Malawi has a GDP of $11B compared to $7.55B for Sierra Leone, ranking 151/197 and 157/197 by economy size, respectively.
Malawi has $8.19B in government debt (73% of GDP), compared to $3.25B (44.3% of GDP) in Sierra Leone.
The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.
| Year | GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|||
| Current $ | Constant $ | Current $ | Constant $ | |
| 1960 | - | $944,667,422 | $322,151,961 | $2,005,356,249 |
| 1961 | - | $1,016,836,214 | $327,978,758 | $2,041,634,017 |
| 1962 | - | $1,023,632,389 | $342,872,549 | $2,134,343,945 |
| 1963 | - | $1,009,392,859 | $348,700,980 | $2,170,621,713 |
| 1964 | - | $1,036,253,845 | $372,011,438 | $2,315,732,958 |
| 1965 | - | $1,177,355,282 | $359,523,810 | $2,482,006,192 |
| 1966 | - | $1,333,343,511 | $375,630,252 | $2,524,200,297 |
| 1967 | - | $1,430,431,584 | $348,895,028 | $2,525,116,116 |
| 1968 | - | $1,402,923,252 | $329,991,597 | $2,576,121,538 |
| 1969 | - | $1,485,448,247 | $408,853,541 | $2,795,747,409 |
| 1970 | - | $1,492,567,971 | $434,584,634 | $3,036,754,626 |
| 1971 | - | $1,734,641,057 | $419,495,788 | $3,142,006,005 |
| 1972 | - | $1,842,732,595 | $465,254,682 | $3,170,291,432 |
| 1973 | - | $1,885,127,636 | $575,471,814 | $3,241,832,807 |
| 1974 | - | $2,020,403,709 | $648,940,351 | $3,355,291,389 |
| 1975 | - | $2,143,382,123 | $679,352,876 | $3,411,298,469 |
| 1976 | - | $2,250,502,601 | $594,810,422 | $3,395,975,723 |
| 1977 | - | $2,361,183,025 | $692,079,407 | $3,397,560,822 |
| 1978 | - | $2,591,281,917 | $960,765,043 | $3,479,317,421 |
| 1979 | - | $2,705,198,654 | $1,109,343,425 | $3,636,278,670 |
| 1980 | $1,801,156,775 | $2,716,201,952 | $1,100,476,190 | $3,812,401,965 |
| 1981 | $1,801,193,910 | $2,572,511,629 | $1,114,926,661 | $3,922,253,604 |
| 1982 | $1,717,379,495 | $2,636,913,268 | $1,294,995,964 | $4,109,806,182 |
| 1983 | $1,780,148,049 | $2,734,972,403 | $995,278,515 | $4,023,385,112 |
| 1984 | $1,758,028,656 | $2,881,575,239 | $1,087,450,199 | $4,188,063,643 |
| 1985 | $1,646,442,273 | $3,013,291,524 | $856,890,459 | $3,965,621,323 |
| 1986 | $1,722,586,299 | $3,006,818,902 | $490,181,457 | $4,014,638,262 |
| 1987 | $1,721,711,808 | $3,055,686,904 | $660,106,336 | $4,304,947,544 |
| 1988 | $2,008,189,508 | $3,152,774,981 | $1,055,083,933 | $4,000,157,258 |
| 1989 | $2,314,205,130 | $3,195,170,016 | $932,974,420 | $4,029,358,406 |
| 1990 | $2,737,087,862 | $3,377,048,507 | $649,644,098 | $4,164,341,831 |
| 1991 | $3,206,783,830 | $3,671,872,669 | $779,981,987 | $4,262,285,544 |
| 1992 | $2,618,837,835 | $3,402,615,041 | $679,940,814 | $3,451,901,040 |
| 1993 | $3,013,392,658 | $3,732,391,067 | $768,867,883 | $3,499,349,144 |
| 1994 | $1,719,864,761 | $3,350,187,440 | $911,853,802 | $3,431,203,335 |
| 1995 | $2,033,701,498 | $3,910,634,176 | $870,740,292 | $3,156,715,563 |
| 1996 | $3,319,573,750 | $4,196,762,834 | $941,709,423 | $3,212,078,681 |
| 1997 | $3,875,785,863 | $4,355,921,669 | $850,232,760 | $3,023,302,223 |
| 1998 | $2,547,609,590 | $4,525,595,860 | $672,368,187 | $3,077,268,550 |
| 1999 | $2,584,478,924 | $4,663,277,074 | $669,386,624 | $3,016,360,584 |
| 2000 | $2,537,307,580 | $4,736,773,940 | $635,866,404 | $3,217,030,904 |
