The latest officially reported population of Mauritania was 5,315,065 in 2025 vs 3,568,978 people in Mongolia in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Mauritania's population is 5,539,189 people compared to 3,630,744 in Mongolia.
Population statistics:
- Mauritania's population is 1.53 times bigger than Mongolia's.
- Mauritania is ranked the 123rd most populous country in the world, while Mongolia is the 132nd.
- The countries together account for 0.11% of the world: 0.07% for Mauritania vs 0.04% for Mongolia.
- For the last 10 years, Mauritania has had an average growth rate of +2.98% per year vs +1.71% in Mongolia.
- Since 2006, the population of Mauritania has increased from 3.01M people to 5.54M (83.8% growth), while Mongolia has grown from 2.57M to 3.63M (41.4% growth).
Mauritania vs Mongolia: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Mauritania
|
Mongolia
|
|
| 2100 | 17,302,938 | 5,630,532 |
| 2099 | 17,195,692 | 5,624,298 |
| 2098 | 17,083,078 | 5,616,442 |
| 2097 | 16,968,365 | 5,607,739 |
| 2096 | 16,850,394 | 5,598,366 |
| 2095 | 16,732,430 | 5,587,141 |
| 2094 | 16,610,512 | 5,575,743 |
| 2093 | 16,485,880 | 5,563,600 |
| 2092 | 16,359,440 | 5,550,506 |
| 2091 | 16,229,167 | 5,537,031 |
| 2090 | 16,097,149 | 5,522,419 |
| 2089 | 15,962,562 | 5,507,083 |
| 2088 | 15,824,899 | 5,491,226 |
| 2087 | 15,683,760 | 5,475,425 |
| 2086 | 15,541,281 | 5,459,661 |
| 2085 | 15,397,701 | 5,442,388 |
| 2084 | 15,251,533 | 5,424,928 |
| 2083 | 15,102,125 | 5,406,747 |
| 2082 | 14,952,194 | 5,388,623 |
| 2081 | 14,799,309 | 5,369,593 |
| 2080 | 14,645,548 | 5,349,817 |
| 2079 | 14,490,500 | 5,329,240 |
| 2078 | 14,331,284 | 5,307,283 |
| 2077 | 14,170,045 | 5,286,383 |
| 2076 | 14,007,555 | 5,264,220 |
| 2075 | 13,843,393 | 5,241,700 |
| 2074 | 13,678,579 | 5,218,897 |
| 2073 | 13,512,182 | 5,195,622 |
| 2072 | 13,343,946 | 5,172,532 |
| 2071 | 13,172,876 | 5,149,066 |
| 2070 | 13,002,521 | 5,124,853 |
| 2069 | 12,830,090 | 5,101,195 |
| 2068 | 12,657,711 | 5,077,035 |
| 2067 | 12,482,299 | 5,052,818 |
| 2066 | 12,306,495 | 5,027,552 |
| 2065 | 12,131,679 | 5,002,655 |
| 2064 | 11,954,090 | 4,978,185 |
| 2063 | 11,778,351 | 4,953,806 |
| 2062 | 11,601,323 | 4,929,364 |
| 2061 | 11,424,089 | 4,904,690 |
| 2060 | 11,246,850 | 4,878,877 |
| 2059 | 11,067,732 | 4,852,963 |
| 2058 | 10,887,645 | 4,826,761 |
| 2057 | 10,709,500 | 4,799,120 |
| 2056 | 10,532,648 | 4,771,151 |
| 2055 | 10,354,318 | 4,742,184 |
| 2054 | 10,175,517 | 4,711,735 |
| 2053 | 9,995,645 | 4,679,745 |
| 2052 | 9,815,104 | 4,646,658 |
| 2051 | 9,635,288 | 4,612,090 |
| 2050 | 9,457,400 | 4,576,701 |
| 2049 | 9,279,576 | 4,539,215 |
| 2048 | 9,100,595 | 4,500,638 |
| 2047 | 8,923,220 | 4,460,511 |
| 2046 | 8,745,286 | 4,419,188 |
| 2045 | 8,568,910 | 4,376,222 |
| 2044 | 8,393,773 | 4,333,010 |
| 2043 | 8,218,850 | 4,289,776 |
| 2042 | 8,044,865 | 4,245,757 |
| 2041 | 7,873,599 | 4,201,838 |
| 2040 | 7,703,561 | 4,158,320 |
| 2039 | 7,534,623 | 4,115,023 |
