Skip to content

Economy of Argentina vs Benin compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Argentina has a GDP of $683B compared to $24.6B for Benin, ranking 25/197 and 124/197 by economy size, respectively.

Argentina has $549B in government debt (80.3% of GDP), compared to $14.1B (57.3% of GDP) in Benin.

Argentina vs Benin GDP by year

Argentina
Benin
1x
Year GDP, current $
Argentina Benin
2025 $683,097,891,619 $24,566,420,904
2024 $638,365,455,340 $21,482,643,706
2023 $649,461,687,959 $19,673,291,004
2022 $633,993,756,301 $17,425,405,091
2021 $486,564,085,480 $17,687,623,530
2020 $385,740,508,437 $15,686,741,884
2019 $447,754,683,615 $14,391,686,313
2018 $524,819,892,360 $14,262,408,090
2017 $643,628,393,281 $12,701,655,837
2016 $557,532,320,663 $11,821,065,853
2015 $594,749,285,413 $11,388,160,997
2014 $526,319,673,732 $13,284,527,847
2013 $552,025,140,252 $12,517,845,124
2012 $545,982,375,701 $11,141,358,116
2011 $530,158,122,010 $10,693,321,364
2010 $423,627,422,092 $9,535,345,016
2009 $332,976,484,578 $9,738,626,517
2008 $361,558,037,110 $9,787,734,526
2007 $287,530,508,431 $8,169,048,383
2006 $232,557,260,817 $7,034,111,315
2005 $198,737,095,012 $6,567,654,954
2004 $164,657,930,453 $6,190,270,380
2003 $127,586,973,492 $5,349,258,094
2002 $97,724,004,252 $4,194,342,686
2001 $268,696,750,000 $3,666,222,635
2000 $284,203,750,000 $3,519,991,440
1999 $283,523,000,000 $3,677,393,999
1998 $298,948,250,000 $2,455,092,686
1997 $292,859,000,000 $2,268,301,646
1996 $272,149,750,000 $2,361,116,449
1995 $258,031,750,000 $2,169,627,138
1994 $257,440,000,000 $1,598,075,944
1993 $236,741,715,015 $2,274,558,083
1992 $228,778,917,308 $1,695,315,306
1991 $189,719,984,268 $1,986,437,797
1990 $141,352,654,305 $1,959,965,330
1989 $76,629,728,760 $1,502,294,416
1988 $126,890,235,049 $1,620,246,084
1987 $108,810,885,301 $1,562,412,228
1986 $105,872,372,614 $1,336,102,025
1985 $88,150,891,728 $1,045,712,789
1984 $116,915,052,107 $1,051,134,009
1983 $103,979,106,778 $1,095,348,199
1982 $84,307,486,837 $1,267,778,670
1981 $78,676,842,367 $1,291,120,188
1980 $76,961,923,741 $1,405,251,847
1979 $69,252,328,952 $1,186,231,020
1978 $89,049,453,088 $928,843,469
1977 $56,781,000,101 $750,049,779
1976 $51,169,499,892 $698,408,262
1975 $52,438,647,922 $676,870,140
1974 $72,436,777,342 $554,654,861
1973 $52,544,000,117 $504,376,074
1972 $34,733,000,536 $410,331,857
1971 $33,293,199,095 $335,073,028
1970 $31,584,210,366 $333,627,713
1969 $31,256,284,544 $330,748,245
1968 $26,436,857,247 $326,323,105
1967 $24,256,667,553 $306,221,953
1966 $28,630,474,728 $302,925,235
1965 $28,344,705,967 $289,908,680
1964 $25,605,249,382 $269,819,006
1963 $18,272,123,664 $253,927,697
1962 $18,337,691,145 $236,434,954
1961 $20,132,220,375 $235,668,221
1960 $15,865,474,315 $226,195,578

