,012,750 $1,874,960,133
2010 $1,152,566,632,022 $1,184,610,839,240 $1,748,988,400 $1,901,536,024
2011 $1,402,939,868,653 $1,212,979,128,949 $1,831,576,700 $1,899,062,675
2012 $1,552,728,401,402 $1,260,921,781,881 $1,917,083,500 $1,973,959,679
2013 $1,583,737,461,925 $1,294,392,358,274 $2,035,191,450 $2,054,230,071
2014 $1,474,677,007,566 $1,328,061,960,035 $2,138,242,200 $2,134,186,060
2015 $1,356,805,839,936 $1,356,805,839,936 $2,193,095,150 $2,193,095,150
2016 $1,211,588,128,418 $1,394,194,533,275 $2,239,604,950 $2,192,684,131
2017 $1,330,890,554,614 $1,426,167,740,135 $2,266,028,250 $2,152,487,028
2018 $1,433,144,978,762 $1,467,158,231,105 $2,285,915,050 $2,170,181,948
2019 $1,398,349,602,956 $1,499,347,932,644 $2,381,187,850 $2,262,557,633
2020 $1,333,336,461,648 $1,497,345,824,797 $2,047,284,600 $1,956,594,233
2021 $1,560,617,493,203 $1,527,396,783,520 $2,428,606,250 $2,308,584,057
2022 $1,695,627,535,476 $1,592,357,665,099 $2,846,604,350 $2,522,139,932
2023 $1,734,451,264,656 $1,649,424,913,624 $3,052,362,650 $2,534,753,859
2024 $1,757,022,451,653 $1,672,078,242,948 $3,203,631,800 $2,623,588,473

Economic indicators

Australia Belize
Gross domestic product
$1.76T
2024
$3.2B
2024
GDP rank
14/197
2024
168/197
2024
GDP growth
1.3%
2023-2024
4.96%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$64,604
2024
$7,681
2024
GDP per capita rank
14/197
2024
98/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$71,410
2024
$14,347
2024
Government debt
$875B
2024
$1.95B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
50.5%
2026
58.8%
2026
Government debt per person
$32,191
2024
$4,682
2024
Government debt per person rank
22/185
2024
83/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$45,914
2026
$8,036
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.74T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
1,936,114
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
47
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2020
30%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2020
2.2%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
37.9%
2026
24.1%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
3.16%
2023-2024
1.9%
2025-2026
Central bank interest rate
3.6%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.94%
2024
29.3%
2020
Population
27722756
428711

GDP per capita in Australia vs Belize

Australia's GDP per capita is $64,604, ranking 14/197, compared to $7,681 in Belize, ranking 98/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Australia ranks 22nd at $71,410, while Belize ranks 117th at $14,347.