| 2038 | 7,366,187 | 4,072,646 |
| 2037 | 7,199,542 | 4,030,644 |
| 2036 | 7,033,866 | 3,989,867 |
| 2035 | 6,869,186 | 3,950,239 |
| 2034 | 6,705,635 | 3,911,316 |
| 2033 | 6,543,505 | 3,873,353 |
| 2032 | 6,383,229 | 3,836,311 |
| 2031 | 6,225,030 | 3,800,027 |
| 2030 | 6,068,395 | 3,763,374 |
| 2029 | 5,914,109 | 3,726,490 |
| 2028 | 5,761,715 | 3,688,767 |
| 2027 | 5,611,635 | 3,650,012 |
| 2026 | 5,462,675 | 3,610,395 |
| 2025 | 5,315,065 | 3,568,978 |
| 2024 | 5,169,395 | 3,524,788 |
| 2023 | 5,022,441 | 3,481,145 |
| 2022 | 4,875,637 | 3,433,748 |
| 2021 | 4,734,874 | 3,383,741 |
| 2020 | 4,600,131 | 3,327,204 |
| 2019 | 4,467,708 | 3,267,673 |
| 2018 | 4,337,685 | 3,208,189 |
| 2017 | 4,210,600 | 3,148,917 |
| 2016 | 4,086,657 | 3,088,856 |
| 2015 | 3,965,959 | 3,026,864 |
| 2014 | 3,848,514 | 2,963,113 |
| 2013 | 3,734,318 | 2,899,011 |
| 2012 | 3,619,034 | 2,839,705 |
| 2011 | 3,502,811 | 2,786,317 |
| 2010 | 3,390,965 | 2,738,622 |
| 2009 | 3,284,448 | 2,691,115 |
| 2008 | 3,183,269 | 2,643,201 |
| 2007 | 3,093,059 | 2,601,850 |
| 2006 | 3,013,660 | 2,567,168 |
| 2005 | 2,939,059 | 2,536,407 |
| 2004 | 2,868,664 | 2,508,412 |
| 2003 | 2,802,046 | 2,480,374 |
| 2002 | 2,738,655 | 2,449,027 |
| 2001 | 2,678,760 | 2,417,751 |
| 2000 | 2,613,441 | 2,388,299 |
| 1999 | 2,541,698 | 2,356,813 |
| 1998 | 2,474,651 | 2,323,809 |
| 1997 | 2,411,306 | 2,291,750 |
| 1996 | 2,358,188 | 2,259,507 |
| 1995 | 2,312,017 | 2,224,945 |
| 1994 | 2,249,454 | 2,189,395 |
| 1993 | 2,174,328 | 2,165,130 |
| 1992 | 2,088,135 | 2,167,790 |
| 1991 | 2,009,738 | 2,165,342 |
| 1990 | 1,951,878 | 2,098,710 |
| 1989 | 1,903,048 | 2,124,185 |
| 1988 | 1,855,859 | 2,076,322 |
| 1987 | 1,803,014 | 2,022,800 |
| 1986 | 1,751,835 | 1,970,965 |
| 1985 | 1,702,107 | 1,921,514 |
| 1984 | 1,653,693 | 1,874,349 |
| 1983 | 1,606,746 | 1,829,092 |
| 1982 | 1,561,176 | 1,785,364 |
| 1981 | 1,516,877 | 1,742,857 |
| 1980 | 1,474,043 | 1,701,335 |
| 1979 | 1,432,758 | 1,660,659 |
| 1978 | 1,392,713 | 1,619,468 |
| 1977 | 1,353,768 | 1,576,245 |
| 1976 | 1,315,336 | 1,531,945 |
| 1975 | 1,277,330 | 1,488,296 |
| 1974 | 1,240,188 | 1,446,050 |
| 1973 | 1,203,838 | 1,405,502 |
| 1972 | 1,168,355 | 1,366,821 |
| 1971 | 1,133,702 | 1,330,071 |
| 1970 | 1,099,806 | 1,295,272 |
| 1969 | 1,066,754 | 1,262,284 |
| 1968 | 1,034,739 | 1,229,930 |
| 1967 | 1,003,843 | 1,196,996 |
| 1966 | 974,157 | 1,163,754 |
| 1965 | 945,838 | 1,131,177 |
| 1964 | 918,955 | 1,100,234 |
| 1963 | 893,423 | 1,071,362 |
| 1962 | 869,184 | 1,041,444 |
| 1961 | 846,167 | 1,009,284 |
| 1960 | 824,298 | 977,595 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/mongolia | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Mauritania increased by 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth), while Mongolia gained 521,688 people (a 20.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Mauritania gained 1,452,532 people (a 35.5% growth), while Mongolia's population increased by 541,888 people (a 17.5% growth).