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

GDP per capita in Argentina vs Benin by year

Argentina
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Benin
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Argentina Benin
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $14,898 - $1,658 -
2024 $13,970 $30,431 $1,485 $4,435
2023 $14,262 $30,221 $1,394 $4,130
2022 $13,962 $29,809 $1,266 $3,844
2021 $10,738 $26,300 $1,319 $3,464
2020 $8,536 $22,393 $1,200 $3,245
2019 $9,956 $23,517 $1,131 $3,149
2018 $11,753 $24,410 $1,152 $2,965
2017 $14,533 $23,385 $1,055 $2,886
2016 $12,700 $20,106 $1,011 $2,842
2015 $13,680 $19,899 $1,002 $2,725
2014 $12,233 $19,487 $1,204 $2,670
2013 $12,964 $19,929 $1,169 $2,512
2012 $12,950 $19,430 $1,072 $2,346
2011 $12,704 $19,105 $1,059 $2,265
2010 $10,260 $17,848 $973 $2,220
2009 $8,150 $16,182 $1,024 $2,213
2008 $8,944 $17,277 $1,061 $2,215
2007 $7,185 $16,455 $912 $2,136
2006 $5,869 $14,844 $809 $2,021
2005 $5,068 $13,465 $779 $1,946
2004 $4,242 $12,118 $759 $1,915
2003 $3,320 $10,933 $676 $1,842
2002 $2,570 $9,953 $546 $1,800
2001 $7,141 $11,118 $492 $1,746
2000 $7,637 $11,500 $487 $1,671
1999 $7,706 $11,464 $525 $1,592
1998 $8,219 $11,836 $362 $1,537
1997 $8,147 $11,403 $345 $1,508
1996 $7,663 $10,496 $369 $1,444
1995 $7,358 $9,891 $348 $1,395
1994 $7,438 $10,103 $262.1 $1,316
1993 $6,932 $9,472 $387 $1,311
1992 $6,790 $8,668 $302 $1,265
1991 $5,709 $7,961 $365 $1,239
1990 $4,315 $7,158 $371 $1,186
1989 $2,375 - $293.3 -
1988 $3,993 - $326 -
1987 $3,477 - $324 -
1986 $3,436 - $285.8 -
1985 $2,906 - $230.4 -
1984 $3,915 - $238.6 -
1983 $3,538 - $256 -
1982 $2,915 - $305 -
1981 $2,764 - $320 -
1980 $2,748 - $358 -
1979 $2,512 - $311 -
1978 $3,282 - $249.8 -
1977 $2,126 - $207 -
1976 $1,947 - $197.7 -
1975 $2,027 - $196.5 -
1974 $2,845 - $164.9 -
1973 $2,098 - $153.6 -
1972 $1,409 - $127.9 -
1971 $1,373 - $106.9 -
1970 $1,323 - $108.8 -
1969 $1,330 - $110.3 -
1968 $1,142 - $111.2 -
1967 $1,064 - $106.6 -
1966 $1,275 - $107.6 -
1965 $1,282 - $105.1 -
1964 $1,176 - $99.8 -
1963 $853 - $95.7 -
1962 $870 - $90.8 -
1961 $971 - $92.1 -
1960 $778 - $89.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

Argentina's GDP per capita is $14,898, ranking 70/197, compared to $1,658 in Benin, ranking 162/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Argentina ranks 73rd at $30,431, while Benin ranks 162nd at $4,435.

Economic indicators

Argentina Benin
Gross domestic product
$683B
2025
$24.6B
2025
GDP rank
25/197
2025
124/197
2025
GDP growth
4.37%
2024-2025
8.07%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$14,898
2025
$1,658
2025
GDP per capita rank
70/197
2025
162/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$30,431
2024
$4,435
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
73/197
2024
162/197
2024
Government debt
$549B
2025
$14.1B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.3%
2025
57.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$11,965
2025
$950
2025
Government debt per person rank
52/185
2025
145/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$8,751
2026
$1,056
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$52.9B
2022
n/a
Number of billionaires
5
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
31.2%
2024
27.2%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
1.9%
2024
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
31.6%
2025
18.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
41.9%
2024-2025
1.1%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
29%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
7.38%
2025
1.69%
2022
Population
46083022
15358725