| 2001 | $2,498,008,665 | $4,501,121,160 | $1,681,473,894 | $3,012,895,636 |
| 2002 | $5,087,328,438 | $4,577,640,221 | $1,933,863,911 | $3,812,040,143 |
| 2003 | $4,669,789,300 | $4,838,823,865 | $2,142,618,046 | $4,173,559,980 |
| 2004 | $5,058,726,350 | $5,101,112,195 | $2,237,350,687 | $4,443,958,502 |
| 2005 | $5,320,409,651 | $5,267,853,576 | $2,545,275,313 | $4,637,426,231 |
| 2006 | $5,818,279,739 | $5,515,442,682 | $3,263,697,467 | $4,836,052,320 |
| 2007 | $6,451,210,219 | $6,044,925,173 | $3,632,957,611 | $5,017,392,581 |
| 2008 | $7,743,617,352 | $6,506,741,521 | $4,157,895,298 | $5,202,336,667 |
| 2009 | $9,009,887,947 | $7,048,630,103 | $3,953,403,098 | $5,281,974,206 |
| 2010 | $10,128,323,011 | $7,533,157,578 | $4,262,805,967 | $5,617,678,842 |
| 2011 | $11,648,142,958 | $7,904,743,382 | $4,861,632,885 | $6,072,747,635 |
| 2012 | $8,773,203,178 | $8,054,933,506 | $6,141,666,509 | $6,715,143,020 |
| 2013 | $8,031,571,928 | $8,490,733,601 | $7,502,762,863 | $7,699,806,186 |
| 2014 | $8,801,326,169 | $8,968,360,291 | $7,686,138,791 | $7,098,065,168 |
| 2015 | $9,219,474,379 | $9,219,474,379 | $6,788,352,975 | $6,788,352,975 |
| 2016 | $7,909,868,618 | $9,449,961,239 | $6,084,297,211 | $7,225,348,889 |
| 2017 | $8,943,543,794 | $9,827,959,688 | $5,749,846,528 | $7,457,128,029 |
| 2018 | $9,879,231,592 | $10,255,826,274 | $6,390,514,689 | $7,672,926,607 |
| 2019 | $11,051,865,580 | $10,842,133,934 | $6,526,183,564 | $8,095,145,458 |
| 2020 | $11,769,313,598 | $10,928,176,722 | $6,693,888,876 | $7,993,685,031 |
| 2021 | $12,378,129,751 | $11,426,314,940 | $7,173,379,137 | $8,465,060,863 |
| 2022 | $12,429,060,151 | $11,531,564,449 | $7,124,465,160 | $8,914,856,495 |
| 2023 | $12,712,150,082 | $11,749,794,461 | $6,411,787,856 | $9,423,896,753 |
| 2024 | $11,008,925,323 | $11,964,445,581 | $7,547,843,281 | $9,800,852,626 |
Economic indicators
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$11B
2024 |
$7.55B
2024 |
| GDP rank |
151/197
2024 |
157/197
2024 |
| GDP growth |
-13.4%
2023-2024 |
17.7%
2023-2024 |
| GDP per capita |
$508
2024 |
$873
2024 |
| GDP per capita rank |
195/197
2024 |
183/197
2024 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$1,859
2024 |
$3,516
2024 |
| Government debt |
$8.19B
2024 |
$3.25B
2024 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
73%
2025 |
44.3%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$378
2024 |
$376
2024 |
| Government debt per person rank |
173/185
2024 |
174/185
2024 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$2,610
2025 |
$3,438
2025 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
31%
2019 |
29.4%
2018 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.9%
2019 |
3.4%
2018 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
28%
2025 |
17.7%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
28.2%
2024-2025 |
9.4%
2024-2025 |
| Central bank interest rate |
26%
2024 |
24.8%
2024 |
| Unemployment rate |
0.91%
2020 |
3.19%
2018 |
| Population |
22673513
|
8961932
|
GDP per capita in Malawi vs Sierra Leone
Malawi's GDP per capita is $508, ranking 195/197, compared to $873 in Sierra Leone, ranking 183/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Malawi ranks 189th at $1,859, while Sierra Leone ranks 171st at $3,516.
