The latest officially reported population of Kuwait was 4,865,298 in 2025 vs 5,315,065 people in Mauritania in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Kuwait's population is 4,981,316 people compared to 5,539,189 in Mauritania.
Population statistics:
- Mauritania's population is 1.11 times bigger than Kuwait's.
- Kuwait is ranked the 127th most populous country in the world, while Mauritania is the 123rd.
- The countries together account for 0.13% of the world: 0.06% for Kuwait vs 0.07% for Mauritania.
- For the last 10 years, Kuwait has had an average growth rate of +2.64% per year vs +2.98% in Mauritania.
- Since 2006, the population of Kuwait has increased from 2.36M people to 4.98M (110.7% growth), while Mauritania has grown from 3.01M to 5.54M (83.8% growth).
Kuwait vs Mauritania: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Kuwait
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 9,334,340 | 17,302,938 |
| 2099 | 9,260,081 | 17,195,692 |
| 2098 | 9,186,463 | 17,083,078 |
| 2097 | 9,113,170 | 16,968,365 |
| 2096 | 9,040,141 | 16,850,394 |
| 2095 | 8,967,450 | 16,732,430 |
| 2094 | 8,895,114 | 16,610,512 |
| 2093 | 8,823,113 | 16,485,880 |
| 2092 | 8,751,505 | 16,359,440 |
| 2091 | 8,680,321 | 16,229,167 |
| 2090 | 8,609,595 | 16,097,149 |
| 2089 | 8,539,136 | 15,962,562 |
| 2088 | 8,469,109 | 15,824,899 |
| 2087 | 8,399,564 | 15,683,760 |
| 2086 | 8,330,533 | 15,541,281 |
| 2085 | 8,261,971 | 15,397,701 |
| 2084 | 8,193,896 | 15,251,533 |
| 2083 | 8,126,269 | 15,102,125 |
| 2082 | 8,059,106 | 14,952,194 |
| 2081 | 7,992,347 | 14,799,309 |
| 2080 | 7,926,024 | 14,645,548 |
| 2079 | 7,860,286 | 14,490,500 |
| 2078 | 7,795,005 | 14,331,284 |
| 2077 | 7,730,203 | 14,170,045 |
| 2076 | 7,665,903 | 14,007,555 |
| 2075 | 7,602,169 | 13,843,393 |
| 2074 | 7,538,993 | 13,678,579 |
| 2073 | 7,476,318 | 13,512,182 |
| 2072 | 7,414,183 | 13,343,946 |
| 2071 | 7,352,798 | 13,172,876 |
| 2070 | 7,292,103 | 13,002,521 |
| 2069 | 7,231,928 | 12,830,090 |
| 2068 | 7,172,407 | 12,657,711 |
| 2067 | 7,113,525 | 12,482,299 |
| 2066 | 7,055,300 | 12,306,495 |
| 2065 | 6,997,659 | 12,131,679 |
| 2064 | 6,940,617 | 11,954,090 |
| 2063 | 6,883,966 | 11,778,351 |
| 2062 | 6,827,893 | 11,601,323 |
| 2061 | 6,772,426 | 11,424,089 |
| 2060 | 6,717,567 | 11,246,850 |
| 2059 | 6,663,194 | 11,067,732 |
| 2058 | 6,609,283 | 10,887,645 |
| 2057 | 6,555,790 | 10,709,500 |
| 2056 | 6,502,807 | 10,532,648 |
| 2055 | 6,450,126 | 10,354,318 |
| 2054 | 6,397,735 | 10,175,517 |
| 2053 | 6,345,468 | 9,995,645 |
| 2052 | 6,293,294 | 9,815,104 |
| 2051 | 6,241,127 | 9,635,288 |
| 2050 | 6,188,892 | 9,457,400 |
| 2049 | 6,136,684 | 9,279,576 |
| 2048 | 6,084,369 | 9,100,595 |
| 2047 | 6,032,063 | 8,923,220 |
| 2046 | 5,979,700 | 8,745,286 |
| 2045 | 5,927,211 | 8,568,910 |
| 2044 | 5,874,608 | 8,393,773 |
| 2043 | 5,822,127 | 8,218,850 |
| 2042 | 5,769,628 | 8,044,865 |
| 2041 | 5,717,337 | 7,873,599 |
| 2040 | 5,665,332 | 7,703,561 |