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Argentina
Spending

Debt
Benin
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Argentina Benin
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 31.6% 80.3% 18.5% 57.3%
2024 31% 84.7% 18.2% 60.5%
2023 37.6% 154.6% 19.3% 61.3%
2022 37.6% 84.3% 20% 59.7%
2021 37.9% 81% 20% 55.6%
2020 42.5% 103.8% 19.1% 46.1%
2019 38.1% 89.8% 14.3% 40.4%
2018 38.9% 85.2% 16.5% 40.8%
2017 41.1% 57% 17.7% 39.4%
2016 41.5% 53.1% 15.4% 35.9%
2015 41.4% 52.6% 18.2% 30.9%
2014 38.9% 44.7% 14.2% 22.3%
2013 37.6% 43.5% 14.9% 18.5%
2012 36.8% 40.4% 14.2% 19.5%
2011 34.9% 38.9% 14.7% 21.9%
2010 33.4% 43.5% 14.1% 21%
2009 34.5% 55.4% 17% 18.7%
2008 30.8% 53.8% 14.5% 18.3%
2007 29.6% 62.1% 15.8% 14.3%
2006 26.6% 70.8% 13% 8.37%
2005 24.4% 80.3% 14.1% 27%
2004 23% 117.9% 13.4% 21.5%
2003 22% 125.2% 13.7% 23.4%
2002 21.9% 147.2% 15.3% 30.8%
2001 26.4% 48% 15.4% 38%
2000 25.2% 40.8% 15.6% 39.6%
1999 25.5% 38.9% 10.7% 39.4%
1998 23.1% 34.1% 14.9% 53.6%
1997 22.6% 31.7% 17.3% 42.9%
1996 22.7% 32.6% 18.2% 43.4%
1995 22.9% 30.7% 20.2% 48.3%
1994 22.9% 28.4% 18.5% 64.6%
1993 22% 26.9% 16.4% 41.9%
1992 12.1% 25% 18.4% 41.8%
1991 11.4% 35.7% 17.2% 44%
1990 11% 48.5% 18.1% 45.3%
1989 11% 118.2% 17.1% 50.3%
1988 12.3% 61.4% - -
1987 13.7% 74.1% - -
1986 13.7% 55.9% - -
1985 14.7% 55.2% - -
1984 13% 54.6% - -
1983 14.2% 64.2% - -
1982 15.9% 52.2% - -
1981 17% 26.5% - -
1980 15.2% 11.4% - -
1979 14.5% 12.4% - -
1978 14.9% 17.5% - -
1977 12.6% 25.1% - -
1976 13% 28.7% - -
1975 12.5% 33.8% - -
1974 14% 13% - -
1973 12.6% 12% - -
1972 11.2% 17.1% - -
1971 11.7% 15.2% - -
1970 12% 13.5% - -
1969 12.3% 9.63% - -
1968 12.8% 9.43% - -
1967 13% 10.9% - -
1966 12.1% 13.4% - -
1965 11.6% 15.9% - -
1964 11.8% 16.8% - -
1963 11.2% 23.4% - -
1962 11.3% 25.1% - -
1961 12.3% 8.69% - -
1960 11.3% 8.39% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

In 2025, Argentina's government spending was $216B, accounting for 31.6% of its GDP, while Benin spent $4.54B, or 18.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.3% in Argentina and 57.3% in Benin, ranking 43/185 and 83/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Argentina