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 1960 | - | - | $142 | - |
| 1961 | - | - | $142.3 | - |
| 1962 | - | - | $146.4 | - |
| 1963 | - | - | $146.4 | - |
| 1964 | - | - | $153.4 | - |
| 1965 | - | - | $145.6 | - |
| 1966 | - | - | $149.4 | - |
| 1967 | - | - | $136.2 | - |
| 1968 | - | - | $126.4 | - |
| 1969 | - | - | $153.6 | - |
| 1970 | - | - | $160.2 | - |
| 1971 | - | - | $151.8 | - |
| 1972 | - | - | $165.3 | - |
| 1973 | - | - | $200.7 | - |
| 1974 | - | - | $222.2 | - |
| 1975 | - | - | $228.4 | - |
| 1976 | - | - | $196.4 | - |
| 1977 | - | - | $224.3 | - |
| 1978 | - | - | $305 | - |
| 1979 | - | - | $346 | - |
| 1980 | $287.5 | - | $336 | - |
| 1981 | $276.4 | - | $334 | - |
| 1982 | $253.3 | - | $380 | - |
| 1983 | $252.4 | - | $285.9 | - |
| 1984 | $239.7 | - | $306 | - |
| 1985 | $216.1 | - | $235.5 | - |
| 1986 | $217.9 | - | $131.5 | - |
| 1987 | $207.6 | - | $172.4 | - |
| 1988 | $229.4 | - | $268.2 | - |
| 1989 | $252.2 | - | $231.3 | - |
| 1990 | $286.7 | $672 | $154.8 | $1,382 |
| 1991 | $326 | $732 | $183.7 | $1,445 |
| 1992 | $258.4 | $674 | $163.2 | $1,220 |
| 1993 | $293 | $746 | $185 | $1,269 |
| 1994 | $169.2 | $692 | $218.5 | $1,266 |
| 1995 | $200.4 | $825 | $208.4 | $1,187 |
| 1996 | $321 | $884 | $224.3 | $1,225 |
| 1997 | $367 | $915 | $199.9 | $1,157 |
| 1998 | $236 | $941 | $156.5 | $1,180 |
| 1999 | $233.9 | $961 | $155 | $1,167 |
| 2000 | $224.2 | $974 | $143.7 | $1,242 |
| 2001 | $215.5 | $924 | $358 | $1,121 |
| 2002 | $428 | $931 | $389 | $1,360 |
| 2003 | $383 | $979 | $414 | $1,458 |
| 2004 | $405 | $1,033 | $418 | $1,541 |
| 2005 | $414 | $1,071 | $463 | $1,615 |
| 2006 | $441 | $1,124 | $580 | $1,698 |
| 2007 | $475 | $1,231 | $632 | $1,770 |
| 2008 | $554 | $1,311 | $705 | $1,824 |
| 2009 | $626 | $1,388 | $653 | $1,814 |
| 2010 | $683 | $1,458 | $685 | $1,900 |
| 2011 | $763 | $1,516 | $761 | $2,043 |
| 2012 | $558 | $1,464 | $938 | $2,317 |
| 2013 | $497 | $1,558 | $1,117 | $2,701 |
| 2014 | $530 | $1,506 | $1,118 | $2,762 |
| 2015 | $540 | $1,403 | $965 | $2,560 |
| 2016 | $451 | $1,410 | $844 | $2,635 |
| 2017 | $496 | $1,380 | $779 | $2,501 |
| 2018 | $533 | $1,364 | $846 | $2,640 |
| 2019 | $581 | $1,450 | $844 | $2,705 |
| 2020 | $603 | $1,513 | $846 | $2,721 |
| 2021 | $617 | $1,688 | $886 | $2,852 |
| 2022 | $604 | $1,778 | $861 | $3,147 |
| 2023 | $602 | $1,830 | $758 | $3,371 |
| 2024 | $508 | $1,859 | $873 | $3,516 |
Spending and national debt comparison
In 2024, Malawi's government spending was $2.91B, accounting for 28% of its GDP, while Sierra Leone's spent $1.33B, or 17.7% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 73% in Malawi and 44.3% in Sierra Leone, ranking 52/185 and 118/185, respectively.
