The latest officially reported population of Mauritania was 5,315,065 in 2025 vs 8,591,626 people in Togo in 2025. In 2026, based on the adjusted UN estimation, the current Mauritania's population is 5,539,189 people compared to 8,873,660 in Togo.
Population statistics:
- Togo's population is 1.6 times bigger than Mauritania's.
- Mauritania is ranked the 123rd most populous country in the world, while Togo is the 102nd.
- The countries together account for 0.17% of the world: 0.07% for Mauritania vs 0.11% for Togo.
- For the last 10 years, Mauritania has had an average growth rate of +2.98% per year vs +1.96% in Togo.
- Since 2006, the population of Mauritania has increased from 3.01M people to 5.54M (83.8% growth), while Togo has grown from 5.57M to 8.87M (59.3% growth).
Mauritania vs Togo: population by year and forecast
| Year | Population | |
|---|---|---|
Mauritania
|
Togo
|
|
| 2100 | 17,302,938 | 23,426,426 |
| 2099 | 17,195,692 | 23,284,304 |
| 2098 | 17,083,078 | 23,142,242 |
| 2097 | 16,968,365 | 22,996,845 |
| 2096 | 16,850,394 | 22,848,978 |
| 2095 | 16,732,430 | 22,702,297 |
| 2094 | 16,610,512 | 22,543,427 |
| 2093 | 16,485,880 | 22,395,941 |
| 2092 | 16,359,440 | 22,243,621 |
| 2091 | 16,229,167 | 22,083,590 |
| 2090 | 16,097,149 | 21,924,631 |
| 2089 | 15,962,562 | 21,761,057 |
| 2088 | 15,824,899 | 21,592,941 |
| 2087 | 15,683,760 | 21,431,785 |
| 2086 | 15,541,281 | 21,252,236 |
| 2085 | 15,397,701 | 21,073,697 |
| 2084 | 15,251,533 | 20,894,251 |
| 2083 | 15,102,125 | 20,708,859 |
| 2082 | 14,952,194 | 20,520,204 |
| 2081 | 14,799,309 | 20,325,061 |
| 2080 | 14,645,548 | 20,126,833 |
| 2079 | 14,490,500 | 19,927,036 |
| 2078 | 14,331,284 | 19,738,820 |
| 2077 | 14,170,045 | 19,547,568 |
| 2076 | 14,007,555 | 19,348,296 |
| 2075 | 13,843,393 | 19,141,211 |
| 2074 | 13,678,579 | 18,936,045 |
| 2073 | 13,512,182 | 18,729,441 |
| 2072 | 13,343,946 | 18,525,904 |
| 2071 | 13,172,876 | 18,321,024 |
| 2070 | 13,002,521 | 18,116,069 |
| 2069 | 12,830,090 | 17,905,429 |
| 2068 | 12,657,711 | 17,689,344 |
| 2067 | 12,482,299 | 17,477,786 |
| 2066 | 12,306,495 | 17,262,406 |
| 2065 | 12,131,679 | 17,049,758 |
| 2064 | 11,954,090 | 16,836,991 |
| 2063 | 11,778,351 | 16,618,806 |
| 2062 | 11,601,323 | 16,404,475 |
| 2061 | 11,424,089 | 16,190,814 |
| 2060 | 11,246,850 | 15,976,939 |
| 2059 | 11,067,732 | 15,767,690 |
| 2058 | 10,887,645 | 15,556,151 |
| 2057 | 10,709,500 | 15,341,629 |
| 2056 | 10,532,648 | 15,125,918 |
| 2055 | 10,354,318 | 14,903,207 |
| 2054 | 10,175,517 | 14,687,272 |
| 2053 | 9,995,645 | 14,471,467 |
| 2052 | 9,815,104 | 14,253,335 |
| 2051 | 9,635,288 | 14,030,311 |
| 2050 | 9,457,400 | 13,812,790 |
| 2049 | 9,279,576 | 13,588,431 |
| 2048 | 9,100,595 | 13,367,245 |
| 2047 | 8,923,220 | 13,148,252 |
| 2046 | 8,745,286 | 12,927,000 |
| 2045 | 8,568,910 | 12,705,654 |
| 2044 | 8,393,773 | 12,484,181 |
| 2043 | 8,218,850 | 12,261,788 |
| 2042 | 8,044,865 | 12,044,285 |