Mauritania was ranked 132nd most populous country in 2006 and is 123rd in 2026. Mongolia was ranked 137th in 2006 and ranked 132nd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Mauritania's population will grow by 70.7% to 9,457,400 people with a rank change from 123rd to 103rd. The population of Mongolia will increase by 26.1% to 4,576,701 people and rank change from 132nd to 130th.
Mauritania is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 17.3M people compared to the peak of 5.63M people in 2100 for Mongolia.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Mauritania
|
Mongolia
|
|
| 2100 | 0.62% | 0.11% |
| 2099 | 0.66% | 0.14% |
| 2098 | 0.68% | 0.16% |
| 2097 | 0.7% | 0.17% |
| 2096 | 0.7% | 0.2% |
| 2095 | 0.73% | 0.2% |
| 2094 | 0.76% | 0.22% |
| 2093 | 0.77% | 0.24% |
| 2092 | 0.8% | 0.24% |
| 2091 | 0.82% | 0.26% |
| 2090 | 0.84% | 0.28% |
| 2089 | 0.87% | 0.29% |
| 2088 | 0.9% | 0.29% |
| 2087 | 0.92% | 0.29% |
| 2086 | 0.93% | 0.32% |
| 2085 | 0.96% | 0.32% |
| 2084 | 0.99% | 0.34% |
| 2083 | 1% | 0.34% |
| 2082 | 1.03% | 0.35% |
| 2081 | 1.05% | 0.37% |
| 2080 | 1.07% | 0.39% |
| 2079 | 1.11% | 0.41% |
| 2078 | 1.14% | 0.4% |
| 2077 | 1.16% | 0.42% |
| 2076 | 1.19% | 0.43% |
| 2075 | 1.2% | 0.44% |
| 2074 | 1.23% | 0.45% |
| 2073 | 1.26% | 0.45% |
| 2072 | 1.3% | 0.46% |
| 2071 | 1.31% | 0.47% |
| 2070 | 1.34% | 0.46% |
| 2069 | 1.36% | 0.48% |
| 2068 | 1.41% | 0.48% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | 0.5% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | 0.5% |
| 2065 | 1.49% | 0.49% |
| 2064 | 1.49% | 0.49% |
| 2063 | 1.53% | 0.5% |
| 2062 | 1.55% | 0.5% |
| 2061 | 1.58% | 0.53% |
| 2060 | 1.62% | 0.53% |
| 2059 | 1.65% | 0.54% |
| 2058 | 1.66% | 0.58% |
| 2057 | 1.68% | 0.59% |
| 2056 | 1.72% | 0.61% |
| 2055 | 1.76% | 0.65% |
| 2054 | 1.8% | 0.68% |
| 2053 | 1.84% | 0.71% |
| 2052 | 1.87% | 0.75% |
| 2051 | 1.88% | 0.77% |
| 2050 | 1.92% | 0.83% |
| 2049 | 1.97% | 0.86% |
| 2048 | 1.99% | 0.9% |
| 2047 | 2.03% | 0.94% |
| 2046 | 2.06% | 0.98% |
| 2045 | 2.09% | 1% |
| 2044 | 2.13% | 1.01% |
| 2043 | 2.16% | 1.04% |
| 2042 | 2.18% | 1.05% |
| 2041 | 2.21% | 1.05% |
| 2040 | 2.24% | 1.05% |
| 2039 | 2.29% | 1.04% |
| 2038 | 2.31% | 1.04% |
| 2037 | 2.36% | 1.02% |
| 2036 | 2.4% | 1% |
| 2035 | 2.44% | 1% |
| 2034 | 2.48% | 0.98% |
| 2033 | 2.51% | 0.97% |
| 2032 | 2.54% | 0.95% |
| 2031 | 2.58% | 0.97% |
| 2030 | 2.61% | 0.99% |
| 2029 | 2.64% | 1.02% |
| 2028 | 2.67% | 1.06% |
| 2027 | 2.73% | 1.1% |
| 2026 | 2.78% | 1.16% |
| 2025 | 2.82% | 1.25% |
| 2024 | 2.93% | 1.25% |
| 2023 | 3.01% | 1.38% |
| 2022 | 2.97% | 1.48% |
| 2021 | 2.93% | 1.7% |
| 2020 | 2.96% | 1.82% |
| 2019 | 3% | 1.85% |
| 2018 | 3.02% | 1.88% |
| 2017 | 3.03% | 1.94% |
| 2016 | 3.04% | 2.05% |
| 2015 | 3.05% | 2.15% |
| 2014 | 3.06% | 2.21% |
| 2013 | 3.19% | 2.09% |
| 2012 | 3.32% | 1.92% |
| 2011 | 3.3% | 1.74% |
| 2010 | 3.24% | 1.77% |
| 2009 | 3.18% | 1.81% |
| 2008 | 2.92% | 1.59% |
| 2007 | 2.63% | 1.35% |
| 2006 | 2.54% | 1.21% |
| 2005 | 2.45% | 1.12% |
| 2004 | 2.38% | 1.13% |
| 2003 | 2.31% | 1.28% |
| 2002 | 2.24% | 1.29% |
| 2001 | 2.5% | 1.23% |
| 2000 | 2.82% | 1.34% |
| 1999 | 2.71% | 1.42% |
| 1998 | 2.63% | 1.4% |
