The latest officially reported population of Chad was 21,003,705 in 2025 vs 5,315,065 people in Mauritania in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Chad's population is 21,855,137 people compared to 5,539,189 in Mauritania.
Population statistics:
- Chad's population is 3.95 times bigger than Mauritania's.
- Chad is ranked the 64th most populous country in the world, while Mauritania is the 123rd.
- The countries together account for 0.33% of the world: 0.26% for Chad vs 0.07% for Mauritania.
- For the last 10 years, Chad has had an average growth rate of +3.63% per year vs +2.98% in Mauritania.
- Since 2006, the population of Chad has increased from 10.7M people to 21.9M (104.1% growth), while Mauritania has grown from 3.01M to 5.54M (83.8% growth).
Chad vs Mauritania: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Chad
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 70,311,013 | 17,302,938 |
| 2099 | 69,986,866 | 17,195,692 |
| 2098 | 69,662,155 | 17,083,078 |
| 2097 | 69,277,239 | 16,968,365 |
| 2096 | 68,889,445 | 16,850,394 |
| 2095 | 68,502,128 | 16,732,430 |
| 2094 | 68,110,775 | 16,610,512 |
| 2093 | 67,684,792 | 16,485,880 |
| 2092 | 67,233,921 | 16,359,440 |
| 2091 | 66,781,244 | 16,229,167 |
| 2090 | 66,290,702 | 16,097,149 |
| 2089 | 65,798,812 | 15,962,562 |
| 2088 | 65,317,154 | 15,824,899 |
| 2087 | 64,800,745 | 15,683,760 |
| 2086 | 64,278,192 | 15,541,281 |
| 2085 | 63,727,856 | 15,397,701 |
| 2084 | 63,168,104 | 15,251,533 |
| 2083 | 62,596,574 | 15,102,125 |
| 2082 | 62,040,380 | 14,952,194 |
| 2081 | 61,434,119 | 14,799,309 |
| 2080 | 60,826,765 | 14,645,548 |
| 2079 | 60,198,617 | 14,490,500 |
| 2078 | 59,555,772 | 14,331,284 |
| 2077 | 58,918,103 | 14,170,045 |
| 2076 | 58,275,388 | 14,007,555 |
| 2075 | 57,618,555 | 13,843,393 |
| 2074 | 56,965,122 | 13,678,579 |
| 2073 | 56,292,259 | 13,512,182 |
| 2072 | 55,597,279 | 13,343,946 |
| 2071 | 54,903,565 | 13,172,876 |
| 2070 | 54,214,047 | 13,002,521 |
| 2069 | 53,520,311 | 12,830,090 |
| 2068 | 52,818,046 | 12,657,711 |
| 2067 | 52,125,908 | 12,482,299 |
| 2066 | 51,388,975 | 12,306,495 |
| 2065 | 50,658,129 | 12,131,679 |
| 2064 | 49,900,784 | 11,954,090 |
| 2063 | 49,155,513 | 11,778,351 |
| 2062 | 48,403,186 | 11,601,323 |
| 2061 | 47,648,039 | 11,424,089 |
| 2060 | 46,859,349 | 11,246,850 |
| 2059 | 46,066,772 | 11,067,732 |
| 2058 | 45,285,757 | 10,887,645 |
| 2057 | 44,507,961 | 10,709,500 |
| 2056 | 43,722,007 | 10,532,648 |
| 2055 | 42,925,488 | 10,354,318 |
| 2054 | 42,142,940 | 10,175,517 |
| 2053 | 41,351,412 | 9,995,645 |
| 2052 | 40,559,038 | 9,815,104 |
| 2051 | 39,768,198 | 9,635,288 |
| 2050 | 38,981,624 | 9,457,400 |
| 2049 | 38,210,212 | 9,279,576 |
| 2048 | 37,418,176 | 9,100,595 |
| 2047 | 36,648,598 | 8,923,220 |
| 2046 | 35,880,269 | 8,745,286 |
| 2045 | 35,104,973 | 8,568,910 |
| 2044 | 34,352,050 | 8,393,773 |
| 2043 | 33,590,931 | 8,218,850 |
| 2042 | 32,837,006 | 8,044,865 |
| 2041 | 32,086,067 | 7,873,599 |
| 2040 | 31,362,066 | 7,703,561 |