| 2041 | 7,873,599 | 11,827,268 |
| 2040 | 7,703,561 | 11,614,781 |
| 2039 | 7,534,623 | 11,398,360 |
| 2038 | 7,366,187 | 11,185,757 |
| 2037 | 7,199,542 | 10,975,322 |
| 2036 | 7,033,866 | 10,767,990 |
| 2035 | 6,869,186 | 10,559,369 |
| 2034 | 6,705,635 | 10,353,764 |
| 2033 | 6,543,505 | 10,148,738 |
| 2032 | 6,383,229 | 9,944,247 |
| 2031 | 6,225,030 | 9,741,001 |
| 2030 | 6,068,395 | 9,541,309 |
| 2029 | 5,914,109 | 9,347,000 |
| 2028 | 5,761,715 | 9,155,475 |
| 2027 | 5,611,635 | 8,965,572 |
| 2026 | 5,462,675 | 8,776,585 |
| 2025 | 5,315,065 | 8,591,626 |
| 2024 | 5,169,395 | 8,406,558 |
| 2023 | 5,022,441 | 8,223,850 |
| 2022 | 4,875,637 | 8,068,616 |
| 2021 | 4,734,874 | 7,936,176 |
| 2020 | 4,600,131 | 7,788,054 |
| 2019 | 4,467,708 | 7,619,925 |
| 2018 | 4,337,685 | 7,458,206 |
| 2017 | 4,210,600 | 7,324,386 |
| 2016 | 4,086,657 | 7,200,884 |
| 2015 | 3,965,959 | 7,071,502 |
| 2014 | 3,848,514 | 6,937,644 |
| 2013 | 3,734,318 | 6,798,848 |
| 2012 | 3,619,034 | 6,653,718 |
| 2011 | 3,502,811 | 6,500,582 |
| 2010 | 3,390,965 | 6,325,788 |
| 2009 | 3,284,448 | 6,130,946 |
| 2008 | 3,183,269 | 5,936,138 |
| 2007 | 3,093,059 | 5,748,443 |
| 2006 | 3,013,660 | 5,569,664 |
| 2005 | 2,939,059 | 5,413,154 |
| 2004 | 2,868,664 | 5,281,320 |
| 2003 | 2,802,046 | 5,154,112 |
| 2002 | 2,738,655 | 5,027,130 |
| 2001 | 2,678,760 | 4,904,144 |
| 2000 | 2,613,441 | 4,783,722 |
| 1999 | 2,541,698 | 4,665,754 |
| 1998 | 2,474,651 | 4,551,635 |
| 1997 | 2,411,306 | 4,438,794 |
| 1996 | 2,358,188 | 4,291,136 |
| 1995 | 2,312,017 | 4,110,450 |
| 1994 | 2,249,454 | 3,904,183 |
| 1993 | 2,174,328 | 3,887,974 |
| 1992 | 2,088,135 | 3,932,581 |
| 1991 | 2,009,738 | 3,822,636 |
| 1990 | 1,951,878 | 3,714,021 |
| 1989 | 1,903,048 | 3,606,918 |
| 1988 | 1,855,859 | 3,501,545 |
| 1987 | 1,803,014 | 3,397,614 |
| 1986 | 1,751,835 | 3,296,340 |
| 1985 | 1,702,107 | 3,194,539 |
| 1984 | 1,653,693 | 3,105,743 |
| 1983 | 1,606,746 | 3,033,077 |
| 1982 | 1,561,176 | 2,961,652 |
| 1981 | 1,516,877 | 2,879,440 |
| 1980 | 1,474,043 | 2,791,408 |
| 1979 | 1,432,758 | 2,714,349 |
| 1978 | 1,392,713 | 2,646,501 |
| 1977 | 1,353,768 | 2,583,984 |
| 1976 | 1,315,336 | 2,523,488 |
| 1975 | 1,277,330 | 2,463,796 |
| 1974 | 1,240,188 | 2,404,292 |
| 1973 | 1,203,838 | 2,344,510 |
| 1972 | 1,168,355 | 2,283,863 |
| 1971 | 1,133,702 | 2,219,826 |
| 1970 | 1,099,806 | 2,149,478 |
| 1969 | 1,066,754 | 2,043,416 |
| 1968 | 1,034,739 | 1,953,523 |
| 1967 | 1,003,843 | 1,912,764 |
| 1966 | 974,157 | 1,873,489 |
| 1965 | 945,838 | 1,835,588 |
| 1964 | 918,955 | 1,799,410 |
| 1963 | 893,423 | 1,765,072 |
| 1962 | 869,184 | 1,732,959 |
| 1961 | 846,167 | 1,702,717 |
| 1960 | 824,298 | 1,673,110 |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/togo | CC BY 
From 2006 to 2016, the population of Mauritania increased by 1,072,997 people (a 35.6% growth), while Togo gained 1,631,220 people (a 29.3% growth).