| 2039 | 5,613,613 | 7,534,623 |
| 2038 | 5,562,201 | 7,366,187 |
| 2037 | 5,511,310 | 7,199,542 |
| 2036 | 5,460,951 | 7,033,866 |
| 2035 | 5,411,185 | 6,869,186 |
| 2034 | 5,362,082 | 6,705,635 |
| 2033 | 5,313,716 | 6,543,505 |
| 2032 | 5,266,162 | 6,383,229 |
| 2031 | 5,219,420 | 6,225,030 |
| 2030 | 5,173,547 | 6,068,395 |
| 2029 | 5,125,419 | 5,914,109 |
| 2028 | 5,073,776 | 5,761,715 |
| 2027 | 5,015,009 | 5,611,635 |
| 2026 | 4,945,732 | 5,462,675 |
| 2025 | 4,865,298 | 5,315,065 |
| 2024 | 4,897,263 | 5,169,395 |
| 2023 | 4,853,420 | 5,022,441 |
| 2022 | 4,589,643 | 4,875,637 |
| 2021 | 4,360,865 | 4,734,874 |
| 2020 | 4,400,267 | 4,600,131 |
| 2019 | 4,442,316 | 4,467,708 |
| 2018 | 4,323,515 | 4,337,685 |
| 2017 | 4,154,812 | 4,210,600 |
| 2016 | 4,004,096 | 4,086,657 |
| 2015 | 3,834,574 | 3,965,959 |
| 2014 | 3,665,876 | 3,848,514 |
| 2013 | 3,507,844 | 3,734,318 |
| 2012 | 3,337,109 | 3,619,034 |
| 2011 | 3,132,814 | 3,502,811 |
| 2010 | 2,943,372 | 3,390,965 |
| 2009 | 2,795,484 | 3,284,448 |
| 2008 | 2,651,421 | 3,183,269 |
| 2007 | 2,507,887 | 3,093,059 |
| 2006 | 2,364,733 | 3,013,660 |
| 2005 | 2,236,788 | 2,939,059 |
| 2004 | 2,157,320 | 2,868,664 |
| 2003 | 2,109,881 | 2,802,046 |
| 2002 | 2,059,974 | 2,738,655 |
| 2001 | 2,008,121 | 2,678,760 |
| 2000 | 1,954,709 | 2,613,441 |
| 1999 | 1,900,030 | 2,541,698 |
| 1998 | 1,844,302 | 2,474,651 |
| 1997 | 1,787,683 | 2,411,306 |
| 1996 | 1,730,246 | 2,358,188 |
| 1995 | 1,681,513 | 2,312,017 |
| 1994 | 1,664,361 | 2,249,454 |
| 1993 | 1,672,151 | 2,174,328 |
| 1992 | 1,634,961 | 2,088,135 |
| 1991 | 1,351,399 | 2,009,738 |
| 1990 | 1,684,819 | 1,951,878 |
| 1989 | 2,217,468 | 1,903,048 |
| 1988 | 2,134,707 | 1,855,859 |
| 1987 | 2,052,994 | 1,803,014 |
| 1986 | 1,972,520 | 1,751,835 |
| 1985 | 1,894,242 | 1,702,107 |
| 1984 | 1,820,688 | 1,653,693 |
| 1983 | 1,744,295 | 1,606,746 |
| 1982 | 1,662,480 | 1,561,176 |
| 1981 | 1,583,426 | 1,516,877 |
| 1980 | 1,504,782 | 1,474,043 |
| 1979 | 1,423,514 | 1,432,758 |
| 1978 | 1,340,319 | 1,392,713 |
| 1977 | 1,258,023 | 1,353,768 |
| 1976 | 1,178,711 | 1,315,336 |
| 1975 | 1,104,863 | 1,277,330 |
| 1974 | 1,038,346 | 1,240,188 |
| 1973 | 977,654 | 1,203,838 |
| 1972 | 920,352 | 1,168,355 |
| 1971 | 865,076 | 1,133,702 |
| 1970 | 809,114 | 1,099,806 |
| 1969 | 749,452 | 1,066,754 |
| 1968 | 687,716 | 1,034,739 |
| 1967 | 628,089 | 1,003,843 |
| 1966 | 572,590 | 974,157 |
| 1965 | 521,174 | 945,838 |
| 1964 | 473,115 | 918,955 |
| 1963 | 427,694 | 893,423 |
| 1962 | 384,995 | 869,184 |
| 1961 | 345,945 | 846,167 |
| 1960 | 311,060 | 824,298 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/mauritania | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Kuwait increased by 1,639,363 people (a 69.3% growth), while Mauritania gained 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Kuwait gained 977,220 people (a 24.4% growth), while Mauritania's population increased by 1,452,532 people (a 35.5% growth).