Benin
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Argentina Benin
2025 -0.38% -2.9%
2024 0.46% -3.06%
2023 -5.33% -4.13%
2022 -3.84% -5.55%
2021 -4.33% -2.53%
2020 -8.67% -4.68%
2019 -4.44% -0.53%
2018 -5.44% -2.96%
2017 -6.69% -4.18%
2016 -6.65% -4.29%
2015 -6% -5.55%
2014 -4.25% -1.65%
2013 -3.25% -1.37%
2012 -3.02% -0.22%
2011 -2.75% -0.98%
2010 -1.39% -0.28%
2009 -1.83% -2.24%
2008 0.35% -0.04%
2007 0.76% 0.22%
2006 1.65% -0.15%
2005 3.34% -1.52%
2004 3.97% -0.7%
2003 1.5% -1.07%
2002 -1.91% -3.33%
2001 -5.36% -3.27%
2000 -3.42% -3.69%
1999 -3.71% 1.94%
1998 -1.83% 2.5%
1997 -1.84% 0.64%
1996 -2.81% -0.15%
1995 -2.07% -2.61%
1994 -1.25% -2.14%
1993 -0.02% -0.56%
1992 1.54% -2.71%
1991 0.96% -3.08%
1990 -0.14% -3.24%
1989 -0.25% 0.89%
1988 -1.75% -
1987 1.89% -
1986 3.3% -
1985 3.6% -
1984 -1.39% -
1983 -2.89% -
1982 -4.68% -
1981 -3.93% -
1980 -1.14% -
1979 -1.5% -
1978 -1.36% -
1977 -0.54% -
1976 -2.39% -
1975 -2.9% -
1974 -1.08% -
1973 -1.48% -
1972 -0.12% -
1971 0.32% -
1970 1.01% -
1969 0.54% -
1968 0.25% -
1967 0.66% -
1966 -0.98% -
1965 -0.89% -
1964 -1.34% -
1963 -0.65% -
1962 -0.47% -
1961 1.73% -
1960 -1.98% -
1959 -4.82% -
1958 -6.61% -
1957 -2.72% -
1956 -3.77% -
1955 -3.75% -
1954 -3.21% -
1953 -3.1% -
1952 -3.01% -
1951 -3.52% -
1950 -3.38% -
1949 -3.98% -
1948 -2.73% -
1947 -1.6% -
1946 -4.12% -
1945 -5.25% -
1944 -4.61% -
1943 -3.86% -
1942 -2.9% -
1941 -2.85% -
1940 -2.31% -
1939 -3.09% -
1938 -2.09% -
1937 -1.62% -
1936 -1.44% -
1935 -1.16% -
1934 -1.56% -
1933 -1.27% -
1932 -1.19% -
1931 -2.98% -
1930 -3.94% -
1929 -1.95% -
1928 -1.52% -
1927 -3.3% -
1926 -1% -
1925 -0.46% -
1924 -0.68% -
1923 -0.93% -
1922 -1.86% -
1921 -0.99% -
1920 0.2% -
1919 -0.3% -
1918 -1.14% -
1917 -2.18% -
1916 -2.13% -
1915 -2.64% -
1914 -3.03% -
1913 -0.61% -
1912 -0.78% -
1911 -2.19% -
1910 -2.24% -
1909 -2.57% -
1908 0.28% -
1907 -0.2% -
1906 -0.32% -
1905 -3.52% -
1904 0.15% -
1903 -0.25% -
1902 -2.2% -
1901 -0.54% -
1900 -0.42% -
1899 -0.4% -
1898 -9.31% -
1897 -1.46% -
1896 -4.19% -
1895 -1.59% -
1894 -1.06% -
1893 0.06% -
1892 -1.33% -
1891 -4.48% -
1890 -1.82% -
1889 -2.88% -
1888 -0.69% -
1887 0.35% -
1886 -2.39% -
1885 -2.67% -
1884 -4.07% -
1883 -4.19% -
1882 -5.42% -
1881 -2.31% -
1880 -2.15% -
1879 -1.09% -
1878 -1.08% -
1877 -1.68% -
1876 -4.15% -
1875 -3.08% -
1874 -2.59% -
1873 -1.39% -
1872 -1.18% -
1871 -5.54% -
1870 -2.74% -
1869 -1.61% -
1868 -1.8% -
1867 -1.08% -
1866 -2.09% -
1865 -0.79% -
1864 0.51% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1864–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