Australia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Belize
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Australia Belize
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,813 - $307 -
1961 $1,880 - $320 -
1962 $1,858 - $332 -
1963 $1,970 - $342 -
1964 $2,134 - $356 -
1965 $2,284 - $383 -
1966 $2,347 - $412 -
1967 $2,584 - $426 -
1968 $2,728 - $392 -
1969 $2,996 - $402 -
1970 $3,310 - $442 -
1971 $3,500 - $481 -
1972 $3,955 - $529 -
1973 $4,778 - $619 -
1974 $6,492 - $805 -
1975 $7,014 - $906 -
1976 $7,497 - $729 -
1977 $7,786 - $866 -
1978 $8,264 - $983 -
1979 $9,308 - $1,071 -
1980 $10,223 - $1,774 -
1981 $11,871 - $1,753 -
1982 $12,798 - $1,629 -
1983 $11,532 - $1,677 -
1984 $12,436 - $1,814 -
1985 $11,455 - $1,754 -
1986 $11,406 - $1,859 -
1987 $11,666 - $2,166 -
1988 $14,303 - $2,406 -
1989 $17,858 - $2,742 -
1990 $18,274 $17,404 $2,986 $4,467
1991 $18,885 $17,860 $3,190 $5,053
1992 $18,650 $18,280 $3,643 $5,706
1993 $17,725 $19,243 $3,860 $6,075
1994 $18,156 $20,200 $3,877 $6,073
1995 $20,479 $21,071 $4,010 $6,091
1996 $22,056 $22,166 $4,043 $6,087
1997 $23,683 $23,161 $4,014 $6,243
1998 $21,516 $24,420 $4,126 $6,333
1999 $20,750 $25,531 $4,290 $6,790
2000 $21,909 $26,588 $4,727 $7,544
2001 $19,734 $27,699 $4,719 $7,852
2002 $20,335 $29,080 $4,859 $8,154
2003 $23,758 $30,172 $4,960 $8,850
2004 $30,886 $31,815 $5,154 $9,245
2005 $34,535 $33,090 $5,270 $9,466
2006 $36,659 $34,907 $5,525 $9,910
2007 $41,128 $36,722 $5,762 $10,226
2008 $49,811 $37,616 $5,712 $9,975
2009 $42,955 $40,443 $5,400 $9,728
2010 $52,314 $39,501 $5,461 $9,748
2011 $62,799 $42,153 $5,596 $9,722
2012 $68,301 $43,007 $5,733 $9,303
2013 $68,477 $46,123 $5,957 $9,526
2014 $62,817 $47,109 $6,128 $9,490
2015 $56,970 $46,452 $6,155 $9,538
2016 $50,084 $47,446 $6,141 $9,399
2017 $54,118 $48,565 $6,072 $9,121
2018 $57,410 $50,371 $6,012 $9,497
2019 $55,195 $52,886 $6,172 $10,500
2020 $51,983 $54,184 $5,239 $9,639
2021 $60,759 $58,327 $6,143 $11,716
2022 $65,170 $66,047 $7,068 $13,461
2023 $65,058 $70,755 $7,425 $13,730
2024 $64,604 $71,410 $7,681 $14,347

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Australia's government spending was $674B, accounting for 37.9% of its GDP, while Belize's spent $792M, or 24.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 50.5% in Australia and 58.8% in Belize, ranking 107/185 and 83/185, respectively.

Australia
Government spending

Government debt
Belize
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Australia Belize
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 21.8% 48.2% - -
1961 23.3% 49.3% - -
1962 22.7% 50.2% - -
1963 23% 47.5% - -
1964 23.5% 44.9% - -
1965 25.8% 43.7% - -
1966 25.6% 42.4% - -
1967 26.4% 40.5% - -
1968 25.3% 39.4% - -
1969 24.7% 36.7% - -
1970 25.3% 34.9% - -
1971 26.1% 32.2% - -
1972 27% 30.7% - -
1973 26.6% 27.3% - -
1974 30.9% 22.3% - -
1975 33% 23.6% - -
1976 33.3% 22.9% - -
1977 34.1% 23.6% - -
1978 33.2% 24.7% - -
1979 32.5% 22.8% - -
1980 33.2% 21.2% - -
1981 33.4% 19.1% - -
1982 36.7% 16.8% - -
1983 37% 21% - -
1984 38.4% 22.3% - -
1985 38.7% 24% - -
1986 38.4% 25.5% - -
1987 36% 25.2% - -
1988 34.6% 20.5% - -
1989 34.5% 17% - -
1990 30.5% 16.4% - -
1991 33.1% 21.6% - -
1992 34.1% 27.6% - -
1993 34.1% 30.7% - -
1994 33.7% 31.7% - -
1995 33.7% 31.1% - -
1996 33.5% 29.3% 19.9% 39.4%
1997 32.8% 25.9% 19.9% 40.7%
1998 34.6% 23.7% 20.9% 40.3%
1999 36.2% 22.5% 23.6% 43.7%
2000 35.2% 19.5% 23.1% 79%
2001 35.6% 17.1% 25.8% 49.5%
2002 34.9% 15% 24.4% 53.2%
2003 34.9% 13.2% 24.5% 67.2%
2004 34.8% 11.9% 21.7% 70.6%
2005 34.6% 10.9% 21.4% 72.7%
2006 34.5% 9.94% 21.2% 71.3%
2007 34.3% 9.67% 22% 66.4%
2008 35.1% 11.7% 21.8% 64.6%
2009 37.8% 16.6% 23.2% 69.7%
2010 37% 20.3% 23.3% 68.5%
2011 36.3% 24% 23.5% 66.4%
2012 36.5% 27.5% 22.1% 63.4%
2013 36.4% 30.5% 23.8% 62.9%
2014 36.7% 34% 24.8% 61.5%
2015 37.3% 37.7% 27.9% 65.1%
2016 37.3% 40.6% 27.7% 70.4%
2017 36.8% 41.2% 27.7% 78.1%
2018 36.9% 41.8% 26.8% 78.8%
2019 38.9% 46.7% 27.4% 78.4%
2020 44.4% 57.1% 33.2% 103.3%
2021 41.8% 55.5% 25.8% 82.5%
2022 37.5% 50.2% 22.8% 66.8%
2023 37.2% 49% 24.8% 67.2%
2024 38.3% 49.8% 24.7% 61%
2025 38.8% 50.9% 24.1% 59.5%
2026 37.9% 50.5% 24.1% 58.8%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Australia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$37.9B, equivalent to -2.16% of GDP. This compares to Belize's deficit of -$75.7M, or -2.36% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Australia recorded a fiscal deficit in 21 of those years, while Belize ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, Australia posted an annual deficit equal to -1.73% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.19% of GDP for Belize.