Kuwait was ranked 139th most populous country in 2006 and is 127th in 2026. Mauritania was ranked 132nd in 2006 and ranked 123rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Kuwait's population will grow by 24.2% to 6,188,892 people with a rank change from 127th to 119th. The population of Mauritania will increase by 70.7% to 9,457,400 people and rank change from 123rd to 103rd.
Kuwait is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 9.33M people compared to the peak of 17.3M people in 2100 for Mauritania.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 0.8% | 0.62% |
| 2099 | 0.8% | 0.66% |
| 2098 | 0.8% | 0.68% |
| 2097 | 0.81% | 0.7% |
| 2096 | 0.81% | 0.7% |
| 2095 | 0.81% | 0.73% |
| 2094 | 0.82% | 0.76% |
| 2093 | 0.82% | 0.77% |
| 2092 | 0.82% | 0.8% |
| 2091 | 0.82% | 0.82% |
| 2090 | 0.83% | 0.84% |
| 2089 | 0.83% | 0.87% |
| 2088 | 0.83% | 0.9% |
| 2087 | 0.83% | 0.92% |
| 2086 | 0.83% | 0.93% |
| 2085 | 0.83% | 0.96% |
| 2084 | 0.83% | 0.99% |
| 2083 | 0.83% | 1% |
| 2082 | 0.84% | 1.03% |
| 2081 | 0.84% | 1.05% |
| 2080 | 0.84% | 1.07% |
| 2079 | 0.84% | 1.11% |
| 2078 | 0.84% | 1.14% |
| 2077 | 0.84% | 1.16% |
| 2076 | 0.84% | 1.19% |
| 2075 | 0.84% | 1.2% |
| 2074 | 0.84% | 1.23% |
| 2073 | 0.84% | 1.26% |
| 2072 | 0.83% | 1.3% |
| 2071 | 0.83% | 1.31% |
| 2070 | 0.83% | 1.34% |
| 2069 | 0.83% | 1.36% |
| 2068 | 0.83% | 1.41% |
| 2067 | 0.83% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | 0.82% | 1.44% |
| 2065 | 0.82% | 1.49% |
| 2064 | 0.82% | 1.49% |
| 2063 | 0.82% | 1.53% |
| 2062 | 0.82% | 1.55% |
| 2061 | 0.82% | 1.58% |
| 2060 | 0.82% | 1.62% |
| 2059 | 0.82% | 1.65% |
| 2058 | 0.82% | 1.66% |
| 2057 | 0.81% | 1.68% |
| 2056 | 0.82% | 1.72% |
| 2055 | 0.82% | 1.76% |
| 2054 | 0.82% | 1.8% |
| 2053 | 0.83% | 1.84% |
| 2052 | 0.84% | 1.87% |
| 2051 | 0.84% | 1.88% |
| 2050 | 0.85% | 1.92% |
| 2049 | 0.86% | 1.97% |
| 2048 | 0.87% | 1.99% |
| 2047 | 0.88% | 2.03% |
| 2046 | 0.89% | 2.06% |
| 2045 | 0.9% | 2.09% |
| 2044 | 0.9% | 2.13% |
| 2043 | 0.91% | 2.16% |
| 2042 | 0.91% | 2.18% |
| 2041 | 0.92% | 2.21% |
| 2040 | 0.92% | 2.24% |
| 2039 | 0.92% | 2.29% |
| 2038 | 0.92% | 2.31% |
| 2037 | 0.92% | 2.36% |
| 2036 | 0.92% | 2.4% |
| 2035 | 0.92% | 2.44% |
| 2034 | 0.91% | 2.48% |
| 2033 | 0.9% | 2.51% |
| 2032 | 0.9% | 2.54% |
| 2031 | 0.89% | 2.58% |
| 2030 | 0.94% | 2.61% |
| 2029 | 1.02% | 2.64% |
| 2028 | 1.17% | 2.67% |
| 2027 | 1.4% | 2.73% |
| 2026 | 1.65% | 2.78% |
| 2025 | -0.65% | 2.82% |
| 2024 | 0.9% | 2.93% |
| 2023 | 5.75% | 3.01% |
| 2022 | 5.25% | 2.97% |
| 2021 | -0.9% | 2.93% |
| 2020 | -0.95% | 2.96% |
| 2019 | 2.75% | 3% |
| 2018 | 4.06% | 3.02% |
| 2017 | 3.76% | 3.03% |
| 2016 | 4.42% | 3.04% |
| 2015 | 4.6% | 3.05% |
| 2014 | 4.51% | 3.06% |
| 2013 | 5.12% | 3.19% |
| 2012 | 6.52% | 3.32% |
| 2011 | 6.44% | 3.3% |
| 2010 | 5.29% | 3.24% |
| 2009 | 5.43% | 3.18% |
| 2008 | 5.72% | 2.92% |
| 2007 | 6.05% | 2.63% |
| 2006 | 5.72% | 2.54% |
| 2005 | 3.68% | 2.45% |
| 2004 | 2.25% | 2.38% |
| 2003 | 2.42% | 2.31% |
| 2002 | 2.58% | 2.24% |
| 2001 | 2.73% | 2.5% |
| 2000 | 2.88% | 2.82% |
| 1999 | 3.02% | 2.71% |
| 1998 | 3.17% | 2.63% |
| 1997 | 3.32% | 2.25% |
| 1996 | 2.9% | 2% |
