Skip to content

Economy of Haiti vs Iceland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Haiti has a GDP of $25.2B compared to $33.3B for Iceland, ranking 117/197 and 108/197 by economy size, respectively.

Haiti has $3.91B in government debt (15.5% of GDP), compared to $19.8B (59.4% of GDP) in Iceland.

Haiti vs Iceland GDP by year

Haiti
Iceland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Haiti Iceland
2024 $25,224,154,991 $33,255,181,469
2023 $19,850,585,722 $31,677,891,897
2022 $20,253,551,921 $29,166,102,877
2021 $20,944,387,976 $26,234,872,402
2020 $14,508,222,518 $22,034,665,041
2019 $15,016,090,930 $24,985,687,022
2018 $16,403,864,618 $26,677,652,544
2017 $15,093,357,161 $25,060,086,488
2016 $14,069,277,526 $21,083,713,310
2015 $14,849,629,309 $17,700,486,957
2014 $15,146,883,498 $18,052,183,515
2013 $14,902,488,604 $16,244,319,959
2012 $13,708,925,477 $14,943,757,823
2011 $13,008,746,039 $15,394,005,872
2010 $11,859,312,725 $13,922,711,577
2009 $11,597,002,835 $13,212,543,838
2008 $10,432,962,635 $18,247,921,360
2007 $9,228,637,768 $21,960,110,030
2006 $7,638,739,123 $17,671,649,843
2005 $7,030,149,730 $17,146,410,561
2004 $6,087,360,684 $13,963,943,244
2003 $5,071,947,798 $11,564,687,742
2002 $6,205,847,214 $9,416,199,700
2001 $6,331,970,324 $8,323,401,820
2000 $6,813,566,099 $9,140,168,922
1999 $4,153,725,884 $9,107,644,691
1998 $3,723,903,724 $8,637,732,542
1997 $3,338,949,152 $7,716,781,803
1996 $2,907,517,604 $7,686,566,105
1995 $2,813,313,279 $7,372,640,169
1994 $2,167,569,046 $6,612,804,056
1993 $1,878,253,767 $6,435,952,174
1992 $2,257,129,792 $7,328,497,599
1991 $3,473,562,628 $7,151,260,062
1990 $3,096,289,800 $6,694,851,159
1989 $2,736,243,800 $5,870,854,233
1988 $2,613,926,800 $6,320,093,411
1987 $2,047,200,000 $5,713,281,235
1986 $2,318,000,000 $4,129,080,094
1985 $2,009,400,000 $3,088,359,967
1984 $1,816,200,000 $2,964,568,006
1983 $1,623,600,000 $2,862,634,164
1982 $1,474,200,000 $3,318,714,326
1981 $1,479,400,000 $3,615,094,820
1980 $1,383,800,000 $3,499,616,683
1979 $1,080,600,000 $2,953,176,971
1978 $974,200,000 $2,599,627,089
1977 $947,000,000 $2,285,707,749
1976 $879,000,000 $1,727,845,419
1975 $681,400,000 $1,456,052,700
1974 $565,399,322 $1,568,154,077
1973 $466,798,973 $1,194,794,186
1972 $371,998,958 $869,002,946
1971 $362,800,000 $693,679,545
1970 $331,200,000 $545,115,909
1969 $391,820,400 $435,659,610
1968 $367,968,800 $498,365,200
1967 $369,124,200 $652,609,076
1966 $368,948,600 $660,663,763
1965 $353,251,800 $550,150,988
1964 $325,281,200 $456,206,299
1963 $294,883,400 $357,240,896
1962 $281,896,800 $299,309,938
1961 $271,066,000 $266,711,460
1960 $273,187,200 $260,984,499