For the next 10 years, from 2016 to 2026, Mauritania gained 1,452,532 people (a 35.5% growth), while Togo's population increased by 1,672,776 people (a 23.2% growth).
Mauritania was ranked 132nd most populous country in 2006 and is 123rd in 2026. Togo was ranked 106th in 2006 and ranked 102nd now.
The UN's World Population Prospects forecasts that in 24 years (in 2050) Mauritania's population will grow by 70.7% to 9,457,400 people with a rank change from 123rd to 103rd. The population of Togo will increase by 55.7% to 13,812,790 people and rank change from 102nd to 88th.
Mauritania is projected to reach its peak in 2100 at 17.3M people compared to the peak of 23.4M people in 2100 for Togo.
Population growth rate by year
| Year | Growth rate | |
|---|---|---|
|
Mauritania
|
Togo
|
|
| 2100 | 0.62% | 0.61% |
| 2099 | 0.66% | 0.61% |
| 2098 | 0.68% | 0.63% |
| 2097 | 0.7% | 0.65% |
| 2096 | 0.7% | 0.65% |
| 2095 | 0.73% | 0.7% |
| 2094 | 0.76% | 0.66% |
| 2093 | 0.77% | 0.68% |
| 2092 | 0.8% | 0.72% |
| 2091 | 0.82% | 0.73% |
| 2090 | 0.84% | 0.75% |
| 2089 | 0.87% | 0.78% |
| 2088 | 0.9% | 0.75% |
| 2087 | 0.92% | 0.84% |
| 2086 | 0.93% | 0.85% |
| 2085 | 0.96% | 0.86% |
| 2084 | 0.99% | 0.9% |
| 2083 | 1% | 0.92% |
| 2082 | 1.03% | 0.96% |
| 2081 | 1.05% | 0.98% |
| 2080 | 1.07% | 1% |
| 2079 | 1.11% | 0.95% |
| 2078 | 1.14% | 0.98% |
| 2077 | 1.16% | 1.03% |
| 2076 | 1.19% | 1.08% |
| 2075 | 1.2% | 1.08% |
| 2074 | 1.23% | 1.1% |
| 2073 | 1.26% | 1.1% |
| 2072 | 1.3% | 1.12% |
| 2071 | 1.31% | 1.13% |
| 2070 | 1.34% | 1.18% |
| 2069 | 1.36% | 1.22% |
| 2068 | 1.41% | 1.21% |
| 2067 | 1.43% | 1.25% |
| 2066 | 1.44% | 1.25% |
| 2065 | 1.49% | 1.26% |
| 2064 | 1.49% | 1.31% |
| 2063 | 1.53% | 1.31% |
| 2062 | 1.55% | 1.32% |
| 2061 | 1.58% | 1.34% |
| 2060 | 1.62% | 1.33% |
| 2059 | 1.65% | 1.36% |
| 2058 | 1.66% | 1.4% |
| 2057 | 1.68% | 1.43% |
| 2056 | 1.72% | 1.49% |
| 2055 | 1.76% | 1.47% |
| 2054 | 1.8% | 1.49% |
| 2053 | 1.84% | 1.53% |
| 2052 | 1.87% | 1.59% |
| 2051 | 1.88% | 1.57% |
| 2050 | 1.92% | 1.65% |
| 2049 | 1.97% | 1.65% |
| 2048 | 1.99% | 1.67% |
| 2047 | 2.03% | 1.71% |
| 2046 | 2.06% | 1.74% |
| 2045 | 2.09% | 1.77% |
| 2044 | 2.13% | 1.81% |
| 2043 | 2.16% | 1.81% |
| 2042 | 2.18% | 1.83% |