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2000 | - | - | 10.3% | - |
| 2001 | - | - | 12% | 113.5% |
| 2002 | 13.8% | 101.5% | 12.6% | 99.8% |
| 2003 | 15.4% | 84.7% | 11.7% | 99.8% |
| 2004 | 17.2% | 74.7% | 11.1% | 93.2% |
| 2005 | 17.4% | 70.9% | 10.9% | 78.9% |
| 2006 | 17.8% | 17.9% | 9.97% | 61.9% |
| 2007 | 20.7% | 18.9% | 8.1% | 26.4% |
| 2008 | 20.6% | 23.5% | 10.3% | 46.1% |
| 2009 | 20.2% | 23.5% | 11.3% | 31.1% |
| 2010 | 19.6% | 19.3% | 12.5% | 28.9% |
| 2011 | 17% | 20% | 13.2% | 25.8% |
| 2012 | 18.8% | 28.6% | 13.5% | 24.1% |
| 2013 | 20.7% | 35.3% | 11.4% | 22.3% |
| 2014 | 18.3% | 33.5% | 13.5% | 26.8% |
| 2015 | 19.5% | 35.5% | 13.1% | 28.8% |
| 2016 | 19.7% | 37.1% | 14.9% | 38.9% |
| 2017 | 21% | 40% | 15% | 44.2% |
| 2018 | 19.4% | 40.8% | 13.7% | 44.2% |
| 2019 | 19.3% | 41.2% | 13.3% | 45.3% |
| 2020 | 22.7% | 53.9% | 15.6% | 46.4% |
| 2021 | 23.7% | 66.5% | 20.3% | 47.1% |
| 2022 | 26.7% | 75.5% | 19.5% | 54% |
| 2023 | 25.5% | 86.1% | 17.7% | 49.9% |
| 2024 | 26.4% | 74.4% | 17.6% | 43% |
| 2025 | 28% | 73% | 17.7% | 44.3% |
Government deficit by year
In 2024, Malawi's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$891M, equivalent to -8.1% of GDP. This compares to Sierra Leone's deficit of -$349M, or -4.62% of GDP.
Over the past 23 years, Malawi recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Sierra Leone ran a deficit in 22 years. On average, Malawi posted an annual deficit equal to -4.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.48% of GDP for Sierra Leone.
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
| 2000 | - | -1.94% |
| 2001 | - | -3.22% |
| 2002 | -4.47% | -3.03% |
| 2003 | -2.6% | -2.78% |
| 2004 | -2.61% | -1.46% |
| 2005 | -1.63% | -1.17% |
| 2006 | -0.05% | -0.93% |
| 2007 | -2.56% | 12.6% |
| 2008 | -2.92% | -2.22% |
| 2009 | -2.97% | -1.51% |
| 2010 | 0.63% | -3.09% |
| 2011 | -2.85% | -2.78% |
| 2012 | -1.45% | -3.41% |
| 2013 | -3.73% | -1.74% |
| 2014 | -3.08% | -2.77% |
| 2015 | -4.17% | -2.86% |
| 2016 | -4.9% | -5.41% |
| 2017 | -5.15% | -5.61% |
| 2018 | -4.35% | -3.57% |
| 2019 | -4.55% | -1.95% |
| 2020 | -8.03% | -3.5% |
| 2021 | -8.34% | -4.35% |
| 2022 | -9.32% | -5.93% |
| 2023 | -7.84% | -4.99% |
| 2024 | -8.1% | -4.62% |
| 2025 | -8.94% | -4.2% |
Inflation comparison by year
Over the past 30 years, Malawi has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 18.5%, compared with 14% in Sierra Leone. In 2025, inflation was 28.2% in Malawi and 9.4% in Sierra Leone.