| 1997 | 2.25% | 1.43% |
| 1996 | 2% | 1.55% |
| 1995 | 2.78% | 1.62% |
| 1994 | 3.46% | 1.12% |
| 1993 | 4.13% | -0.12% |
| 1992 | 3.9% | 0.11% |
| 1991 | 2.96% | 3.17% |
| 1990 | 2.57% | -1.2% |
| 1989 | 2.54% | 2.31% |
| 1988 | 2.93% | 2.65% |
| 1987 | 2.92% | 2.63% |
| 1986 | 2.92% | 2.57% |
| 1985 | 2.93% | 2.52% |
| 1984 | 2.92% | 2.47% |
| 1983 | 2.92% | 2.45% |
| 1982 | 2.92% | 2.44% |
| 1981 | 2.91% | 2.44% |
| 1980 | 2.88% | 2.45% |
| 1979 | 2.88% | 2.54% |
| 1978 | 2.88% | 2.74% |
| 1977 | 2.92% | 2.89% |
| 1976 | 2.98% | 2.93% |
| 1975 | 2.99% | 2.92% |
| 1974 | 3.02% | 2.88% |
| 1973 | 3.04% | 2.83% |
| 1972 | 3.06% | 2.76% |
| 1971 | 3.08% | 2.69% |
| 1970 | 3.1% | 2.61% |
| 1969 | 3.09% | 2.63% |
| 1968 | 3.08% | 2.75% |
| 1967 | 3.05% | 2.86% |
| 1966 | 2.99% | 2.88% |
| 1965 | 2.93% | 2.81% |
| 1964 | 2.86% | 2.69% |
| 1963 | 2.79% | 2.87% |
| 1962 | 2.72% | 3.19% |
| 1961 | 2.65% | 3.24% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/mongolia | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Mauritania grew by 2.82%, while Mongolia's population grew by 1.25%.
Live population counters
|
Mauritania
|
Mongolia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5539189
|
3630744
|
| Population rank | 123/197 | 132/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.07% | 0.04% |
| One net population change |
3.62 minutes
|
11.9 minutes
|
| One birth every |
2.99 minutes
|
8.82 minutes
|
| One death every |
18.8 minutes
|
27.1 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +399 | +121 |
| Annual growth/decline | +145,670 | +44,190 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.82% | +1.25% |
| Population growth rate rank | 18/197 | 81/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.74 hours
|
4.63 days
|
| Annual migration change | -5,044 | +79 |
| Net migration rank | 115/196 | 74/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 195,937 | 22,589 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 113/195 | 169/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 3.8% | 0.6% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 107/195 | 171/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mauritania
|
Mongolia
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -5,044 | - | 79 |
| 2024 | 147,927 | -2,185 | 40,182 | 83 |
| 2023 | 145,164 | 2,999 | 46,995 | 0 |
| 2022 | 142,451 | 2,999 | 47,730 | 0 |
| 2021 | 137,557 | -1,483 | 52,109 | 0 |
| 2020 | 134,899 | -1,483 | 60,888 | 0 |
| 2019 | 134,460 | -3,019 | 61,433 | 8,660 |
| 2018 | 131,584 | -2,987 | 60,635 | 7,811 |
| 2017 | 128,562 | -3,001 | 57,940 | 6,831 |
| 2016 | 125,342 | -3,008 | 62,086 | 5,633 |
| 2015 | 122,092 | -3,019 | 64,473 | 4,307 |
| 2014 | 118,792 | -2,980 | 66,078 | 2,921 |
| 2013 | 115,558 | -2,987 | 62,618 | 1,505 |
| 2012 | 113,489 | 4,515 | 55,942 | 351 |
| 2011 | 111,165 | 3,272 | 50,711 | -505 |
| 2010 | 108,121 | 1,128 | 44,914 | -6,444 |
| 2009 | 105,273 | -1,481 | 48,876 | -15,007 |
| 2008 | 102,432 | -3,860 | 45,843 | -17,277 |
| 2007 | 98,895 | -17,048 | 39,636 | -15,220 |
| 2006 | 94,991 | -18,033 | 33,609 | -11,934 |
| 2005 | 90,940 | -18,693 | 29,290 | -8,924 |
| 2004 | 87,578 | -19,042 | 28,418 | -8,148 |
| 2003 | 83,804 | -19,104 | 28,827 | -7,986 |