| 2041 | 2.21% | 1.83% |
| 2040 | 2.24% | 1.9% |
| 2039 | 2.29% | 1.9% |
| 2038 | 2.31% | 1.92% |
| 2037 | 2.36% | 1.93% |
| 2036 | 2.4% | 1.98% |
| 2035 | 2.44% | 1.99% |
| 2034 | 2.48% | 2.02% |
| 2033 | 2.51% | 2.06% |
| 2032 | 2.54% | 2.09% |
| 2031 | 2.58% | 2.09% |
| 2030 | 2.61% | 2.08% |
| 2029 | 2.64% | 2.09% |
| 2028 | 2.67% | 2.12% |
| 2027 | 2.73% | 2.15% |
| 2026 | 2.78% | 2.15% |
| 2025 | 2.82% | 2.2% |
| 2024 | 2.93% | 2.22% |
| 2023 | 3.01% | 1.92% |
| 2022 | 2.97% | 1.67% |
| 2021 | 2.93% | 1.9% |
| 2020 | 2.96% | 2.21% |
| 2019 | 3% | 2.17% |
| 2018 | 3.02% | 1.83% |
| 2017 | 3.03% | 1.72% |
| 2016 | 3.04% | 1.83% |
| 2015 | 3.05% | 1.93% |
| 2014 | 3.06% | 2.04% |
| 2013 | 3.19% | 2.18% |
| 2012 | 3.32% | 2.36% |
| 2011 | 3.3% | 2.76% |
| 2010 | 3.24% | 3.18% |
| 2009 | 3.18% | 3.28% |
| 2008 | 2.92% | 3.27% |
| 2007 | 2.63% | 3.21% |
| 2006 | 2.54% | 2.89% |
| 2005 | 2.45% | 2.5% |
| 2004 | 2.38% | 2.47% |
| 2003 | 2.31% | 2.53% |
| 2002 | 2.24% | 2.51% |
| 2001 | 2.5% | 2.52% |
| 2000 | 2.82% | 2.53% |
| 1999 | 2.71% | 2.51% |
| 1998 | 2.63% | 2.54% |
| 1997 | 2.25% | 3.44% |
| 1996 | 2% | 4.4% |
| 1995 | 2.78% | 5.28% |
| 1994 | 3.46% | 0.42% |
| 1993 | 4.13% | -1.13% |
| 1992 | 3.9% | 2.88% |
| 1991 | 2.96% | 2.92% |
| 1990 | 2.57% | 2.97% |
| 1989 | 2.54% | 3.01% |
| 1988 | 2.93% | 3.06% |
| 1987 | 2.92% | 3.07% |
| 1986 | 2.92% | 3.19% |
| 1985 | 2.93% | 2.86% |
| 1984 | 2.92% | 2.4% |
| 1983 | 2.92% | 2.41% |
| 1982 | 2.92% | 2.86% |
| 1981 | 2.91% | 3.15% |
| 1980 | 2.88% | 2.84% |
| 1979 | 2.88% | 2.56% |
| 1978 | 2.88% | 2.42% |
| 1977 | 2.92% | 2.4% |
| 1976 | 2.98% | 2.42% |
| 1975 | 2.99% | 2.47% |
| 1974 | 3.02% | 2.55% |
| 1973 | 3.04% | 2.66% |
| 1972 | 3.06% | 2.88% |
| 1971 | 3.08% | 3.27% |
| 1970 | 3.1% | 5.19% |
| 1969 | 3.09% | 4.6% |
| 1968 | 3.08% | 2.13% |
| 1967 | 3.05% | 2.1% |
| 1966 | 2.99% | 2.06% |
| 1965 | 2.93% | 2.01% |
| 1964 | 2.86% | 1.95% |
| 1963 | 2.79% | 1.85% |
| 1962 | 2.72% | 1.78% |
| 1961 | 2.65% | 1.77% |
Data sources: United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Health (1961–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/togo | CC BY
In 2025, the population of Mauritania grew by 2.82%, while Togo's population grew by 2.2%.