| 1995 | 1.03% | 2.78% |
| 1994 | -0.47% | 3.46% |
| 1993 | 2.27% | 4.13% |
| 1992 | 21% | 3.9% |
| 1991 | -19.8% | 2.96% |
| 1990 | -24% | 2.57% |
| 1989 | 3.88% | 2.54% |
| 1988 | 3.98% | 2.93% |
| 1987 | 4.08% | 2.92% |
| 1986 | 4.13% | 2.92% |
| 1985 | 4.04% | 2.93% |
| 1984 | 4.38% | 2.92% |
| 1983 | 4.92% | 2.92% |
| 1982 | 4.99% | 2.92% |
| 1981 | 5.23% | 2.91% |
| 1980 | 5.71% | 2.88% |
| 1979 | 6.21% | 2.88% |
| 1978 | 6.54% | 2.88% |
| 1977 | 6.73% | 2.92% |
| 1976 | 6.68% | 2.98% |
| 1975 | 6.41% | 2.99% |
| 1974 | 6.21% | 3.02% |
| 1973 | 6.23% | 3.04% |
| 1972 | 6.39% | 3.06% |
| 1971 | 6.92% | 3.08% |
| 1970 | 7.96% | 3.1% |
| 1969 | 8.98% | 3.09% |
| 1968 | 9.49% | 3.08% |
| 1967 | 9.69% | 3.05% |
| 1966 | 9.87% | 2.99% |
| 1965 | 10.2% | 2.93% |
| 1964 | 10.6% | 2.86% |
| 1963 | 11.1% | 2.79% |
| 1962 | 11.3% | 2.72% |
| 1961 | 11.2% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/mauritania | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Kuwait declined by 0.65%, while Mauritania's population grew by 2.82%.
Live population counters
|
Kuwait
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
4981316
|
5539189
|
| Population rank | 127/197 | 123/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.06% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
16.5 minutes
|
3.62 minutes
|
| One birth every |
10.7 minutes
|
2.99 minutes
|
| One death every |
1.18 hours
|
18.8 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | -88 | +399 |
| Annual growth/decline | -31,965 | +145,670 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | -0.65% | +2.82% |
| Population growth rate rank | 188/197 | 18/197 |
| One migration net change every |
12.3 minutes
|
1.74 hours
|
| Annual migration change | +42,775 | -5,044 |
| Net migration rank | 24/196 | 115/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 3,323,191 | 195,937 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 20/195 | 113/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 67.3% | 3.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 5/195 | 107/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kuwait
|
Mauritania
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | 42,775 | - | -5,044 |
| 2024 | 41,627 | 61,624 | 147,927 | -2,185 |
| 2023 | 42,568 | 50,008 | 145,164 | 2,999 |
| 2022 | 41,752 | 368,560 | 142,451 | 2,999 |
| 2021 | 42,057 | 19,678 | 137,557 | -1,483 |
| 2020 | 41,083 | -168,379 | 134,899 | -1,483 |
| 2019 | 46,268 | 181 | 134,460 | -3,019 |
| 2018 | 47,222 | 145,973 | 131,584 | -2,987 |
| 2017 | 51,498 | 92,717 | 128,562 | -3,001 |
| 2016 | 51,397 | 105,818 | 125,342 | -3,008 |
| 2015 | 52,127 | 129,695 | 122,092 | -3,019 |
| 2014 | 54,673 | 100,891 | 118,792 | -2,980 |
| 2013 | 52,666 | 107,821 | 115,558 | -2,987 |
| 2012 | 53,181 | 127,777 | 113,489 | 4,515 |
| 2011 | 50,733 | 176,732 | 111,165 | 3,272 |
| 2010 | 49,838 | 101,566 | 108,121 | 1,128 |
| 2009 | 48,879 | 95,483 | 105,273 | -1,481 |
| 2008 | 47,505 | 96,268 | 102,432 | -3,860 |
| 2007 | 46,539 | 96,765 | 98,895 | -17,048 |
| 2006 | 45,911 | 97,087 | 94,991 | -18,033 |
| 2005 | 45,243 | 67,638 | 90,940 | -18,693 |
| 2004 | 44,341 | 1,713 | 87,578 | -19,042 |
| 2003 | 42,934 | 5,895 | 83,804 | -19,104 |