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Haiti vs Iceland by year

Haiti
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Iceland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Haiti Iceland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,143 $3,194 $86,041 $84,257
2023 $1,706 $3,292 $82,139 $81,608
2022 $1,761 $3,275 $76,350 $75,333
2021 $1,841 $3,145 $70,425 $61,610
2020 $1,290 $3,103 $60,128 $55,797
2019 $1,352 $3,237 $69,296 $60,524
2018 $1,496 $3,197 $75,634 $57,198
2017 $1,395 $3,339 $72,976 $55,638
2016 $1,318 $3,253 $62,854 $53,480
2015 $1,411 $3,026 $53,506 $49,201
2014 $1,460 $3,076 $55,140 $45,997
2013 $1,458 $3,042 $50,173 $44,410
2012 $1,361 $2,830 $46,595 $42,004
2011 $1,312 $2,858 $48,255 $40,937
2010 $1,210 $2,695 $43,776 $39,764
2009 $1,197 $2,855 $41,484 $41,885
2008 $1,095 $2,724 $57,489 $43,728
2007 $985 $2,647 $70,483 $41,471
2006 $829 $2,504 $58,172 $39,692
2005 $776 $2,427 $57,784 $37,323
2004 $683 $2,322 $47,810 $35,612
2003 $579 $2,331 $39,944 $32,697
2002 $721 $2,248 $32,749 $32,607
2001 $749 $2,230 $29,208 $31,882
2000 $821 $2,229 $32,504 $29,789
1999 $510 $2,201 $32,834 $29,558
1998 $465 $2,152 $31,519 $28,723
1997 $425 $2,122 $28,462 $26,874
1996 $377 $2,070 $28,584 $24,776
1995 $372 $1,989 $27,565 $23,954
1994 $292.1 $1,807 $24,858 $23,562
1993 $258.1 $2,048 $24,404 $22,460
1992 $316 $2,158 $28,072 $21,877
1991 $497 $2,273 $27,740 $22,416
1990 $452 $2,202 $26,272 $21,985
1989 $407 - $23,219 -
1988 $397 - $25,307 -
1987 $318 - $23,238 -
1986 $367 - $16,980 -
1985 $325 - $12,793 -
1984 $299.2 - $12,378 -
1983 $272.8 - $12,080 -
1982 $252.6 - $14,191 -
1981 $258.5 - $15,666 -
1980 $246.5 - $15,340 -
1979 $196.2 - $13,082 -
1978 $180.3 - $11,630 -
1977 $178.7 - $10,305 -
1976 $169.1 - $7,848 -
1975 $133.6 - $6,680 -
1974 $113 - $7,287 -
1973 $95.1 - $5,627 -
1972 $77.3 - $4,155 -
1971 $76.8 - $3,366 -
1970 $71.5 - $2,666 -
1969 $86.1 - $2,142 -
1968 $82.4 - $2,473 -
1967 $84.2 - $3,284 -
1966 $85.7 - $3,378 -
1965 $83.6 - $2,861 -
1964 $78.5 - $2,414 -
1963 $72.4 - $1,924 -
1962 $70.4 - $1,641 -
1961 $69 - $1,490 -
1960 $70.8 - $1,486 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

Haiti's GDP per capita is $2,143, ranking 153/197, compared to $86,041 in Iceland, ranking 9/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Haiti ranks 177th at $3,194, while Iceland ranks 13th at $84,257.

Economic indicators

Haiti Iceland
Gross domestic product
$25.2B
2024
$33.3B
2024
GDP rank
117/197
2024
108/197
2024
GDP growth
-4.17%
2023-2024
-0.97%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,143
2024
$86,041
2024
GDP per capita rank
153/197
2024
9/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,194
2024
$84,257
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
177/197
2024
13/197
2024
Government debt
$3.91B
2024
$19.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
15.5%
2024
59.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$332
2024
$51,148
2024
Government debt per person rank
176/185
2024
9/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,896
2026
$55,565
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.2%
2012
22.4%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2012
3.7%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
5.25%
2024
46.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
26.9%
2023-2024
5.86%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
14.1%
2012
3.56%
2024
Population
12076663
397129

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Haiti
Spending

Debt
Iceland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Haiti Iceland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 5.25% 15.5% 46.5% 59.4%
2023 6.46% 28.5% 45% 61.5%
2022 8.33% 29.5% 45.9% 66.4%
2021 9.42% 28.9% 48.7% 73.6%
2020 9.86% 22.3% 50.2% 76.1%
2019 9.59% 26.5% 43% 65.7%
2018 11.3% 24.1% 43.2% 62.3%
2017 10.2% 22.5% 43.8% 70.8%
2016 10.5% 24.4% 45.8% 81.3%
2015 12.7% 23.9% 43% 96.3%
2014 14.6% 21.4% 45.4% 114.1%
2013 15.9% 25.1% 45.6% 121.1%
2012 16.4% 24.1% 47.1% 132.2%
2011 14.1% 22.3% 50% 136.6%
2010 12.6% 24.9% 48.2% 131.5%
2009 11.6% 19.4% 53.3% 128.2%
2008 11.2% 33.9% 62.8% 109.3%
2007 11.1% 24.4% 44.1% 67.4%
2006 9.67% 32.2% 44.3% 69.8%
2005 8.75% 29.7% 44.2% 67.8%
2004 7.38% 30.4% 46.2% 80.1%
2003 7.83% 37.8% 47.2% 84.1%
2002 6.64% 32% 45% 81.3%
2001 6.11% 28.8% 46.9% 82.5%
2000 6.25% 32.5% 44.3% 74.8%
1999 6.91% 24.1% 44.8% 75.5%
1998 5.4% 24% 40.2% 43.3%
1997 5.46% 26.2% 41.3% 51.1%
1996 - 26.2% 43.9% 55.6%
1995 - 26.2% 44.4% 58.1%
1994 - 35.3% 45% 54.8%
1993 - 98% 45.1% 52.3%
1992 - 118.9% 44.7% 45.4%
1991 - 80.7% 42.8% 37.6%
1990 - 85.1% 42.6% 35.5%
1989 - 98.7% 42.9% 35.3%
1988 - 90.9% 41.4% 30.6%
1987 32.4% 58.6% 36.5% 27.3%
1986 15.1% 26.5% 39.5% 29.9%
1985 17.4% 25.6% 37% 32%
1984 16.9% 27.3% 34.7% 32.4%
1983 21.9% 28.9% 37.8% 30.8%
1982 20.7% 25.5% 36% 28.9%
1981 17.4% 23.7% 35.3% 22.4%
1980 17.2% 20.3% 33.9% 24.8%
1979 13.1% 19.8% 32.4% 21.1%
1978 18.9% 20.1% 31.9% 19.8%
1977 16.7% 18.5% 31.7% 18.4%
1976 13.4% 14.9% 32.1% 17.2%
1975 12.8% 14.2% 36.9% 16.4%
1974 9.24% 13.3% 36.6% 12.5%
1973 9.4% 8.92% 33.7% 11.5%
1972 11.2% 11.1% 33.3% 14.5%
1971 11.2% 11% 32.5% 11.7%
1970 11.4% 12.5% 29.9% 11.4%
1969 10.1% - 30.3% 14.6%
1968 10.3% - 33.3% 14.2%
1967 7.52% - 31.6% 8.8%
1966 7.2% - 28.3% 5.56%
1965 7.91% - 28.3% 7.78%
1964 - - 28.2% 7.97%
1963 8.95% - 26.2% 7.89%
1962 - - 24.9% 7.47%
1961 - - 25.3% 8.49%
1960 7.34% 21.6% 33.2% 13.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