| 2039 | 30,621,558 | 7,534,623 |
| 2038 | 29,886,177 | 7,366,187 |
| 2037 | 29,155,330 | 7,199,542 |
| 2036 | 28,422,010 | 7,033,866 |
| 2035 | 27,709,891 | 6,869,186 |
| 2034 | 27,003,635 | 6,705,635 |
| 2033 | 26,292,134 | 6,543,505 |
| 2032 | 25,581,739 | 6,383,229 |
| 2031 | 24,875,542 | 6,225,030 |
| 2030 | 24,183,856 | 6,068,395 |
| 2029 | 23,494,522 | 5,914,109 |
| 2028 | 22,809,219 | 5,761,715 |
| 2027 | 22,131,874 | 5,611,635 |
| 2026 | 21,562,855 | 5,462,675 |
| 2025 | 21,003,705 | 5,315,065 |
| 2024 | 20,299,123 | 5,169,395 |
| 2023 | 19,319,064 | 5,022,441 |
| 2022 | 18,455,316 | 4,875,637 |
| 2021 | 17,828,273 | 4,734,874 |
| 2020 | 17,224,679 | 4,600,131 |
| 2019 | 16,685,223 | 4,467,708 |
| 2018 | 16,156,531 | 4,337,685 |
| 2017 | 15,622,759 | 4,210,600 |
| 2016 | 15,114,655 | 4,086,657 |
| 2015 | 14,647,621 | 3,965,959 |
| 2014 | 14,188,678 | 3,848,514 |
| 2013 | 13,691,079 | 3,734,318 |
| 2012 | 13,210,998 | 3,619,034 |
| 2011 | 12,754,997 | 3,502,811 |
| 2010 | 12,312,575 | 3,390,965 |
| 2009 | 11,893,754 | 3,284,448 |
| 2008 | 11,476,296 | 3,183,269 |
| 2007 | 11,081,660 | 3,093,059 |
| 2006 | 10,706,424 | 3,013,660 |
| 2005 | 10,328,092 | 2,939,059 |
| 2004 | 9,920,036 | 2,868,664 |
| 2003 | 9,487,833 | 2,802,046 |
| 2002 | 9,116,192 | 2,738,655 |
| 2001 | 8,804,124 | 2,678,760 |
| 2000 | 8,512,093 | 2,613,441 |
| 1999 | 8,222,705 | 2,541,698 |
| 1998 | 7,938,840 | 2,474,651 |
| 1997 | 7,670,366 | 2,411,306 |
| 1996 | 7,410,108 | 2,358,188 |
| 1995 | 7,089,064 | 2,312,017 |
| 1994 | 6,783,450 | 2,249,454 |
| 1993 | 6,629,146 | 2,174,328 |
| 1992 | 6,474,656 | 2,088,135 |
| 1991 | 6,205,676 | 2,009,738 |
| 1990 | 5,982,833 | 1,951,878 |
| 1989 | 5,819,586 | 1,903,048 |
| 1988 | 5,625,602 | 1,855,859 |
| 1987 | 5,438,309 | 1,803,014 |
| 1986 | 5,251,069 | 1,751,835 |
| 1985 | 5,096,269 | 1,702,107 |
| 1984 | 5,045,145 | 1,653,693 |
| 1983 | 4,979,130 | 1,606,746 |
| 1982 | 4,738,483 | 1,561,176 |
| 1981 | 4,520,959 | 1,516,877 |
| 1980 | 4,515,453 | 1,474,043 |
| 1979 | 4,505,384 | 1,432,758 |
| 1978 | 4,411,366 | 1,392,713 |
| 1977 | 4,331,667 | 1,353,768 |
| 1976 | 4,251,297 | 1,315,336 |
| 1975 | 4,167,234 | 1,277,330 |
| 1974 | 4,078,356 | 1,240,188 |
| 1973 | 3,985,909 | 1,203,838 |
| 1972 | 3,893,252 | 1,168,355 |
| 1971 | 3,807,316 | 1,133,702 |
| 1970 | 3,727,828 | 1,099,806 |
| 1969 | 3,651,113 | 1,066,754 |
| 1968 | 3,578,231 | 1,034,739 |
| 1967 | 3,508,512 | 1,003,843 |
| 1966 | 3,440,903 | 974,157 |
| 1965 | 3,374,220 | 945,838 |
| 1964 | 3,307,479 | 918,955 |
| 1963 | 3,240,905 | 893,423 |
| 1962 | 3,175,598 | 869,184 |
| 1961 | 3,111,947 | 846,167 |
| 1960 | 3,049,838 | 824,298 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/mauritania | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Chad increased by 4,408,231 people (a 41.2% growth), while Mauritania gained 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Chad gained 6,740,482 people (a 44.6% growth), while Mauritania's population increased by 1,452,532 people (a 35.5% growth).