| 2002 | 80,993 | -18,903 | 30,439 | -8,934 |
| 2001 | 78,769 | -21,067 | 32,052 | -10,244 |
| 2000 | 75,929 | -2,997 | 32,753 | -11,241 |
| 1999 | 73,554 | -2,999 | 32,283 | -13,481 |
| 1998 | 72,045 | -8,504 | 31,757 | -10,315 |
| 1997 | 71,327 | -8,187 | 32,403 | -9,132 |
| 1996 | 71,939 | -28,840 | 33,741 | -8,626 |
| 1995 | 72,244 | -22,997 | 34,473 | -7,346 |
| 1994 | 70,570 | 5,304 | 34,711 | -5,449 |
| 1993 | 68,167 | 6,217 | 36,924 | -5,429 |
| 1992 | 63,501 | 34,505 | 42,437 | -8,404 |
| 1991 | 61,782 | -2,997 | 47,884 | -11,427 |
| 1990 | 59,934 | -3,000 | 49,443 | -11,881 |
| 1989 | 58,666 | -17,941 | 51,420 | -9,757 |
| 1988 | 56,654 | -2,997 | 51,588 | 2,459 |
| 1987 | 55,037 | -2,998 | 51,140 | 1,855 |
| 1986 | 53,313 | -2,998 | 50,329 | 354 |
| 1985 | 52,125 | -2,998 | 49,944 | -1,719 |
| 1984 | 50,705 | -2,998 | 48,562 | -2,452 |
| 1983 | 49,187 | -2,998 | 46,919 | -2,522 |
| 1982 | 47,947 | -2,998 | 45,179 | -2,132 |
| 1981 | 46,641 | -2,998 | 43,588 | -1,615 |
| 1980 | 45,026 | -2,997 | 42,343 | -1,268 |
| 1979 | 43,537 | -2,997 | 41,568 | -1,296 |
| 1978 | 42,539 | -2,998 | 40,276 | 1,833 |
| 1977 | 41,352 | -2,999 | 38,995 | 5,354 |
| 1976 | 40,149 | -1,645 | 37,670 | 6,577 |
| 1975 | 38,975 | -1,472 | 36,490 | 6,556 |
| 1974 | 38,106 | -1,321 | 35,297 | 6,153 |
| 1973 | 37,122 | -1,201 | 33,993 | 5,647 |
| 1972 | 36,184 | -1,139 | 32,727 | 4,999 |
| 1971 | 35,279 | -1,014 | 31,536 | 4,238 |
| 1970 | 34,382 | -855 | 30,558 | 3,263 |
| 1969 | 33,252 | -688 | 29,781 | 2,366 |
| 1968 | 32,029 | -565 | 29,017 | 3,535 |
| 1967 | 30,853 | -514 | 28,178 | 5,139 |
| 1966 | 29,502 | -466 | 27,338 | 5,837 |
| 1965 | 28,028 | -434 | 26,364 | 5,610 |
| 1964 | 26,565 | -390 | 25,317 | 4,599 |
| 1963 | 25,250 | -362 | 24,142 | 3,687 |
| 1962 | 23,927 | -342 | 22,960 | 9,049 |
| 1961 | 22,781 | -332 | 21,873 | 10,440 |
| 1960 | 21,604 | -318 | 20,726 | 10,334 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/mongolia | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99% of the population change in Mauritania is from natural causes (a gain of 1,350,038 people) and 1.04% is from migration (a loss of 14,187 people). In Mongolia 94.3% is from natural causes (a gain of 554,471 people) and 5.67% is from migration (a gain of 33,325 people).
As of 2024, 195,937 residents or 3.8% of the population were not native-born in Mauritania, compared to 22,589 people or 0.6% in Mongolia.
Biggest cities by population
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
|
Mongolia
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Ulaanbaatar | 1.4M |
| Bulgan | 12.3K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Mauritania and Mongolia
|
Mauritania
|
Mongolia
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 69.2 years | 72.5 years |
| Average age | 23.1 years | 29.9 years |
| Median age | 18.5 years | 27.9 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.1:50.9 | 49.8:50.2 |
| Fertility rate | 4.63 births per woman | 2.5 births per woman |
| Population density | 13.7 ppl/mi² | 6 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/mongolia | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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