In 2024, Haiti's government spending was $1.32B, accounting for 5.25% of its GDP, while Iceland spent $15.5B, or 46.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 15.5% in Haiti and 59.4% in Iceland, ranking 177/185 and 80/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Haiti

Iceland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Haiti Iceland
2024 6.96% -3.51%
2023 0.77% -2.28%
2022 -1.75% -3.93%
2021 -2.45% -8.33%
2020 -1.96% -8.73%
2019 -1.99% -1.57%
2018 -1.13% 0.94%
2017 -0.32% 0.97%
2016 0.12% 12.4%
2015 -1.47% -0.39%
2014 -3.64% 0.29%
2013 -3.98% -1.24%
2012 -2.71% -2.59%
2011 -1.43% -6.46%
2010 -1.5% -6.58%
2009 -2% -8.54%
2008 -1.8% -12%
2007 -1.55% 5.52%
2006 -0.91% 6.37%
2005 -0.83% 4.92%
2004 -1.34% 0.28%
2003 -2.24% -2.3%
2002 -1.8% -2.25%
2001 -1.55% -0.28%
2000 -1.36% 1.43%
1999 -1.54% 1.3%
1998 0.21% -0.56%
1997 0.37% 0.04%
1996 - -1.52%
1995 - -2.87%
1994 - -4.59%
1993 - -4.36%
1992 - -1.86%
1991 - -0.66%
1990 - -3.16%
1989 - -4.29%
1988 - -1.93%
1987 -4.94% -0.79%
1986 -1.4% -3.93%
1985 -0.97% -1.56%
1984 -3.52% 2.25%
1983 -5.72% -1.96%
1982 -3.93% 1.72%
1981 -4.38% 1.32%
1980 -5.68% 1.37%
1979 -2.21% -0.07%
1978 -3.24% -0.9%
1977 -2.85% -1.2%
1976 -1.16% 0.02%
1975 -1.73% -3.87%
1974 0.23% -3.64%
1973 0.03% -0.74%
1972 0.24% 0.05%
1971 -0.08% -0.69%
1970 -0.19% 0.27%
1969 -0.39% -0.88%
1968 -0.46% -0.89%
1967 0% 0.78%
1966 0% 1.69%
1965 0% 0.15%
1964 - -0.41%
1963 0% 1.8%
1962 - 2.25%
1961 - 1.64%
1960 0.006% 2.38%
1959 -1.11% 2.44%
1958 -2.21% 2.16%
1957 0.28% 1.2%
1956 -2.18% -0.09%
1955 -0.86% 1.57%
1954 -0.81% 1.25%
1953 -1.01% 0.34%
1952 - 3.33%
1951 - 2.73%
1950 - 1.23%
1949 -0.12% -0.3%
1948 0.21% 0.67%
1947 1.06% -1.95%
1946 0.51% -0.37%
1945 0.47% -2.33%
1944 - -3.23%
1943 - -0.89%
1942 - -0.75%
1941 -0.21% -1.33%
1940 0.13% -1.35%
1939 -0.16% -2.6%
1938 0.15% -2.01%
1937 -0.08% -2.6%
1936 -0.06% -3.34%
1935 -0.2% -3.46%
1934 -1.23% -4.79%
1933 0% -3.42%
1932 0.4% -4.65%
1931 -0.49% -4.27%
1930 -0.52% -4.94%
1929 -0.32% -1.94%
1928 -0.25% -1.94%
1927 0.73% -3.45%
1926 -0.45% -2.43%
1925 0.05% 0.43%
1924 -0.14% -1.78%
1923 - -4.99%
1922 - -4.67%
1921 - -6.12%
1920 - -7.45%
1919 - -2.5%
1918 - -7.43%
1917 - -11.3%
1916 - -2.53%
1915 - -2.06%
1914 - -3.21%
1913 - -2.3%
1912 - -2.93%
1911 - -3.06%
1910 - -1.27%
1909 - -2.15%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1909–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