Chad was ranked 76th most populous country in 2006 and is 64th in 2026. Mauritania was ranked 132nd in 2006 and ranked 123rd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Chad's population will grow by 78.4% to 38,981,624 people with a rank change from 64th to 52nd. The population of Mauritania will increase by 70.7% to 9,457,400 people and rank change from 123rd to 103rd.
Chad is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 70.3M people compared to the peak of 17.3M people in 2100 for Mauritania.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Mauritania
|
|
| 2100 | 0.46% | 0.62% |
| 2099 | 0.47% | 0.66% |
| 2098 | 0.56% | 0.68% |
| 2097 | 0.56% | 0.7% |
| 2096 | 0.57% | 0.7% |
| 2095 | 0.57% | 0.73% |
| 2094 | 0.63% | 0.76% |
| 2093 | 0.67% | 0.77% |
| 2092 | 0.68% | 0.8% |
| 2091 | 0.74% | 0.82% |
| 2090 | 0.75% | 0.84% |
| 2089 | 0.74% | 0.87% |
| 2088 | 0.8% | 0.9% |
| 2087 | 0.81% | 0.92% |
| 2086 | 0.86% | 0.93% |
| 2085 | 0.89% | 0.96% |
| 2084 | 0.91% | 0.99% |
| 2083 | 0.9% | 1% |
| 2082 | 0.99% | 1.03% |
| 2081 | 1% | 1.05% |
| 2080 | 1.04% | 1.07% |
| 2079 | 1.08% | 1.11% |
| 2078 | 1.08% | 1.14% |
| 2077 | 1.1% | 1.16% |
| 2076 | 1.14% | 1.19% |
| 2075 | 1.15% | 1.2% |
| 2074 | 1.2% | 1.23% |
| 2073 | 1.25% | 1.26% |
| 2072 | 1.26% | 1.3% |
| 2071 | 1.27% | 1.31% |
| 2070 | 1.3% | 1.34% |
| 2069 | 1.33% | 1.36% |
| 2068 | 1.33% | 1.41% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | 1.43% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | 1.44% |
| 2065 | 1.52% | 1.49% |
| 2064 | 1.52% | 1.49% |
| 2063 | 1.55% | 1.53% |
| 2062 | 1.58% | 1.55% |
| 2061 | 1.68% | 1.58% |
| 2060 | 1.72% | 1.62% |
| 2059 | 1.72% | 1.65% |
| 2058 | 1.75% | 1.66% |
| 2057 | 1.8% | 1.68% |
| 2056 | 1.86% | 1.72% |
| 2055 | 1.86% | 1.76% |
| 2054 | 1.91% | 1.8% |
| 2053 | 1.95% | 1.84% |
| 2052 | 1.99% | 1.87% |
| 2051 | 2.02% | 1.88% |
| 2050 | 2.02% | 1.92% |
| 2049 | 2.12% | 1.97% |
| 2048 | 2.1% | 1.99% |
| 2047 | 2.14% | 2.03% |
| 2046 | 2.21% | 2.06% |
| 2045 | 2.19% | 2.09% |
| 2044 | 2.27% | 2.13% |
| 2043 | 2.3% | 2.16% |
| 2042 | 2.34% | 2.18% |
| 2041 | 2.31% | 2.21% |
| 2040 | 2.42% | 2.24% |
| 2039 | 2.46% | 2.29% |
| 2038 | 2.51% | 2.31% |
| 2037 | 2.58% | 2.36% |
| 2036 | 2.57% | 2.4% |
| 2035 | 2.62% | 2.44% |
| 2034 | 2.71% | 2.48% |
| 2033 | 2.78% | 2.51% |
| 2032 | 2.84% | 2.54% |
| 2031 | 2.86% | 2.58% |
| 2030 | 2.93% | 2.61% |
| 2029 | 3% | 2.64% |
| 2028 | 3.06% | 2.67% |
| 2027 | 2.64% | 2.73% |
| 2026 | 2.66% | 2.78% |
| 2025 | 3.47% | 2.82% |
| 2024 | 5.07% | 2.93% |
| 2023 | 4.68% | 3.01% |
| 2022 | 3.52% | 2.97% |
| 2021 | 3.5% | 2.93% |
| 2020 | 3.23% | 2.96% |
| 2019 | 3.27% | 3% |
| 2018 | 3.42% | 3.02% |
| 2017 | 3.36% | 3.03% |
| 2016 | 3.19% | 3.04% |
| 2015 | 3.23% | 3.05% |
| 2014 | 3.63% | 3.06% |
| 2013 | 3.63% | 3.19% |
| 2012 | 3.58% | 3.32% |
| 2011 | 3.59% | 3.3% |
| 2010 | 3.52% | 3.24% |
| 2009 | 3.64% | 3.18% |
| 2008 | 3.56% | 2.92% |
| 2007 | 3.5% | 2.63% |
| 2006 | 3.66% | 2.54% |
| 2005 | 4.11% | 2.45% |
| 2004 | 4.56% | 2.38% |
| 2003 | 4.08% | 2.31% |
| 2002 | 3.54% | 2.24% |
| 2001 | 3.43% | 2.5% |
| 2000 | 3.52% | 2.82% |
| 1999 | 3.58% | 2.71% |
| 1998 | 3.5% | 2.63% |
| 1997 | 3.51% | 2.25% |
| 1996 | 4.53% | 2% |
| 1995 | 4.51% | 2.78% |