| Year | Inflation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
| 1996 | 37.7% | 23.1% | |
| 1997 | 9.1% | 14.6% | |
| 1998 | 29.8% | 36% | |
| 1999 | 44.8% | 34.1% | |
| 2000 | 29.6% | -0.9% | |
| 2001 | 22.7% | 2.6% | |
| 2002 | 14.7% | 0.1% | |
| 2003 | 9.6% | 4% | |
| 2004 | 11.4% | 12.9% | |
| 2005 | 15.5% | 13.7% | |
| 2006 | 13.9% | 10.5% | |
| 2007 | 7.9% | 17% | |
| 2008 | 8.7% | 8.2% | |
| 2009 | 8.4% | 7.5% | |
| 2010 | 7.4% | 7.2% | |
| 2011 | 7.6% | 6.8% | |
| 2012 | 21.3% | 6.6% | |
| 2013 | 28.3% | 5.5% | |
| 2014 | 23.8% | 4.6% | |
| 2015 | 21.9% | 6.7% | |
| 2016 | 21.7% | 10.9% | |
| 2017 | 11.5% | 18.2% | |
| 2018 | 9.2% | 16% | |
| 2019 | 9.4% | 14.8% | |
| 2020 | 8.6% | 13.4% | |
| 2021 | 9.3% | 11.9% | |
| 2022 | 20.8% | 27.2% | |
| 2023 | 28.8% | 47.7% | |
| 2024 | 32.2% | 28.4% | |
| 2025 | 28.2% | 9.4% | |
Top exports between countries
|
Malawi
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
| Processed food, beverages & tobacco | $859K |
| Textiles & consumer goods | $3K |
| Wood & paper products | $1K |
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|
| Export category | Export value |
Balance of trade
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|---|
Current account balance
|
-$2.28B
2023 |
-$606M
2023 |
| Current account balance ranking |
144/189
2023 |
106/189
2023 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-17.9%
2023 |
-9.46%
2023 |
| Goods imports |
$3B
2023 |
$1.92B
2023 |
| Goods exports |
$1.05B
2023 |
$1.34B
2023 |
| Service imports |
$998M
2023 |
$348M
2023 |
| Service exports |
$475M
2023 |
$42.5M
2023 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP | n/a |
43.5%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
14%
2025 |
20.9%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 50.9 | 48 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 160/197 | 173/197 |
| Property rights | 49.4 | 33.8 |
| Government integrity | 34.4 | 36 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 52.3 | 41.5 |
| Tax burden | 77.1 | 87.8 |
| Government spending | 79.4 | 89 |
| Fiscal health | 3.3 | 53.8 |
| Business freedom | 31.3 | 37 |
| Labor freedom | 56 | 23.7 |
| Monetary freedom | 58.3 | 50.2 |
| Trade freedom | 68.8 | 63.6 |
| Investment freedom | 50 | 40 |
| Financial freedom | 50 | 20 |
Economic freedom by year comparison
The Economic Freedom Index for Malawi is 50.9, ranking 160/197, compared to 48 for Sierra Leone, ranking 173/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
| 1995 | 54.7 | 49.8 |
| 1996 | 56.2 | 52.3 |
| 1997 | 53.4 | 45 |
| 1998 | 54.1 | 47.7 |
| 1999 | 54 | 47.2 |
| 2000 | 57.4 | 44.2 |
| 2001 | 56.2 | - |
| 2002 | 56.9 | - |
| 2003 | 53.2 | 42.2 |
| 2004 | 53.6 | 43.6 |
| 2005 | 53.6 | 44.8 |
| 2006 | 55.4 | 45.2 |
| 2007 | 52.9 | 47 |
| 2008 | 52.7 | 48.3 |
| 2009 | 53.7 | 47.8 |
| 2010 | 54.1 | 47.9 |
| 2011 | 55.8 | 49.6 |
| 2012 | 56.4 | 49.1 |
| 2013 | 55.3 | 48.3 |
| 2014 | 55.4 | 50.5 |
| 2015 | 54.8 | 51.7 |
| 2016 | 51.8 | 52.3 |
| 2017 | 52.2 | 52.6 |
| 2018 | 52 | 51.8 |
| 2019 | 51.4 | 47.5 |
| 2020 | 52.8 | 48 |
| 2021 | 53 | 51.7 |
| 2022 | 53 | 52 |
| 2023 | 52.8 | 50.2 |
| 2024 | 52.1 | 44.6 |
| 2025 | 50.9 | 48 |
More economic indicators
|
Malawi
|
Sierra Leone
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
44.9%
2024 |
44.8%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
16%
2024 |
27.3%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
32.4%
2024 |
25.4%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$11.8B
2024 |
$7.26B
2024 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$1,790
2024 |
$3,490
2024 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$594M
2020 |
$433M
2024 |
| Total reserves ranking |
154/177
2020 |
160/177
2024 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
-$134M
2023 |
-$241M
2023 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$220M
2024 |
$274M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$48.3M
2024 |
-$33.3K
2010 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.22%
2023 |
2.44%
2023 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
50.7%
2019 |
56.8%
2018 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
n/a |
29.5%
2024 |
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GDP per capita
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.