In 2024, Haiti's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.76B, equivalent to 6.96% of GDP. This compares to Iceland's deficit of $1.17B, or 3.51% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Haiti recorded a fiscal deficit in 40 of those years, while Iceland ran a deficit in 40 years. On average, Haiti posted an annual deficit equal to 1.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.02% of GDP for Iceland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Haiti

Iceland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Haiti Iceland
2024 26.9% 5.86%
2023 36.8% 8.74%
2022 34% 8.31%
2021 16.8% 4.44%
2020 22.8% 2.85%
2019 18.7% 3.01%
2018 12.5% 2.68%
2017 10.7% 1.76%
2016 11.5% 1.7%
2015 6.73% 1.63%
2014 3.44% 2.04%
2013 4.77% 3.87%
2012 5.02% 5.19%
2011 6.33% 4%
2010 4.83% 5.4%
2009 0.39% 12%
2008 15.3% 12.7%
2007 6.56% 5.05%
2006 11.3% 6.69%
2005 14% 3.99%
2004 21% 3.16%
2003 28.7% 2.06%
2002 7.03% 5.2%
2001 13.3% 6.41%
2000 9.33% 5.14%
1999 3% 3.23%
1998 5.27% 1.66%
1997 20.6% 1.82%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Haiti has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 13.5%, compared with 4.66% in Iceland. In 2024, inflation was 26.9% in Haiti and 5.86% in Iceland.

Top exports between countries

Haiti
Export category Export value
Iceland
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6K

Balance of trade

Haiti Iceland
Current account balance
-$145M
2024
-$867M
2024
Current account balance ranking
92/190
2024
121/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.58%
2024
-2.61%
2024
Goods imports
$4.27B
2024
$9.3B
2024
Goods exports
$767M
2024
$6.99B
2024
Service imports
$518M
2024
$5.16B
2024
Service exports
$96.6M
2024
$7.12B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
18.8%
2024
43.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
3.4%
2024
42.5%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Haiti Iceland
Economic freedom 46.1 75
Economic freedom ranking 178/197 19/197
Property rights 6.6 94.9
Government integrity 13 85
Judicial effectiveness 17.3 95.2
Tax burden 81.7 72.2
Government spending 98.7 37
Fiscal health 99.5 76.2
Business freedom 30.7 86.8
Labor freedom 54.7 59.3
Monetary freedom 45.1 73.5
Trade freedom 66.4 79.8
Investment freedom 20 70
Financial freedom 20 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Haiti
Iceland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Haiti Iceland
2026 46.1 75
2025 46.1 72.8
2024 48.2 70.5
2023 49.9 72.2
2022 50 77
2021 50.8 77.4
2020 52.3 77.1
2019 52.7 77.1
2018 55.8 77
2017 49.6 74.4
2016 51.3 73.3
2015 51.3 72
2014 48.9 72.4
2013 48.1 72.1
2012 50.7 70.9
2011 52.1 68.2
2010 50.8 73.7
2009 50.5 75.9
2008 49 75.8
2007 51.4 76
2006 49.2 75.8
2005 48.4 76.6
2004 51.2 72.1
2003 50.6 73.5
2002 47.9 73.1
2001 47.1 73.4
2000 45.7 74
1999 45.9 71.4
1998 45.7 71.2
1997 45.8 70.5
1996 41 -
1995 43 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Haiti is 46.1, ranking 178/197, compared to 75 for Iceland, ranking 19/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Haiti Iceland
Services, % of GDP
48.3%
2024
64.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
33.4%
2024
20.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
15.9%
2024
3.98%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$20.7B
2024
$31.8B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$3,190
2024
$84,060
2024
Total reserves including gold
$2.72B
2024
$6.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
121/177
2024
90/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$20M
2024
-$2.24B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$20M
2024
$2.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$461M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.15%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
58.5%
2012
8.8%
2017
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
9.94%
2024
26.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/haiti/iceland | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1909–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  7. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  8. TradeMap (2022, retrieved 2026-02-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.