| 1994 | 2.33% | 3.46% |
| 1993 | 2.39% | 4.13% |
| 1992 | 4.33% | 3.9% |
| 1991 | 3.72% | 2.96% |
| 1990 | 2.81% | 2.57% |
| 1989 | 3.45% | 2.54% |
| 1988 | 3.44% | 2.93% |
| 1987 | 3.57% | 2.92% |
| 1986 | 3.04% | 2.92% |
| 1985 | 1.01% | 2.93% |
| 1984 | 1.33% | 2.92% |
| 1983 | 5.08% | 2.92% |
| 1982 | 4.81% | 2.92% |
| 1981 | 0.12% | 2.91% |
| 1980 | 0.22% | 2.88% |
| 1979 | 2.13% | 2.88% |
| 1978 | 1.84% | 2.88% |
| 1977 | 1.89% | 2.92% |
| 1976 | 2.02% | 2.98% |
| 1975 | 2.18% | 2.99% |
| 1974 | 2.32% | 3.02% |
| 1973 | 2.38% | 3.04% |
| 1972 | 2.26% | 3.06% |
| 1971 | 2.13% | 3.08% |
| 1970 | 2.1% | 3.1% |
| 1969 | 2.04% | 3.09% |
| 1968 | 1.99% | 3.08% |
| 1967 | 1.96% | 3.05% |
| 1966 | 1.98% | 2.99% |
| 1965 | 2.02% | 2.93% |
| 1964 | 2.05% | 2.86% |
| 1963 | 2.06% | 2.79% |
| 1962 | 2.05% | 2.72% |
| 1961 | 2.04% | 2.65% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/mauritania | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Chad grew by 3.47%, while Mauritania's population grew by 2.82%.
Live population counters
|
Chad
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
21855137
|
5539189
|
| Population rank | 64/197 | 123/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.26% | 0.07% |
| One net population change |
44.9 seconds
|
3.62 minutes
|
| One birth every |
35.9 seconds
|
2.99 minutes
|
| One death every |
2.34 minutes
|
18.8 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +1,930 | +399 |
| Annual growth/decline | +704,582 | +145,670 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +3.47% | +2.82% |
| Population growth rate rank | 6/197 | 18/197 |
| One migration net change every |
4.28 minutes
|
1.74 hours
|
| Annual migration change | -123,104 | -5,044 |
| Net migration rank | 184/196 | 115/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 1,269,673 | 195,937 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 50/195 | 113/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 6.3% | 3.8% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 83/195 | 107/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Chad
|
Mauritania
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -123,104 | - | -5,044 |
| 2024 | 653,307 | 204,040 | 147,927 | -2,185 |
| 2023 | 605,924 | 496,830 | 145,164 | 2,999 |
| 2022 | 588,060 | 36,670 | 142,451 | 2,999 |
| 2021 | 554,851 | 74,509 | 137,557 | -1,483 |
| 2020 | 541,234 | 36,605 | 134,899 | -1,483 |
| 2019 | 530,540 | -29,451 | 134,460 | -3,019 |
| 2018 | 509,642 | 46,661 | 131,584 | -2,987 |
| 2017 | 494,304 | 16,916 | 128,562 | -3,001 |
| 2016 | 483,442 | 21,540 | 125,342 | -3,008 |
| 2015 | 478,010 | -48,918 | 122,092 | -3,019 |
| 2014 | 467,957 | 20,842 | 118,792 | -2,980 |
| 2013 | 454,517 | 51,887 | 115,558 | -2,987 |
| 2012 | 444,246 | 9,514 | 113,489 | 4,515 |
| 2011 | 428,989 | 29,256 | 111,165 | 3,272 |
| 2010 | 416,177 | 10,427 | 108,121 | 1,128 |
| 2009 | 401,937 | 9,108 | 105,273 | -1,481 |
| 2008 | 387,439 | 36,446 | 102,432 | -3,860 |
| 2007 | 376,732 | -11,339 | 98,895 | -17,048 |
| 2006 | 362,027 | 23,052 | 94,991 | -18,033 |
| 2005 | 352,302 | 19,281 | 90,940 | -18,693 |
| 2004 | 334,136 | 110,387 | 87,578 | -19,042 |
| 2003 | 314,740 | 105,140 | 83,804 | -19,104 |
| 2002 | 302,995 | 20,400 | 80,993 | -18,903 |