| 2002 | 41,651 | 9,335 | 80,993 | -18,903 |
| 2001 | 40,662 | 12,055 | 78,769 | -21,067 |
| 2000 | 39,811 | 14,296 | 75,929 | -2,997 |
| 1999 | 39,342 | 15,912 | 73,554 | -2,999 |
| 1998 | 39,324 | 16,878 | 72,045 | -8,504 |
| 1997 | 39,581 | 17,457 | 71,327 | -8,187 |
| 1996 | 39,920 | 17,914 | 71,939 | -28,840 |
| 1995 | 39,198 | 438 | 72,244 | -22,997 |
| 1994 | 36,533 | -41,862 | 70,570 | 5,304 |
| 1993 | 33,239 | -43,501 | 68,167 | 6,217 |
| 1992 | 32,016 | 52,620 | 63,501 | 34,505 |
| 1991 | 21,867 | 460,628 | 61,782 | -2,997 |
| 1990 | 46,720 | -1,196,050 | 59,934 | -3,000 |
| 1989 | 49,390 | 34,643 | 58,666 | -17,941 |
| 1988 | 50,037 | 31,455 | 56,654 | -2,997 |
| 1987 | 50,690 | 31,243 | 55,037 | -2,998 |
| 1986 | 51,824 | 27,187 | 53,313 | -2,998 |
| 1985 | 51,772 | 25,777 | 52,125 | -2,998 |
| 1984 | 52,539 | 17,020 | 50,705 | -2,998 |
| 1983 | 51,460 | 31,758 | 49,187 | -2,998 |
| 1982 | 49,981 | 30,437 | 47,947 | -2,998 |
| 1981 | 48,098 | 29,600 | 46,641 | -2,998 |
| 1980 | 47,096 | 32,483 | 45,026 | -2,997 |
| 1979 | 45,569 | 37,383 | 43,537 | -2,997 |
| 1978 | 44,277 | 39,159 | 42,539 | -2,998 |
| 1977 | 42,922 | 38,225 | 41,352 | -2,999 |
| 1976 | 41,439 | 36,050 | 40,149 | -1,645 |
| 1975 | 39,295 | 30,909 | 38,975 | -1,472 |
| 1974 | 37,425 | 25,398 | 38,106 | -1,321 |
| 1973 | 35,741 | 22,830 | 37,122 | -1,201 |
| 1972 | 34,045 | 21,984 | 36,184 | -1,139 |
| 1971 | 32,339 | 22,182 | 35,279 | -1,014 |
| 1970 | 30,789 | 26,614 | 34,382 | -855 |
| 1969 | 28,774 | 33,143 | 33,252 | -688 |
| 1968 | 26,161 | 35,399 | 32,029 | -565 |
| 1967 | 23,520 | 34,177 | 30,853 | -514 |
| 1966 | 20,914 | 32,383 | 29,502 | -466 |
| 1965 | 18,952 | 30,580 | 28,028 | -434 |
| 1964 | 17,064 | 29,537 | 26,565 | -390 |
| 1963 | 15,357 | 28,889 | 25,250 | -362 |
| 1962 | 13,730 | 27,417 | 23,927 | -342 |
| 1961 | 12,327 | 24,618 | 22,781 | -332 |
| 1960 | 11,054 | 21,769 | 21,604 | -318 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/mauritania | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 36.2% of the population change in Kuwait is from natural causes (a gain of 457,599 people) and 63.8% is from migration (a gain of 805,875 people). In Mauritania 99% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,350,038 people) and 1.04% is from migration (a loss of 14,187 people).
As of 2024, 3,323,191 residents or 67.3% of the population were not native-born in Kuwait, compared to 195,937 people or 3.8% in Mauritania.
Biggest cities by population
|
Kuwait
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Kuwait | 2.99M |
| Al Wafrah | 10K |
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Kuwait and Mauritania
|
Kuwait
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 81 years | 69.2 years |
| Average age | 34.2 years | 23.1 years |
| Median age | 35.8 years | 18.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 61.1:38.9 | 49.1:50.9 |
| Fertility rate | 1.56 births per woman | 4.63 births per woman |
| Population density | 719 ppl/mi² | 13.7 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/kuwait/mauritania | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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