Live population counters
|
Mauritania
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Current population |
5539189
|
8873660
|
| Population rank | 123/197 | 102/197 |
| Percent of world population | 0.07% | 0.11% |
| One net population change |
3.62 minutes
|
2.85 minutes
|
| One birth every |
2.99 minutes
|
1.95 minutes
|
| One death every |
18.8 minutes
|
7.37 minutes
|
| Daily growth/decline | +399 | +507 |
| Annual growth/decline | +145,670 | +185,068 |
| Annual growth/decline rate | +2.82% | +2.2% |
| Population growth rate rank | 18/197 | 39/197 |
| One migration net change every |
1.74 hours
|
35.1 minutes
|
| Annual migration change | -5,044 | -15,010 |
| Net migration rank | 115/196 | 144/196 |
| Foreign-born residents | 195,937 | 281,994 |
| Foreign-born residents rank | 113/195 | 99/195 |
| Foreign-born share of population | 3.8% | 3% |
| Foreign-born share rank | 107/195 | 117/195 |
Natural population change vs migration
| Year | Population change | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Mauritania
|
Togo
|
|||
| Natural | Migration | Natural | Migration | |
| 2025 | - | -5,044 | - | -15,010 |
| 2024 | 147,927 | -2,185 | 198,184 | -14,014 |
| 2023 | 145,164 | 2,999 | 196,649 | -15,406 |
| 2022 | 142,451 | 2,999 | 195,051 | -65,826 |
| 2021 | 137,557 | -1,483 | 192,651 | -56,991 |
| 2020 | 134,899 | -1,483 | 192,474 | -31,892 |
| 2019 | 134,460 | -3,019 | 192,990 | -17,312 |
| 2018 | 131,584 | -2,987 | 191,482 | -43,718 |
| 2017 | 128,562 | -3,001 | 189,386 | -69,512 |
| 2016 | 125,342 | -3,008 | 187,007 | -59,885 |
| 2015 | 122,092 | -3,019 | 183,089 | -51,459 |
| 2014 | 118,792 | -2,980 | 179,671 | -43,591 |
| 2013 | 115,558 | -2,987 | 176,865 | -35,346 |
| 2012 | 113,489 | 4,515 | 176,051 | -27,315 |
| 2011 | 111,165 | 3,272 | 176,484 | -18,960 |
| 2010 | 108,121 | 1,128 | 175,800 | 16,265 |
| 2009 | 105,273 | -1,481 | 170,740 | 26,886 |
| 2008 | 102,432 | -3,860 | 164,627 | 27,362 |
| 2007 | 98,895 | -17,048 | 158,312 | 25,082 |
| 2006 | 94,991 | -18,033 | 150,821 | 23,346 |
| 2005 | 90,940 | -18,693 | 143,281 | -4,415 |
| 2004 | 87,578 | -19,042 | 136,802 | -11,998 |
| 2003 | 83,804 | -19,104 | 133,852 | -4,237 |
| 2002 | 80,993 | -18,903 | 130,283 | -5,939 |
| 2001 | 78,769 | -21,067 | 126,419 | -4,802 |
| 2000 | 75,929 | -2,997 | 122,712 | -3,485 |
| 1999 | 73,554 | -2,999 | 119,331 | -2,618 |
| 1998 | 72,045 | -8,504 | 116,918 | -5,394 |
| 1997 | 71,327 | -8,187 | 116,559 | -2,397 |
| 1996 | 71,939 | -28,840 | 111,887 | 69,276 |
| 1995 | 72,244 | -22,997 | 106,983 | 73,224 |
| 1994 | 70,570 | 5,304 | 100,045 | 132,276 |
| 1993 | 68,167 | 6,217 | 112,013 | -311,917 |
| 1992 | 63,501 | 34,505 | 110,828 | -132 |
| 1991 | 61,782 | -2,997 | 109,267 | -72 |
| 1990 | 59,934 | -3,000 | 107,985 | 59 |
| 1989 | 58,666 | -17,941 | 106,166 | 0 |
| 1988 | 56,654 | -2,997 | 104,605 | -29 |
| 1987 | 55,037 | -2,998 | 102,435 | 848 |
| 1986 | 53,313 | -2,998 | 99,698 | -436 |