| 2001 | 297,254 | 3,484 | 78,769 | -21,067 |
| 2000 | 287,173 | -3,845 | 75,929 | -2,997 |
| 1999 | 278,264 | 17,175 | 73,554 | -2,999 |
| 1998 | 270,055 | 2,232 | 72,045 | -8,504 |
| 1997 | 261,030 | 3,631 | 71,327 | -8,187 |
| 1996 | 254,589 | 1,259 | 71,939 | -28,840 |
| 1995 | 234,010 | 152,232 | 72,244 | -22,997 |
| 1994 | 223,996 | 986 | 70,570 | 5,304 |
| 1993 | 229,984 | -146,386 | 68,167 | 6,217 |
| 1992 | 219,348 | 6,013 | 63,501 | 34,505 |
| 1991 | 200,102 | 112,492 | 61,782 | -2,997 |
| 1990 | 191,959 | -58,884 | 59,934 | -3,000 |
| 1989 | 188,485 | 4,924 | 58,666 | -17,941 |
| 1988 | 178,489 | 16,085 | 56,654 | -2,997 |
| 1987 | 156,797 | 23,220 | 55,037 | -2,998 |
| 1986 | 152,360 | 42,093 | 53,313 | -2,998 |
| 1985 | 145,845 | -30,686 | 52,125 | -2,998 |
| 1984 | 151,511 | -164,489 | 50,705 | -2,998 |
| 1983 | 144,684 | 247 | 49,187 | -2,998 |
| 1982 | 119,121 | 217,242 | 47,947 | -2,998 |
| 1981 | 111,907 | -13,232 | 46,641 | -2,998 |
| 1980 | 122,468 | -210,126 | 45,026 | -2,997 |
| 1979 | 117,780 | -9,974 | 43,537 | -2,997 |
| 1978 | 115,084 | -34,856 | 42,539 | -2,998 |
| 1977 | 113,498 | -34,318 | 41,352 | -2,999 |
| 1976 | 111,324 | -29,755 | 40,149 | -1,645 |
| 1975 | 109,315 | -22,768 | 38,975 | -1,472 |
| 1974 | 106,898 | -15,686 | 38,106 | -1,321 |
| 1973 | 104,418 | -10,737 | 37,122 | -1,201 |
| 1972 | 101,142 | -9,526 | 36,184 | -1,139 |
| 1971 | 89,404 | -9,153 | 35,279 | -1,014 |
| 1970 | 87,660 | -8,931 | 34,382 | -855 |
| 1969 | 83,413 | -8,714 | 33,252 | -688 |
| 1968 | 79,465 | -8,396 | 32,029 | -565 |
| 1967 | 76,142 | -7,771 | 30,853 | -514 |
| 1966 | 73,123 | -6,283 | 29,502 | -466 |
| 1965 | 70,913 | -4,384 | 28,028 | -434 |
| 1964 | 69,483 | -2,518 | 26,565 | -390 |
| 1963 | 67,414 | -1,228 | 25,250 | -362 |
| 1962 | 65,312 | -890 | 23,927 | -342 |
| 1961 | 63,639 | -760 | 22,781 | -332 |
| 1960 | 62,003 | -672 | 21,604 | -318 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/mauritania | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 86.4% of the population change in Chad is from natural causes (a gain of 5,439,314 people) and 13.6% is from migration (a gain of 855,402 people). In Mauritania 99% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,350,038 people) and 1.04% is from migration (a loss of 14,187 people).
As of 2024, 1,269,673 residents or 6.3% of the population were not native-born in Chad, compared to 195,937 people or 3.8% in Mauritania.
Biggest cities by population
|
Chad
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| N'Djamena | 1.09M |
| Sarh | 108K |
| Abeche | 76.5K |
| Bongor | 27.8K |
| Bol | 11.7K |
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Chad and Mauritania
|
Chad
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 55.6 years | 69.2 years |
| Average age | 21.2 years | 23.1 years |
| Median age | 16.9 years | 18.5 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 50.2:49.8 | 49.1:50.9 |
| Fertility rate | 6.03 births per woman | 4.63 births per woman |
| Population density | 44.4 ppl/mi² | 13.7 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/chad/mauritania | CC BY
Help us show the world through your eyes
Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.
Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.