In 2025, Argentina's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.6B, equivalent to 0.38% of GDP. This compares to Benin's deficit of $712M, or 2.9% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Argentina recorded a fiscal deficit in 28 of those years, while Benin ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, Argentina posted an annual deficit equal to 2.12% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.87% of GDP for Benin.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Argentina

Benin
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Argentina Benin
2025 41.9% 1.1%
2024 219.9% 1.2%
2023 133.5% 2.7%
2022 72.4% 1.4%
2021 48.4% 1.7%
2020 42% 3%
2019 53.5% -0.9%
2018 34.3% 0.8%
2017 25.7% 1.8%
2016 - -0.8%
2015 - 0.2%
2014 - -0.6%
2013 10.6% 0.4%
2012 10% 6.7%
2011 9.8% 2.7%
2010 10.5% 2.1%
2009 6.3% 0.9%
2008 8.6% 7.4%
2007 8.8% 1.3%
2006 10.9% 3.8%
2005 9.6% 5.4%
2004 4.4% 0.9%
2003 13.4% 1.5%
2002 25.9% 2.4%
2001 -1.1% 4%
2000 -0.9% 4.2%
1999 -1.2% 0.3%
1998 0.9% 5.8%
1997 - 3.8%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Argentina has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 31.9%, compared with 2.19% in Benin. In 2025, inflation was 41.9% in Argentina and 1.1% in Benin.

Top exports between countries

Argentina
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $3.66M
Miscellaneous $977K
Raw agricultural goods $779K
Benin
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $516K

Balance of trade

Argentina Benin
Current account balance
-$7.58B
2025
-$1.61B
2023
Current account balance ranking
169/190
2025
132/190
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.11%
2025
-8.18%
2023
Goods imports
$71.8B
2025
$4.65B
2023
Goods exports
$87.2B
2025
$4.05B
2023
Service imports
$29.3B
2025
$1.54B
2023
Service exports
$18B
2025
$461M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
14.8%
2025
20.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
15.6%
2025
17.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Argentina Benin
Economic freedom 57.4 60
Economic freedom ranking 117/197 96/197
Property rights 41.2 46.4
Government integrity 41.2 44.1
Judicial effectiveness 58.2 47.7
Tax burden 67.8 69.4
Government spending 62.3 89.1
Fiscal health 72.2 65.4
Business freedom 56.8 53.3
Labor freedom 53.5 60.2
Monetary freedom 28.9 82.1
Trade freedom 67.4 62.6
Investment freedom 70 50
Financial freedom 70 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Argentina
Benin
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Argentina Benin
2026 57.4 60
2025 54.2 58.5
2024 49.9 57.7
2023 51 59.8
2022 50.1 61
2021 52.7 59.6
2020 53.1 55.2
2019 52.2 55.3
2018 52.3 56.7
2017 50.4 59.2
2016 43.8 59.3
2015 44.1 58.8
2014 44.6 57.1
2013 46.7 57.6
2012 48 55.7
2011 51.7 56
2010 51.2 55.4
2009 52.3 55.4
2008 54.2 55.2
2007 54 55.1
2006 53.4 54
2005 51.7 52.3
2004 53.9 54.6
2003 56.3 54.9
2002 65.7 57.3
2001 68.6 60.1
2000 70 61.5
1999 70.6 60.6
1998 70.9 61.7
1997 73.3 61.3
1996 74.7 54.5
1995 68 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Argentina is 57.4, ranking 117/197, compared to 60 for Benin, ranking 96/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Argentina Benin
Services, % of GDP
56.2%
2025
50.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
22.9%
2025
17.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
5.53%
2025
22.9%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$672B
2025
$23.7B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$31,920
2025
$4,760
2025
Total reserves including gold
$41B
2025
n/a
Total reserves ranking
54/177
2025
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$300M
2025
-$430M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$11.6B
2024
$543M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.76B
2024
$60.3M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
6.32%
2024
5.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
38.1%
2024
36.2%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.1%
2025
35.8%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/argentina/benin | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1864–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.