Deficit/surplus
Australia

Belize
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Australia Belize
1901 1.46% -
1902 0.16% -
1903 -0.02% -
1904 -0.13% -
1905 0.11% -
1906 0.23% -
1907 0.41% -
1908 -0.15% -
1909 0.37% -
1910 0.39% -
1911 0.39% -
1912 0.12% -
1913 0% -
1914 -0.29% -
1915 -1.11% -
1916 -3.47% -
1917 -4.99% -
1918 -4.36% -
1919 -4.8% -
1920 -2.43% -
1921 -2% -
1922 -0.94% -
1923 -0.33% -
1924 -0.5% -
1925 -0.26% -
1926 -0.31% -
1927 -0.5% -
1928 -0.69% -
1929 -0.53% -
1930 -1% -
1931 -0.8% -
1932 0.02% -
1933 0.28% -
1934 0.28% -
1935 0.24% -
1936 0.17% -
1937 0.28% -
1938 0.24% -
1939 0.77% -
1940 0.51% -
1941 -2.14% -
1942 -5.17% -
1943 -12.4% -
1944 -11.8% -
1945 -8.87% -
1946 -4.09% -
1947 -0.45% -
1948 2% -
1949 0.72% -
1950 4.29% -
1951 1.85% -
1952 -0.44% -
1953 -0.86% -
1954 -0.27% -
1955 0.08% -
1956 1% -
1957 -0.33% -
1958 -0.25% -
1959 0.06% -
1960 0.47% -
1961 -0.78% -
1962 -0.38% -
1963 -0.26% -
1964 0.19% -
1965 -1.46% -
1966 -1.77% -
1967 -1.65% -
1968 -0.7% -
1969 0.53% -
1970 -0.23% -
1971 -0.23% -
1972 -0.97% -
1973 0.16% -
1974 -2.46% -
1975 -3.47% -
1976 -3.44% -
1977 -4.39% -
1978 -4.19% -
1979 -2.32% -
1980 -2.87% -
1981 -3.25% -
1982 -5.19% -
1983 -5.66% -
1984 -5.48% -
1985 -5.24% -
1986 -3.5% -
1987 -1.66% -
1988 -0.77% -
1989 -1.29% -
1990 -0.23% -
1991 -2.79% -
1992 -4.74% -
1993 -4.73% -
1994 -3.79% -
1995 -2.6% -
1996 -1.46% -1.76%
1997 -0.49% -1.81%
1998 -0.25% -2.69%
1999 0.67% -6.51%
2000 1.25% -6.68%
2001 -0.03% -7.23%
2002 0.19% -5.4%
2003 1.05% -8.41%
2004 1.32% -4.52%
2005 1.71% -3.7%
2006 1.77% -2.27%
2007 1.47% -0.19%
2008 -1.1% 1.25%
2009 -4.56% -2.46%
2010 -5.12% -1.91%
2011 -4.53% -1.06%
2012 -3.51% -0.22%
2013 -2.81% -1.21%
2014 -2.92% -1.72%
2015 -2.79% -5.14%
2016 -2.42% -4.47%
2017 -1.72% -3.48%
2018 -1.26% -1.36%
2019 -4.41% -2.89%
2020 -8.73% -8.59%
2021 -6.36% -3.3%
2022 -2.18% -0.48%
2023 -0.92% -1.99%
2024 -2.16% -2.36%
2025 -2.58% -1.65%
2026 -1.57% -1.54%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Australia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.66%, compared with 1.73% in Belize. In 2024, inflation was 3.16% in Australia and 1.9% in Belize.