| 1985 | 52,125 | -2,998 | 96,376 | 7,971 |
| 1984 | 50,705 | -2,998 | 95,195 | -21,949 |
| 1983 | 49,187 | -2,998 | 94,034 | -21,948 |
| 1982 | 47,947 | -2,998 | 92,715 | -21,958 |
| 1981 | 46,641 | -2,998 | 90,144 | 3,519 |
| 1980 | 45,026 | -2,997 | 87,404 | -4,993 |
| 1979 | 43,537 | -2,997 | 85,228 | -13,519 |
| 1978 | 42,539 | -2,998 | 83,151 | -19,163 |
| 1977 | 41,352 | -2,999 | 80,902 | -19,856 |
| 1976 | 40,149 | -1,645 | 78,770 | -18,832 |
| 1975 | 38,975 | -1,472 | 76,412 | -16,973 |
| 1974 | 38,106 | -1,321 | 74,055 | -14,483 |
| 1973 | 37,122 | -1,201 | 71,549 | -11,555 |
| 1972 | 36,184 | -1,139 | 68,966 | -7,661 |
| 1971 | 35,279 | -1,014 | 66,284 | 482 |
| 1970 | 34,382 | -855 | 63,057 | 10,865 |
| 1969 | 33,252 | -688 | 58,207 | 80,000 |
| 1968 | 32,029 | -565 | 56,082 | -14,504 |
| 1967 | 30,853 | -514 | 54,359 | -14,424 |
| 1966 | 29,502 | -466 | 52,832 | -14,216 |
| 1965 | 28,028 | -434 | 51,096 | -13,915 |
| 1964 | 26,565 | -390 | 49,450 | -14,266 |
| 1963 | 25,250 | -362 | 47,869 | -14,361 |
| 1962 | 23,927 | -342 | 46,201 | -15,486 |
| 1961 | 22,781 | -332 | 44,623 | -14,858 |
| 1960 | 21,604 | -318 | 43,307 | -13,868 |
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/togo | CC BY
Over the last 10 years, 99% of the population change in Mauritania is from natural causes (a gain of 1,350,038 people) and 1.04% is from migration (a loss of 14,187 people). In Togo 81.8% is from natural causes (a gain of 1,918,963 people) and 18.2% is from migration (a loss of 426,015 people).
As of 2024, 195,937 residents or 3.8% of the population were not native-born in Mauritania, compared to 281,994 people or 3% in Togo.
Biggest cities by population
|
Mauritania
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Nouakchott | 1.45M |
| Rosso | 61.2K |
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|
| City | Population |
| Lome | 2.19M |
| Kara | 158K |
| Sokode | 115K |
| Atakpame | 98.2K |
| Kpalime | 87.5K |
| Sotouboua | 32.5K |
Compare countries by 7 more topics
Population differences between Mauritania and Togo
|
Mauritania
|
Togo
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Life expectancy | 69.2 years | 63.3 years |
| Average age | 23.1 years | 24.2 years |
| Median age | 18.5 years | 19.4 years |
| Male:Female ratio | 49.1:50.9 | 48.9:51.1 |
| Fertility rate | 4.63 births per woman | 4.12 births per woman |
| Population density | 13.7 ppl/mi² | 418 ppl/mi² |
Population map with other countries
Data sources: World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/population/mauritania/togo | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Health (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (1960–2100, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2000–2019, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Wikidata (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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