Inflation
Australia

Belize
Year Inflation
Australia Belize
1997 0.22% 1%
1998 0.86% -0.8%
1999 1.48% -1.2%
2000 4.46% 0.6%
2001 4.41% 1.1%
2002 2.98% 2.2%
2003 2.73% 2.6%
2004 2.34% 3.1%
2005 2.69% 3.7%
2006 3.56% 4.2%
2007 2.33% 2.3%
2008 4.35% 6.4%
2009 1.77% -1.1%
2010 2.92% 0.9%
2011 3.3% 1.7%
2012 1.76% 1.2%
2013 2.45% 0.5%
2014 2.49% 1.2%
2015 1.51% -0.9%
2016 1.28% 0.7%
2017 1.95% 1.1%
2018 1.91% 0.3%
2019 1.61% 0.2%
2020 0.85% 0.1%
2021 2.86% 3.2%
2022 6.59% 6.3%
2023 5.6% 4.4%
2024 3.16% 3.3%
2025 - 1.4%
2026 - 1.9%

Top exports between countries

Australia
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $51K
Precious metals & jewellery $33K
Machinery & equipment $29K
Textiles & consumer goods $9K
Raw agricultural goods $3K
Metals $1K
Belize
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $454K
Miscellaneous $7K
Wood & paper products $2K

Balance of trade

Australia Belize
Current account balance
-$34.8B
2024
-$51.7M
2024
Current account balance ranking
187/190
2024
84/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.98%
2024
-1.61%
2024
Goods imports
$297B
2024
$1.36B
2024
Goods exports
$341B
2024
$482M
2024
Service imports
$109B
2024
$362M
2024
Service exports
$84.1B
2024
$1.16B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.5%
2024
53.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
55.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Australia Belize
Economic freedom 79.3 64.2
Economic freedom ranking 7/197 73/197
Property rights 90.4 35.1
Government integrity 86.2 44.4
Judicial effectiveness 95.3 72.6
Tax burden 62.1 83.2
Government spending 54.8 82.2
Fiscal health 79.5 86.5
Business freedom 92.5 68.3
Labor freedom 65.3 65.1
Monetary freedom 75 71.2
Trade freedom 90 56.6
Investment freedom 80 55
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Australia is 79.3, ranking 7/197, compared to 64.2 for Belize, ranking 73/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Australia
Belize
Year Economic freedom index
Australia Belize
1995 74.1 62.9
1996 74 61.6
1997 75.5 64.3
1998 75.6 59.1
1999 76.4 60.7
2000 77.1 63.3
2001 77.4 65.9
2002 77.3 65.6
2003 77.4 63.5
2004 77.9 62.8
2005 79 64.5
2006 79.9 64.7
2007 81.1 63.3
2008 82.2 63
2009 82.6 63
2010 82.6 61.5
2011 82.5 63.8
2012 83.1 61.9
2013 82.6 57.3
2014 82 56.7
2015 81.4 56.8
2016 80.3 57.4
2017 81 58.6
2018 80.9 57.1
2019 80.9 55.4
2020 82.6 57.4
2021 82.4 57.5
2022 77.7 56.6
2023 74.8 59.8
2024 76.2 61.2
2025 79.3 64.2

More economic indicators

Australia Belize
Services, % of GDP
66.1%
2024
62.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.5%
2024
14.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.04%
2024
7.95%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.7T
2024
$2.98B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$68,920
2024
$13,760
2024
Total reserves including gold
$60.4B
2024
$498M
2024
Total reserves ranking
39/177
2024
156/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$39.2B
2024
-$126M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$54B
2024
$128M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$14.8B
2024
$2.61M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
4.15%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines n/a
52%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.3%
2024
19.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.